EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Vascular diseases of the liver

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 179-202

  Garcia Pagán, Juan Carlos ^b   Buscarini, Elisabetta ^b   Janssen, Harry L A ^b   Leebeek, Frank W G ^b   Plessier, Aurelie ^b   Rubbia Brandt, Laura ^b   Senzolo, Marco ^b   Schouten, Jeoffrey N L ^b   Tripodi, Armando ^b   Valla, Dominique C ^b  

^a EASL Office   (Switzerland)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; APIXABAN; AZATHIOPRINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DABIGATRAN; DEFIBROTIDE; ENOXAPARIN; HEPARIN; RIVAROXABAN;

ANGIOPLASTY; ANTICOAGULATION; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BUDD CHIARI SYNDROME; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL BLOOD VESSEL MALFORMATION; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LIVER; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER VEIN THROMBOSIS; LIVER VENOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PORTAL VEIN OBSTRUCTION; PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPLANCHNIC VEIN THROMBOSIS; STENT; TELANGIECTASIA; THROMBOPHILIA; VASCULAR DISEASE; VEIN OCCLUSION; VEIN THROMBOSIS; WHOLE BODY RADIATION; LIVER DISEASES; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS; VASCULAR DISEASES; VASCULARIZATION;

HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS; THROMBOPHILIA; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 84951052110     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: 16000641     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.040     Document Type: Article

References (217)

1. H.L. Janssen, J.C. Garcia-Pagan, E. Elias, G. Mentha, A. Hadengue, and D.C. Valla Budd-Chiari syndrome: a review by an expert panel J Hepatol 38 2003 364 371
2. M.S. Darwish, A. Plessier, M. Hernandez-Guerra, F. Fabris, C.E. Eapen, M.J. Bahr, and et al. Etiology, management, and outcome of the Budd-Chiari syndrome Ann Intern Med 151 2009 167 175
3. A. Plessier, M.S. Darwish, M. Hernandez-Guerra, Y. Consigny, F. Fabris, J. Trebicka, and et al. Acute portal vein thrombosis unrelated to cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter follow-up study Hepatology 51 2010 210 218
4. M.H. Denninger, Y. Chait, N. Casadevall, S. Hillaire, M.C. Guillin, A. Bezeaud, and et al. Cause of portal or hepatic venous thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors Hepatology 31 2000 587 591
5. D. Valla, N. Casadevall, M.G. Huisse, M. Tulliez, J.D. Grange, O. Muller, and et al. Etiology of portal vein thrombosis in adults. A prospective evaluation of primary myeloproliferative disorders Gastroenterology 94 1988 1063 1069
6. D. Mohanty, S. Shetty, K. Ghosh, A. Pawar, and P. Abraham Hereditary thrombophilia as a cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome: a study from Western India Hepatology 34 2001 666 670
7. O. Uskudar, M. Akdogan, N. Sasmaz, S. Yilmaz, M. Tola, and B. Sahin Etiology and portal vein thrombosis in Budd-Chiari syndrome World J Gastroenterol 14 2008 2858 2862
8. H. El-Karaksy, and M. El-Raziky Splanchnic vein thrombosis in the mediterranean area in children Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 3 2011 e2011027
9. S. Middeldorp, and A. van Hylckama Vlieg Does thrombophilia testing help in the clinical management of patients? Br J Haematol 143 2008 321 335
10. H.L. Janssen, J.R. Meinardi, F.P. Vleggaar, S.H. van Uum, E.B. Haagsma, F.J. Der Meer, and et al. Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study Blood 96 2000 2364 2368
11. J.H. Smalberg, M.S. Darwish, E. Braakman, P.J. Valk, H.L. Janssen, and F.W. Leebeek Myeloproliferative disease in the pathogenesis and survival of Budd-Chiari syndrome Haematologica 91 2006 1712 1713
12. M. Primignani, I. Martinelli, P. Bucciarelli, T. Battaglioli, R. Reati, F. Fabris, and et al. Risk factors for thrombophilia in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction Hepatology 41 2005 603 608
