An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part I: Sea ice and solid freshwater

Ocean Modelling

Volumn 99, Issue , 2016, Pages 110-132

  Wang, Qiang ^a   Ilicak, Mehmet ^b   Gerdes, Rüdiger ^a   Drange, Helge ^c   Aksenov, Yevgeny ^d   Bailey, David A ^e   Bentsen, Mats ^b   Biastoch, Arne ^f   Bozec, Alexandra ^g   Böning, Claus ^f   Cassou, Christophe ^h   Chassignet, Eric ^g   Coward, Andrew C ^d   Curry, Beth ⁱ   Danabasoglu, Gokhan ^e   Danilov, Sergey ^a   Fernandez, Elodie ^h   Fogli, Pier Giuseppe ^j   Fujii, Yosuke ^k   Griffies, Stephen M ^l   Iovino, Doroteaciro ^j   Jahn, Alexandra ^e,m   Jung, Thomas ^a,n   Large, William G ^e   Lee, Craig ⁱ   Lique, Camille ^o,p   Lu, Jianhua ^g   Masina, Simona ^j,s   Nurser, A J George ^d   Rabe, Benjamin ^a   Roth, Christina ^f   Salas y Mélia, David ^q   Samuels, Bonita L ^l   Spence, Paul ^r   Tsujino, Hiroyuki ^k   Valcke, Sophie ^h   Voldoire, Aurore ^q   Wang, Xuezhu ^a   Yeager, Steve G ^e   more..

^a ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b Uni Research   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^d NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^e NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^f GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^g FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h CERFACS   (France)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^j CENTRO EURO MEDITERRANEO SUI CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI   (Italy)

^k JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY   (Japan)

^l NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

^o UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^p IFREMER   (France)

^q CENTRE NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES MÉTÉOROLOGIQUES   (France)

^r UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^s ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

Arctic Ocean; CORE II atmospheric forcing; Freshwater; Sea ice

Indexed keywords

BUDGET CONTROL; OCEANOGRAPHY; SEA ICE; WATER;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; DECADAL TIMESCALE; FRESHWATER; FRESHWATER CONTENTS; MODEL EVALUATION; SEA ICE PRODUCTION; SEA-ICE THICKNESS;

ICE;

ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; FRESHWATER; ICE THICKNESS; MODELING; SEA ICE;

ARCTIC OCEAN;