13. F.W. Leebeek, J.S. Lameris, H.R. van Buuren, E. Gomez, S. Madretsma, and P. Sonneveld Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal vein and mesenteric vein thrombosis in a patient homozygous for factor V Leiden mutation treated by TIPS and thrombolysis Br J Haematol 102 1998 929 931
14. J.H. Smalberg, M.J. Kruip, H.L. Janssen, D.C. Rijken, F.W. Leebeek, and M.P. de Maat Hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis and risk of deep vein thrombosis and splanchnic vein thrombosis: similarities and differences Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31 2011 485 493
15. F. Dentali, M. Galli, M. Gianni, and W. Ageno Inherited thrombophilic abnormalities and risk of portal vein thrombosis. A meta-analysis Thromb Haemost 99 2008 675 682
16. S. Miyakis, M.D. Lockshin, T. Atsumi, D.W. Branch, R.L. Brey, R. Cervera, and et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) J Thromb Haemost 4 2006 295 306
17. I. Martinelli, M. Primignani, A. Aghemo, R. Reati, P. Bucciarelli, F. Fabris, and et al. High levels of factor VIII and risk of extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction J Hepatol 50 2009 916 922
18. S. Raffa, J.C. Reverter, S. Seijo, D. Tassies, J.G. Abraldes, J. Bosch, and et al. Hypercoagulability in patients with chronic noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10 2012 72 78
19. M. Marchetti, E. Castoldi, H.M. Spronk, R. van Oerle, D. Balducci, T. Barbui, and et al. Thrombin generation and activated protein C resistance in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera Blood 112 2008 4061 4068
20. A. Tripodi, M. Primignani, L. Lemma, V. Chantarangkul, and P.M. Mannucci Evidence that low protein C contributes to the procoagulant imbalance in cirrhosis J Hepatol 59 2 2013 265 270
21. J.J. Kiladjian, F. Cervantes, F.W. Leebeek, C. Marzac, B. Cassinat, S. Chevret, and et al. The impact of JAK2 and MPL mutations on diagnosis and prognosis of splanchnic vein thrombosis: a report on 241 cases Blood 111 2008 4922 4929
22. D. Colaizzo, L. Amitrano, G.L. Tiscia, E. Grandone, M.A. Guardascione, and M. Margaglione A new JAK2 gene mutation in patients with polycythemia vera and splanchnic vein thrombosis Blood 110 2007 2768 2769
23. Y. Chait, B. Condat, D. Cazals-Hatem, P. Rufat, S. Atmani, D. Chaoui, and et al. Relevance of the criteria commonly used to diagnose myeloproliferative disorder in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis Br J Haematol 129 2005 553 560
24. J.H. Smalberg, L.R. Arends, D.C. Valla, J.J. Kiladjian, H.L. Janssen, and F.W. Leebeek Myeloproliferative neoplasms in Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis Blood 120 2012 4921 4928
25. H.L. Janssen, and F.W. Leebeek JAK2 mutation: The best diagnostic tool for myeloproliferative disease in splanchnic vein thrombosis? Hepatology 44 2006 1391 1393
26. E. Campo, S.H. Swerdlow, N.L. Harris, S. Pileri, H. Stein, and E.S. Jaffe The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications Blood 117 2011 5019 5032
27. T. Klampfl, H. Gisslinger, A.S. Harutyunyan, H. Nivarthi, E. Rumi, J.D. Milosevic, and et al. Somatic mutations of calreticulin in myeloproliferative neoplasms N Engl J Med 369 2013 2379 2390
28. J. Nangalia, C.E. Massie, E.J. Baxter, F.L. Nice, G. Gundem, D.C. Wedge, and et al. Somatic CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2 N Engl J Med 369 2013 2391 2405
29. F. Turon, F. Cervantes, D. Colomer, A. Baiges, V. Hernandez-Gea, and J.C. Garcia-Pagan Role of calreticulin mutations in the aetiological diagnosis of splanchnic vein thrombosis J Hepatol 62 2015 72 74
30. E.P. Plompen, P.J. Valk, I. Chu, M.S. Darwish, A. Plessier, F. Turon, and et al. Somatic calreticulin mutations in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis Haematologica 100 6 2015 e226 e228
31. R. Landolfi, G.L. Di, and A. Falanga Thrombosis in myeloproliferative disorders: pathogenetic facts and speculation Leukemia 22 2008 2020 2028
32. P.D. Ziakas, L.S. Poulou, G.I. Rokas, D. Bartzoudis, and M. Voulgarelis Thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: sites, risks, outcome. An overview J Thromb Haemost 5 2007 642 645
33. J. Hoekstra, F.W. Leebeek, A. Plessier, S. Raffa, S.D. Murad, J. Heller, and et al. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in Budd-Chiari syndrome: findings from a cohort study J Hepatol 54 5 2009 908 914
34. R.A. Brodsky Narrative review: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: the physiology of complement-related hemolytic anemia Ann Intern Med 148 2008 587 595
35. S.T. van Bijnen, R.S. van Rijn, S. Koljenovic, P. te Boekhorst, T. de Witte, and P. Muus Possible high risk of thrombotic events in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria after discontinuation of eculizumab Br J Haematol 157 2012 762 763
36. Y. Bayraktar, F. Balkanci, M. Bayraktar, and M. Calguneri Budd-Chiari syndrome: a common complication of Behcet's disease Am J Gastroenterol 92 1997 858 862
37. D. Justo, T. Finn, L. Atzmony, N. Guy, and A. Steinvil Thrombosis associated with acute cytomegalovirus infection: a meta-analysis Eur J Intern Med 22 2011 195 199
38. R. Kochhar, I. Masoodi, U. Dutta, M. Singhal, A. Miglani, P. Singh, and et al. Celiac disease and Budd Chiari syndrome: report of a case with review of literature Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 2009 1092 1094
39. D. Valla, M.G. Le, T. Poynard, N. Zucman, B. Rueff, and J.P. Benhamou Risk of hepatic vein thrombosis in relation to recent use of oral contraceptives. A case-control study Gastroenterology 90 1986 807 811
40. L. Amitrano, M.A. Guardascione, M. Scaglione, L. Pezzullo, N. Sangiuliano, M.F. Armellino, and et al. Prognostic factors in noncirrhotic patients with splanchnic vein thromboses Am J Gastroenterol 102 2007 2464 2470
41. M.C. Spaander, J. Hoekstra, B.E. Hansen, H.R. van Buuren, F.W. Leebeek, and H.L. Janssen Anticoagulant therapy in patients with non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis: effect on new thrombotic events and gastrointestinal bleeding J Thromb Haemost 11 2013 452 459
42. B. Condat, F. Pessione, S. Hillaire, M.H. Denninger, M.C. Guillin, M. Poliquin, and et al. Current outcome of portal vein thrombosis in adults: risk and benefit of anticoagulant therapy Gastroenterology 120 2001 490 497
43. A. Plessier, P.E. Rautou, and D.C. Valla Management of hepatic vascular diseases J Hepatol 56 2012 S25 S38
44. C. Tait, T. Baglin, H. Watson, M. Laffan, M. Makris, D. Perry, and et al. Guidelines on the investigation and management of venous thrombosis at unusual sites Br J Haematol 159 2012 28 38
45. T. Baglin, E. Gray, M. Greaves, B.J. Hunt, D. Keeling, S. Machin, and et al. Clinical guidelines for testing for heritable thrombophilia Br J Haematol 149 2010 209 220
46. J. Hoekstra, E.L. Bresser, J.H. Smalberg, M.C. Spaander, F.W. Leebeek, and H.L. Janssen Long-term follow-up of patients with portal vein thrombosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms J Thromb Haemost 9 2011 2208 2214
47. R. Marchioli, G. Finazzi, G. Specchia, R. Cacciola, R. Cavazzina, D. Cilloni, and et al. Cardiovascular events and intensity of treatment in polycythemia vera N Engl J Med 368 2013 22 33
48. A. Plessier, and D.C. Valla Budd-Chiari syndrome Semin Liver Dis 28 2008 259 269
49. M. Hernandez-Guerra, J. Turnes, P. Rubinstein, S. Olliff, E. Elias, J. Bosch, and et al. PTFE-covered stents improve TIPS patency in Budd-Chiari syndrome Hepatology 40 2004 1197 1202
50. M.S. Darwish, D.C. Valla, P.C. de Groen, G. Zeitoun, E.B. Haagsma, E.J. Kuipers, and et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome combined with portal vein thrombosis Am J Gastroenterol 101 2006 83 90
51. R. Moucari, P.E. Rautou, D. Cazals-Hatem, A. Geara, C. Bureau, Y. Consigny, and et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Budd-Chiari syndrome: characteristics and risk factors Gut 57 2008 828 835