EID: 84954100391     PISSN: 14635003     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.12.008     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Aagaard K., Carmack E.C. The role of sea ice and other fresh-water in the Arctic circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:14485-14498.
2. Aagaard K., Swift J.H., Carmack E. Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic mediterranean seas. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1985, 90:4833-4846.
3. Arthun M., Eldevik T., Smedsrud L.H., Skagseth O., Ingvaldsen R.B. Quantifying the influence of atlantic heat on Barents Sea ice variability and retreat. J. Clim. 2012, 25:4736-4743.
4. Bacon S., Aksenov Y., Fawcett S., Madec G. Arctic mass, freshwater and heat fluxes: methods and modelled seasonal variability. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2015, 373.
5. Bhatt U.S., Walker D.A., Walsh J.E., Carmack E.C., Frey K.E., Meier W.N., Moore S.E., Parmentier F.J.W., Post E., Romanovsky V.E., Simpson W.R. Implications of Arctic sea ice decline for the earth system. Annu. Rev. Environ. Res. 2014, 39:57-89.
6. Bitz C.M., Lipscomb W.H. An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1999, 104:15669-15677.
7. Bouillon S., Fichefet T., Legat V., Madec G. The elastic-viscous-plastic method revisited. Ocean Modell. 2013, 71:2-12.
8. Bouillon S., Maqueda M., Legat V., Fichefet T. An elastic-viscous-plastic sea ice model formulated on Arakawa B and C grids. Ocean Modell. 2009, 27:174-184.
9. Briegleb B.P., Bitz C., Hunke E., Lipscomb W., J.L.S. Description of the Community Climate System Model Version 2: Sea Ice Model. Technical report 2002, National Center for Atmospheric Research.
10. Briegleb B.P., Light B. A Delta-Eddington Multiple Scattering Parameterization for Solar Radiation in the Sea Ice Component of the Community Climate System Model. Technical report 2007, NCAR.
11. Carmack E., Yamamoto-Kawai M., Haine T., Bacon S., Bluhm B., Lique C., Melling H., Polyakov I., Straneo F., Timmermans M., Williams W. Fresh water and its role in the Arctic Marine System: sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 2015, 120. 10.1002/2015JG003140.
12. Cavalieri D.J., Parkinson C.L. Arctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010. Cryosphere 2012, 6:881-889.
13. Comiso J.C. Large decadal decline in the Arctic multiyear ice cover. J. Clim. 2012, 25:1176-1193.
14. Comiso J.C., Nishio F. Trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible AMSR-E, SSM/I, and SMMR data. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2008, 113.
15. Comiso J.C., Parkinson C.L., Gersten R., Stock L. Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35.
16. Curry B., Lee C.M., Petrie B., Moritz R.E., Kwok R. Multiyear volume, liquid freshwater, and sea ice transports through Davis Strait, 2004-2010. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2014, 44:1244-1266.
17. Danabasoglu G., Yeager S.G., Bailey D., Behrens E., Bentsen M., Bi D., Biastoch A., Böning C., Bozec A., Canuto V.M., Cassou C., Chassignet E., Coward A.C., Danilov S., Diansky N., Drange H., Farneti R., Fernandez E., Fogli P.G., Forget G., Fujii Y., Griffies S.M., Gusev A., Heimbach P., Howard A., Jung T., Kelley M., Large W.G., Leboissetier A., Lu J., Madec G., Marsland S.J., Masina S., Navarra A., Nurser A.G., Pirani A., y Melia D.S., Samuels B.L., Scheinert M., Sidorenko D., Treguier A.M., Tsujino H., Uotila P., Valcke S., Voldoire A., Wang Q. North atlantic simulations in coordinated ocean-ice reference experiments phase [II] (CORE-II). part i: mean states. Ocean Modell. 2014, 73:76-107.
18. Danabasoglu G., Yeager S.G., Bailey D., Behrens E., Bentsen M., Bi D., Biastoch A., Böning C., Bozec A., Canuto V.M., Cassou C., Chassignet E., Coward A.C., Danilov S., Diansky N., Drange H., Farneti R., Fernandez E., Fogli P.G., Forget G., Fujii Y., Griffies S.M., Gusev A., Heimbach P., Howard A., Jung T., Kelley M., Large W.G., Leboissetier A., Lu J., Madec G., Marsland S.J., Masina S., Navarra A., Nurser A.G., Pirani A., y Melia D.S., Samuels B.L., Scheinert M., Sidorenko D., Treguier A.M., Tsujino H., Uotila P., Valcke S., Voldoire A., Wang Q. North Atlantic simulations in coordinated ocean-ice reference experiments phase [ii] (core-ii). part ii: inter-annual to decadal variability. Ocean Modell. 2016, 97:65-90.
19. Danilov S., Wang Q., Timmermann R., Iakovlev N., Sidorenko D., Kimmritz M., Jung T., Schroeter J. Finite-Element Sea Ice Model (FESIM), version 2. Geosci. Model Dev. 2015, 8:1747-1761.
20. Dickson R., Meincke J., Malmberg S., Lee A.J. The great salinity anomaly in the northern north-atlantic 1968-1982. Progress In Oceanography 1988, 20:103-151.