52. A. Plessier, A. Sibert, Y. Consigny, A. Hakime, M. Zappa, M.H. Denninger, and et al. Aiming at minimal invasiveness as a therapeutic strategy for Budd-Chiari syndrome Hepatology 44 2006 1308 1316
53. S. Seijo, A. Plessier, J. Hoekstra, A. Dell'Era, D. Mandair, K. Rifai, and et al. Good long-term outcome of Budd-Chiari syndrome with a step-wise management Hepatology 57 2013 1962 1968
54. L.D. DeLeve, D.C. Valla, and G. Garcia-Tsao Vascular disorders of the liver Hepatology 49 2009 1729 1764
55. P.E. Rautou, L. Douarin, M.H. Denninger, S. Escolano, D. Lebrec, R. Moreau, and et al. Bleeding in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome J Hepatol 54 2011 56 63
56. Chagneau-Derrode C, Roy L, guilhot J, gloria O, Ollivier-Hourmand I, Bureau C, et al. Impact of cytoreductive therapy on the outcome of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and hepatosplanchnic vein thrombosis., 58 ed 2013. p. 857A.
57. S. Sharma, A. Texeira, P. Texeira, E. Elias, J. Wilde, and S.P. Olliff Pharmacological thrombolysis in Budd Chiari syndrome: a single centre experience and review of the literature J Hepatol 40 2004 172 180
58. J.H. Smalberg, M.V. Spaander, K.S. Jie, P.M. Pattynama, H.R. van Buuren, B.B. van den, and et al. Risks and benefits of transcatheter thrombolytic therapy in patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis Thromb Haemost 100 2008 1084 1088
59. D. Valla, A. Hadengue, M. El Younsi, N. Azar, G. Zeitoun, M.J. Boudet, and et al. Hepatic venous outflow block caused by short-length hepatic vein stenoses Hepatology 25 1997 814 819
60. G. Han, X. Qi, W. Zhang, C. He, Z. Yin, J. Wang, and et al. Percutaneous recanalization for Budd-Chiari syndrome: an 11-year retrospective study on patency and survival in 177 Chinese patients from a single center Radiology 266 2013 657 667
61. H.W. Tilanus Budd-Chiari syndrome Br J Surg 82 1995 1023 1030
62. G. Zeitoun, S. Escolano, A. Hadengue, N. Azar, M. El Younsi, A. Mallet, and et al. Outcome of Budd-Chiari syndrome: a multivariate analysis of factors related to survival including surgical portosystemic shunting Hepatology 30 1999 84 89
63. P. Langlet, and D. Valla Is surgical portosystemic shunt the treatment of choice in Budd-Chiari syndrome? Acta Gastroenterol Belg 65 2002 155 160
64. Y. Panis, J. Belghiti, D. Valla, J.P. Benhamou, and F. Fekete Portosystemic shunt in Budd-Chiari syndrome: long-term survival and factors affecting shunt patency in 25 patients in Western countries Surgery 115 1994 276 281
65. J.B. Bachet, B. Condat, H. Hagege, A. Plessier, Y. Consigny, J. Belghiti, and et al. Long-term portosystemic shunt patency as a determinant of outcome in Budd-Chiari syndrome J Hepatol 46 2007 60 68
66. A.W. Hemming, B. Langer, P. Greig, B.R. Taylor, R. Adams, and E.J. Heathcote Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome with portosystemic shunt or liver transplantation Am J Surg 171 1996 176 180
67. J.C. Garcia-Pagan, M. Heydtmann, S. Raffa, A. Plessier, S. Murad, F. Fabris, and et al. TIPS for Budd-Chiari syndrome: long-term results and prognostics factors in 124 patients Gastroenterology 135 2008 808 815
68. G. Mentha, E. Giostra, P.E. Majno, W.O. Bechstein, P. Neuhaus, J. O'Grady, and et al. Liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a European study on 248 patients from 51 centres J Hepatol 44 2006 520 528
69. D.L. Segev, G.C. Nguyen, J.E. Locke, C.E. Simpkins, R.A. Montgomery, W.R. Maley, and et al. Twenty years of liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a national registry analysis Liver Transpl 13 2007 1285 1294
70. P.E. Rautou, B. Angermayr, J.C. Garcia-Pagan, R. Moucari, M. Peck-Radosavljevic, S. Raffa, and et al. Pregnancy in women with known and treated Budd-Chiari syndrome: maternal and fetal outcomes J Hepatol 51 2009 47 54