21. Dickson R., Rudels B., Dye S., Karcher M., Meincke J., Yashayaev I. Current estimates of freshwater flux through Arctic and subarctic seas. Prog. Oceanogr. 2007, 73:210-230.
22. Dickson R.R., Osborn T.J., Hurrell J.W., Meincke J., Blindheim J., Adlandsvik B., Vinje T., Alekseev G., Maslowski W. The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic oscillation. J. Clim. 2000, 13:2671-2696.
23. Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W., M., S., 2002. Sea Ice Index. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Updated daily.
24. Fichefet T., Maqueda M.A.M. Sensitivity of a global sea ice model to the treatment of ice thermodynamics and dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1997, 102:12609-12646.
25. Flato G.M., Brown R.D. Variability and climate sensitivity of landfast Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1996, 101:25767-25777.
26. Goosse H., Fichefet T., Campin J.M. The effects of the water flow through the Canadian Archipelago in a global ice-ocean model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1997, 24:1507-1510.
27. Griffies S., Winton M., Samuels B., Danabasoglu G., Yeager S., Marlsand S., Drange H., Bentsen M. Datasets and Protocol for the CLIVAR WGOMD Coordinated Ocean-sea ice Reference Experiments (COREs). Technical report 2012, WCRP Report.
28. Haak H., Jungclaus J., Mikolajewicz U., Latif M. Formation and propagation of great salinity anomalies. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30:1473.
29. Haine T., Curry B., Gerdes R., Hansen E., Karcher M., Lee C., Rudels B., Spreen G., de Steur L., Stewart K., Woodgate R. Arctic freshwater export: Status, mechanisms, and prospects. Glob. Planet. Change 2015, 125:13-35.
30. Hakkinen S. A simulation of thermohaline effects of a great salinity anomaly. J. Clim. 1999, 12:1781-1795.
31. Hakkinen S. Freshening of the Labrador Sea surface waters in the 1990s: another great salinity anomaly?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29:2232.
32. Hibler W. A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1979, 9:815-846.
33. Holland M.M., Finnis J., Barrett A.P., Serreze M.C. Projected changes in Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 2007, 112.
34. Holloway G., Dupont F., Golubeva E., Haekkinen S., Hunke E., Jin M., Karcher M., Kauker F., Maltrud M., Maqueda M.A.M., Maslowski W., Platov G., Stark D., Steele M., Suzuki T., Wang J., Zhang J. Water properties and circulation in Arctic Ocean models. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2007, 112.
35. Hunke E., Dukowicz J. An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1997, 27:1849-1867.
36. Hunke E.C. Viscous-plastic sea ice dynamics with the EVP model: linearization issues. J. Comp. Phys 2001, 170:18-38.
37. Hunke E.C., Dukowicz J.K. The elastic-viscous-plastic sea ice dynamics model in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates on a sphere-incorporation of metric terms. Mon. Wea. Rev. 2002, 130:1848-1865.
38. Hunke E.C., Lipscomb W.H. CICE: the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model Documentation and Software User's Manual, version 4.1. Technical report 2010, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
39. Ilicak M., Drange H., Wang Q., Gerdes R., et al. An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part III: Hydrohraphy and fluxes. Ocean Modell 2015.
40. Jahn A., Aksenov Y., de Cuevas B.A., de Steur L., Hakkinen S., Hansen E., Herbaut C., Houssais M., Karcher M., Kauker F., Lique C., Nguyen A., Pemberton P., Worthen D., Zhang J. Arctic Ocean freshwater: how robust are model simulations?. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2012, 117.
41. Jahn A., Sterling K., Holland M.M., Kay J.E., Maslanik J.A., Bitz C.M., Bailey D.A., Stroeve J., Hunke E.C., Lipscomb W.H., Pollak D.A. Late-twentieth-century simulation of Arctic Sea ice and ocean properties in the CCSM4. J. Clim. 2012, 25:1431-1452.
42. Johnson M., Gaffigan S., Hunke E., Gerdes R. A comparison of Arctic Ocean sea ice concentration among the coordinated AOMIP model experiments. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2007, 112.
43. Johnson M., Proshutinsky A., Aksenov Y., Nguyen A.T., Lindsay R., Haas C., Zhang J., Diansky N., Kwok R., Maslowski W., Haekkinen S., Ashik I., de Cuevas B. Evaluation of Arctic sea ice thickness simulated by Arctic Ocean model intercomparison project models. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2012, 117.
44. Jungclaus J.H., Haak H., Latif M., Mikolajewicz U. Arctic-North Atlantic interactions and multidecadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation. J. Clim. 2005, 18:4013-4031.
45. Karcher M., Beszczynska-Moeller A., Kauker F., Gerdes R., Heyen S., Rudels B., Schauer U. Arctic Ocean warming and its consequences for the Denmark Strait overflow. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2011, 116.