71. J.M. Perarnau, and Y. Bacq Hepatic vascular involvement related to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and estrogen replacement therapy Semin Liver Dis 28 2008 315 327
72. S.M. Bates, I.A. Greer, I. Pabinger, S. Sofaer, and J. Hirsh Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) Chest 133 2008 844S 886S
73. S.D. Murad, D.C. Valla, P.C. de Groen, G. Zeitoun, J.A. Hopmans, E.B. Haagsma, and et al. Determinants of survival and the effect of portosystemic shunting in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome Hepatology 39 2004 500 508
74. P.E. Rautou, R. Moucari, S. Escolano, D. Cazals-Hatem, C. Denie, C. Chagneau-Derrode, and et al. Prognostic indices for Budd-Chiari syndrome: valid for clinical studies but insufficient for individual management Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 1140 1146
75. R. de Franchis Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension J Hepatol 53 2010 762 768
76. R. Rajani, E. Bjornsson, A. Bergquist, A. Danielsson, A. Gustavsson, O. Grip, and et al. The epidemiology and clinical features of portal vein thrombosis: a multicentre study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 32 2010 1154 1162
77. J. Turnes, J.C. Garcia-Pagan, M. Gonzalez, C. Aracil, J.L. Calleja, C. Ripoll, and et al. Portal hypertension-related complications after acute portal vein thrombosis: impact of early anticoagulation Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 2008 1412 1417
78. B. Condat, F. Pessione, D.M. Helene, S. Hillaire, and D. Valla Recent portal or mesenteric venous thrombosis: increased recognition and frequent recanalization on anticoagulant therapy Hepatology 32 2000 466 470
79. S. Acosta, A. Alhadad, P. Svensson, and O. Ekberg Epidemiology, risk and prognostic factors in mesenteric venous thrombosis Br J Surg 95 2008 1245 1251
80. P.A. Clavien, M. Durig, and F. Harder Venous mesenteric infarction: a particular entity Br J Surg 75 1988 252 255
81. P.A. Clavien, and F. Harder Mesenteric venous thrombosis. An 18-year retrospective study Helv Chir Acta 55 1988 29 34
82. S. Kumar, M.G. Sarr, and P.S. Kamath Mesenteric venous thrombosis N Engl J Med 345 2001 1683 1688
83. T.C. Hall, G. Garcea, M. Metcalfe, D. Bilku, and A.R. Dennison Management of acute non-cirrhotic and non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review World J Surg 35 2011 2510 2520
84. L. Elkrief, O. Corcos, O. Bruno, B. Larroque, P.E. Rautou, K. Zekrini, and et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for intestinal resection in patients with superior mesenteric vein thrombosis Liver Int 34 9 2014 1314 1321
85. M. Senzolo, O. Riggio, and M. Primignani Vascular disorders of the liver: recommendations from the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF) ad hoc committee Dig Liver Dis 43 2011 503 514
86. A. Berzigotti, A. Garcia-Criado, A. Darnell, and J.C. Garcia-Pagan Imaging in clinical decision-making for portal vein thrombosis Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 5 2014 308 316
87. P.M. Ferri, F.A. Rodrigues, E.D. Fagundes, S.G. Xavier, R.D. Dias, A.P. Fernandes, and et al. Evaluation of the presence of hereditary and acquired thrombophilias in Brazilian children and adolescents with diagnoses of portal vein thrombosis J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55 2012 599 604
88. M.L. Randi, F. Tezza, M. Scapin, E. Duner, P. Scarparo, R. Scandellari, and et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative disorders and unusual splanchnic or cerebral vein thrombosis Acta Haematol 123 2010 140 145
89. C. Ferro, U.G. Rossi, G. Bovio, M. Dahamane, and M. Centanaro Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, mechanical aspiration thrombectomy, and direct thrombolysis in the treatment of acute portal and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 30 2007 1070 1074
90. M. Hollingshead, C.T. Burke, M.A. Mauro, S.M. Weeks, R.G. Dixon, and P.F. Jaques Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis J Vasc Interv Radiol 16 2005 651 661