46. Karcher M., Kauker F., Gerdes R., Hunke E., Zhang J. On the dynamics of Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2007, 112.
47. Köberle C., Gerdes R. Mechanisms determining the variability of Arctic sea ice conditions and export. J. Clim. 2003, 16:2843-2858.
48. Koenigk T., Brodeau L., Graversen R., Karlsson J., Svensson G., Tjernström M., Willén U., Wyser K. Arctic climate change in 21st century CMIP5 simulations with EC-Earth. Clim. Dyn. 2013, 40:2719-2743.
49. Koenigk T., Mikolajewicz U., Haak H., Jungclaus J. Variability of Fram Strait sea ice export: causes, impacts and feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Clim. Dyn. 2006, 26:17-34.
50. Kwok R. Baffin Bay ice drift and export: 2002-2007. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34.
51. Kwok R. Outflow of Arctic Ocean sea ice into the Greenland and Barents Seas: 1979-2007. J. Clim. 2009, 22:2438-2457.
52. Kwok R., Cunningham G.F., Pang S.S. Fram Strait sea ice outflow. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2004, 109.
53. Kwok R., Cunningham G.F., Wensnahan M., Rigor I., Zwally H.J., Yi D. Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: 2003-2008. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2009, 114.
54. Kwok R., Maslowski W., Laxon S.W. On large outflows of Arctic sea ice into the Barents Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32.
55. Kwok R., Rothrock D.A. Variability of Fram Strait ice flux and North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1999, 104:5177-5189.
56. Kwok R., Rothrock D.A. Decline in arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and icesat records: 1958-2008. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36.
57. Large W.G., Yeager S.G. The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set. Clim. Dyn. 2009, 33:341-364.
58. Laxon S., Peacock N., Smith D. High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region. Nature 2003, 425:947-950.
59. Laxon S.W., Giles K.A., Ridout A.L., Wingham D.J., Willatt R., Cullen R., Kwok R., Schweiger A., Zhang J., Haas C., Hendricks S., Krishfield R., Kurtz N., Farrell S., Davidson M. CryoSat-2 estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40:732-737.
60. Lipscomb W.H. Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2001, 106:13989-14000.
61. Lipscomb W.H., Hunke E.C. Modeling sea ice transport using incremental remapping. Mon. Wea. Rev. 2004, 132:1341-1354.
62. Lipscomb W.H., Hunke E.C., Maslowski W., Jakacki J. Ridging, strength, and stability in high-resolution sea ice models. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2007, 112.
63. Mellor L.G., Kantha L. An ice-ocean coupled model. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:10937-10954.
64. Owens W., Lemke P. Sensitivity studies with a sea ice-mixed layer-pycnocline model in the Weddell Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1990, 95:9527-9538.
65. Parkinson C., Washington W. A large-scale numerical model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1979, 84:311-337.
66. Parkinson C.L., Cavalieri D.J. Arctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2006. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2008, 113.
67. Parkinson C.L., Cavalieri D.J., Gloersen P., Zwally H.J., Comiso J.C. Arctic sea ice extents, areas, and trends, 1978-1996. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 1999, 104:20837-20856.
68. Proshutinsky A., Aksenov Y., Kinney J.C., Gerdes R., Golubeva E., Holland D., Holloway G., Jahn A., Johnson M., Popova E., Steele M., Watanabe E. Recent advances in Arctic Ocean studies employing models from the Arctic Ocean model intercomparison project. Oceanography 2011, 24:102-113.
69. Rampal P., Weiss J., Dubois C., Campin J. IPCC climate models do not capture Arctic sea ice drift acceleration: consequences in terms of projected sea ice thinning and decline. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116.
70. Rawlins M.A., Steele M., Holland M.M., Adam J.C., Cherry J.E., Francis J.A., Groisman P.Y., Hinzman L.D., Huntington T.G., Kane D.L., Kimball J.S., Kwok R., Lammers R.B., Lee C.M., Lettenmaier D.P., McDonald K.C., Podest E., Pundsack J.W., Rudels B., Serreze M.C., Shiklomanov A., Skagseth O., Troy T.J., Voeroesmarty C.J., Wensnahan M., Wood E.F., Woodgate R., Yang D., Zhang K., Zhang T. Analysis of the Arctic system for freshwater cycle intensification: observations and expectations. J. Clim. 2010, 23:5715-5737.
71. Rothrock D. Energetics of plastic-deformation of pack ice by ridging. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans Atmos. 1975, 80:4514-4519.