91. F.Y. Liu, M.Q. Wang, F. Duan, Z.J. Wang, and P. Song Interventional therapy for symptomatic-benign portal vein occlusion Hepatogastroenterology 57 2010 1367 1374
92. M.Q. Wang, F.Y. Liu, F. Duan, Z.J. Wang, P. Song, and Q.S. Fan Acute symptomatic mesenteric venous thrombosis: treatment by catheter-directed thrombolysis with transjugular intrahepatic route Abdom Imaging 36 2011 390 398
93. P. Malkowski, J. Pawlak, B. Michalowicz, J. Szczerban, T. Wroblewski, E. Leowska, and et al. Thrombolytic treatment of portal thrombosis Hepatogastroenterology 50 2003 2098 2100
94. G. Cao, G.Y. Ko, K.B. Sung, H.K. Yoon, D. Gwon, and J.H. Kim Treatment of postoperative main portal vein and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis with balloon angioplasty and/or stent placement Acta Radiol 54 5 2013 526 532
95. B. Condat, and D. Valla Non malignant portal vein thrombosis Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 2006 505 515
96. J.A. Chirinos, J. Garcia, M.L. Alcaide, G. Toledo, G.J. Baracco, and D.M. Lichtstein Septic thrombophlebitis: diagnosis and management Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 6 2006 9 14
97. E. Llop, C. de Juan, S. Seijo, A. Garcia-Criado, J.G. Abraldes, J. Bosch, and et al. Portal cholangiopathy: radiological classification and natural history Gut 60 6 2011 853 860
98. N. Abd El-Hamid, R.M. Taylor, D. Marinello, G.J. Mufti, R. Patel, G. Mieli-Vergani, and et al. Aetiology and management of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in children: King's College Hospital experience J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47 2008 630 634
99. D.W. Orr, P.M. Harrison, J. Devlin, J.B. Karani, P.A. Kane, N.D. Heaton, and et al. Chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis: evaluation and determinants of survival during long-term follow-up Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 2007 80 86
100. R.K. Dhiman, A. Behera, Y.K. Chawla, J.B. Dilawari, and S. Suri Portal hypertensive biliopathy Gut 56 2007 1001 1008
101. M. Rangari, R. Gupta, M. Jain, V. Malhotra, and S.K. Sarin Hepatic dysfunction in patients with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction Liver Int 23 2003 434 439
102. B. Minguez, J.C. Garcia-Pagan, J. Bosch, J. Turnes, J. Alonso, A. Rovira, and et al. Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis exhibits neuropsychological and MR changes consistent with minimal hepatic encephalopathy Hepatology 43 2006 707 714
103. T.B. Lautz, S.S. Sundaram, P.F. Whitington, L. Keys, and R.A. Superina Growth impairment in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction is improved by mesenterico-left portal vein bypass J Pediatr Surg 44 2009 2067 2070
104. D. Marin, A. Galluzzo, A. Plessier, G. Brancatelli, D. Valla, and V. Vilgrain Focal nodular hyperplasia-like lesions in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein: prevalence, MR findings and natural history Eur Radiol 21 2011 2074 2082
105. M.S. Bradbury, P.V. Kavanagh, M.Y. Chen, T.M. Weber, and R.E. Bechtold Noninvasive assessment of portomesenteric venous thrombosis: current concepts and imaging strategies J Comput Assist Tomogr 26 2002 392 404
106. N. Ueno, A. Sasaki, T. Tomiyama, S. Tano, and K. Kimura Color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cavernous transformation of the portal vein J Clin Ultrasound 25 1997 227 233
107. V. Vilgrain, B. Condat, C. Bureau, A. Hakime, A. Plessier, D. Cazals-Hatem, and et al. Atrophy-hypertrophy complex in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein: CT evaluation Radiology 241 2006 149 155
108. S. Seijo, E. Reverter, R. Miquel, A. Berzigotti, J.G. Abraldes, J. Bosch, and et al. Role of hepatic vein catheterisation and transient elastography in the diagnosis of idiopathic portal hypertension Dig Liver Dis 44 2012 855 860
109. A. Koshy, C. Girod, S.S. Lee, A. Hadengue, R. Cerini, and D. Lebrec Discrepancy between portal pressure and systemic hemodynamic changes after incremental doses of propranolol in awake portal hypertensive rats Hepatology 9 1989 269 273
110. A. Braillon, R. Moreau, A. Hadengue, D. Roulot, R. Sayegh, and D. Lebrec Hyperkinetic circulatory syndrome in patients with presinusoidal portal hypertension. Effect of propranolol J Hepatol 9 1989 312 318
111. S.A. Zargar, G. Javid, B.A. Khan, G.N. Yattoo, A.H. Shah, G.M. Gulzar, and et al. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction Hepatology 36 2002 666 672
112. S.K. Sarin, N. Gupta, S.K. Jha, A. Agrawal, S.R. Mishra, B.C. Sharma, and et al. Equal efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation and propranolol in preventing variceal bleeding in patients with noncirrhotic portal hypertension Gastroenterology 139 2010 1238 1245
113. M.J. Orloff, M.S. Orloff, B. Girard, and S.L. Orloff Bleeding esophagogastric varices from extrahepatic portal hypertension: 40 years' experience with portal-systemic shunt J Am Coll Surg 194 2002 717 728
114. F. Fanelli, S. Angeloni, F.M. Salvatori, C. Marzano, E. Boatta, M. Merli, and et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with expanded-polytetrafuoroethylene-covered stents in non-cirrhotic patients with portal cavernoma Dig Liver Dis 43 2011 78 84
115. C.L. Mack, F.A. Zelko, J. Lokar, R. Superina, E.M. Alonso, A.T. Blei, and et al. Surgically restoring portal blood flow to the liver in children with primary extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis improves fluid neurocognitive ability Pediatrics 117 2006 e405 e412
116. R.A. Superina, and E.M. Alonso Medical and surgical management of portal hypertension in children Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 9 2006 432 443
117. M. Senzolo, J. Tibbals, E. Cholongitas, C.K. Triantos, A.K. Burroughs, and D. Patch Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis with and without cavernous transformation Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 2006 767 775
118. J.N. Schouten, J.C. Garcia-Pagan, D.C. Valla, and H.L. Janssen Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension Hepatology 54 2011 1071 1081
119. Y. Nakanuma, M. Hoso, M. Sasaki, T. Terada, K. Katayanagi, A. Nonomura, and et al. Histopathology of the liver in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension of unknown aetiology Histopathology 28 1996 195 204
120. S. Hillaire, E. Bonte, M.H. Denninger, N. Casadevall, J.F. Cadranel, D. Lebrec, and et al. Idiopathic non-cirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension in the West: a re-evaluation in 28 patients Gut 51 2002 275 280
121. J.N. Schouten, F. Nevens, B. Hansen, W. Laleman, B.M. van den, M. Komuta, and et al. Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension is associated with poor survival: results of a long-term cohort study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 35 2012 1424 1433
122. R.K. Dhiman, Y. Chawla, R.K. Vasishta, N. Kakkar, J.B. Dilawari, M.S. Trehan, and et al. Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (idiopathic portal hypertension): experience with 151 patients and a review of the literature J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 2002 6 16
123. A.M. Krasinskas, B. Eghtesad, P.S. Kamath, A.J. Demetris, and S.C. Abraham Liver transplantation for severe intrahepatic noncirrhotic portal hypertension Liver Transpl 11 2005 627 634
124. P.E. Chang, R. Miquel, J.L. Blanco, M. Laguno, M. Bruguera, J.G. Abraldes, and et al. Idiopathic portal hypertension in patients with HIV infection treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 1707 1714
125. S. Seijo, J.J. Lozano, C. Alonso, E. Reverter, R. Miquel, J.G. Abraldes, and et al. Metabolomics discloses potential biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of idiopathic portal hypertension Am J Gastroenterol 108 2013 926 932