72. Rothrock D.A., Percival D.B., Wensnahan M. The decline in Arctic sea-ice thickness: separating the spatial, annual, and interannual variability in a quarter century of submarine data. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113.
73. Rothrock D.A., Yu Y., Maykut G.A. Thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:3469-3472.
74. Rudels B., Friedrich H. The transformation of the Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget. The Freshater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer 2000, 503-532. E. Lewis (Ed.).
75. Salas Mélia D. A global coupled sea ice-ocean model. Ocean Modell. 2002, 4:137-172.
76. Schweiger A., Lindsay R., Zhang J., Steele M., Stern H., Kwok R. Uncertainty in modeled Arctic sea ice volume. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2011, 116.
77. Semtner A.J. A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1976, 6:379-389.
78. Serreze M.C., Barrett A.P., Slater A.G., Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Lammers R.B., Steele M., Moritz R., Meredith M., Lee C.M. The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2006, 111.
79. Serreze M.C., Barry R.G. Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: a research synthesis. Global Planet. Chang. 2011, 77:85-96.
80. Serreze M.C., Holland M.M., Stroeve J. Perspectives on the Arctic's shrinking sea-ice cover. Science 2007, 315:1533-1536.
81. Smedsrud L.H., Esau I., Ingvaldsen R.B., Eldevik T., Haugan P.M., Li C., Lien V.S., Olsen A., Omar A.M., Ottera O.H., Risebrobakken B., Sando A.B., Semenov V.A., Sorokina S.A. The role of the Barents Sea in the Arctic climate system. Rev. Geophys. 2013, 51:415-449.
82. Smolarkiewicz P.K. A fully multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorism with small implicit diffusion. J. Comput. Phys. 1984, 54:325-362.
83. Spreen G., Kern S., Stammer D., Hansen E. Fram Strait sea ice volume export estimated between 2003 and 2008 from satellite data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36.
84. Stroeve J., Serreze M., Drobot S., Gearheard S., Holland M., Maslanik J., Meier W., Scambos T. Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007. AGU 2008, 13-14.
85. Stroeve J.C., Kattsov V., Barrett A., Serreze M., Pavlova T., Holland M., Meier W.N. Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39.
86. Stroeve J.C., Serreze M.C., Holland M.M., Kay J.E., Malanik J., Barrett A.P. The arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis. Clim. Change 2012, 110:1005-1027.
87. Thorndike A., Rothrock D., Maykut G., Colony R. The thickness distribution of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 1975, 80:4501-4513.
88. Vancoppenolle M., Fichefet T., Goosse H., Bouillon S., Madec G., Maqueda M.A.M. Simulating the mass balance and salinity of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. 1. model description and validation. Ocean Modell. 2009, 27:33-53.
89. Vinje T. Fram Strait ice fluxes and atmospheric circulation: 1950-2000. Journal of Climate 2001, 14:3508-3517.
90. Vinje T., Nordlund N., Kvambekk A. Monitoring ice thickness in Fram Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research-oceans 1998, 103:10437-10449.
91. Wadley M.R., Bigg G.R. Impact of flow through the Canadian Archipelago and Bering Strait on the North Atlantic and Arctic circulation: an ocean modelling study. Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. 2002, 128:2187-2203.
92. Wang Q., Danilov S., Sidorenko D., Timmermann R., Wekerle C., Wang X., Jung T., Schröter J. The Finite Element Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM) v.1.4: formulation of an ocean general circulation model. Geosci. Model Dev. 2014, 7:663-693.
93. Wang Q., Ilicak M., Gerdes R., Drange H., Aksenov Y., Bailey D., Bentsen M., Biastoch A., Bozec A., Böning C., Cassou C., Chassignet E., Coward A., Curry B., Danabasoglu G., Danilov S., Fernandez E., Fogli P., Fujii Y., Griffies S., Iovino D., Jahn A., Jung T., Large W., Lee C., Lique C., Lu J., Masina S., Nurser A., Rabe B., Roth C., Salas y Mélia D., Samuels B., Spence P., Tsujino H., Valcke S., Voldoire A., Wang X., Yeager S. An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part II: Liquid freshwater. Ocean Modell. 2015, (in press). 10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.12.009.
94. Wang Q., Myers P., Hu X., Bush A. Flow constraints on pathways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Atmos. Ocean 2012, 50:373-385.
95. Winton M. A reformulated three-layer sea ice model. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2000, 17:525-531.
96. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K. Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32.
97. Zhang J.L., Rothrock D.A. Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates. Mon. Weather Rev. 2003, 131:845-861.