126. C. Ibarrola, and F. Colina Clinicopathological features of nine cases of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: current definitions and criteria are inadequate Histopathology 42 2003 251 264
127. J. Verheij, J.N. Schouten, M. Komuta, F. Nevens, B.E. Hansen, H.L. Janssen, and et al. Histological features in western patients with idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension Histopathology 62 2013 1083 1091
128. I.R. Wanless Micronodular transformation (nodular regenerative hyperplasia) of the liver: a report of 64 cases among 2,500 autopsies and a new classification of benign hepatocellular nodules Hepatology 11 1990 787 797
129. S. Siramolpiwat, S. Seijo, R. Miquel, A. Berzigotti, A. Garcia-Criado, A. Darnell, and et al. Idiopathic portal hypertension: Natural history and long-term outcome Hepatology 59 6 2014 2276 2285
130. Y.K. Chawla, J.B. Dilawari, R.K. Dhiman, M.K. Goenka, D.K. Bhasin, R. Kochhar, and et al. Sclerotherapy in noncirrhotic portal fibrosis Dig Dis Sci 42 1997 1449 1453
131. D.K. Bhargava, S. Dasarathy, K.R. Sundaram, and R.K. Ahuja Efficacy of endoscopic sclerotherapy on long-term management of oesophageal varices: a comparative study of results in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHO) J Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 1991 471 475
132. T.D. Schiano, D.P. Kotler, E. Ferran, and M.I. Fiel Hepatoportal sclerosis as a cause of noncirrhotic portal hypertension in patients with HIV Am J Gastroenterol 102 2007 2536 2540
133. F.S. Govani, and C.L. Shovlin Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: a clinical and scientific review Eur J Hum Genet 17 2009 860 871
134. C.L. Shovlin, A.E. Guttmacher, E. Buscarini, M.E. Faughnan, R.H. Hyland, C.J. Westermann, and et al. Diagnostic criteria for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome) Am J Med Genet 91 2000 66 67
135. E. Buscarini, G. Leandro, D. Conte, C. Danesino, E. Daina, G. Manfredi, and et al. Natural history and outcome of hepatic vascular malformations in a large cohort of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic teleangiectasia Dig Dis Sci 56 2011 2166 2178
136. M. Memeo, A.A. Stabile Ianora, A. Scardapane, P. Suppressa, A. Cirulli, C. Sabba, and et al. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: study of hepatic vascular alterations with multi-detector row helical CT and reconstruction programs Radiol Med 109 2005 125 138
137. G. Lesca, C. Olivieri, N. Burnichon, F. Pagella, M.F. Carette, B. Gilbert-Dussardier, and et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: data from the French-Italian HHT network Genet Med 9 2007 14 22
138. T.G. Letteboer, H.J. Mager, R.J. Snijder, D. Lindhout, H.K. Ploos van Amstel, P. Zanen, and et al. Genotype-phenotype relationship for localization and age distribution of telangiectases in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Am J Med Genet A 146A 2008 2733 2739
139. E. Buscarini, C. Danesino, C. Olivieri, G. Lupinacci, G.F. De, L. Reduzzi, and et al. Doppler ultrasonographic grading of hepatic vascular malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - results of extensive screening Ultraschall Med 25 2004 348 355
140. G. Garcia-Tsao, J.R. Korzenik, L. Young, K.J. Henderson, D. Jain, B. Byrd, and et al. Liver disease in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia N Engl J Med 343 2000 931 936
141. E. Buscarini, C. Danesino, H. Plauchu, C. de Fazio, C. Olivieri, G. Brambilla, and et al. High prevalence of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia in subjects with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Ultrasound Med Biol 30 2004 1089 1097
142. E. Buscarini, H. Plauchu, T.G. Garcia, R.I. White Jr., C. Sabba, F. Miller, and et al. Liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: consensus recommendations Liver Int 26 2006 1040 1046
143. M.E. Faughnan, V.A. Palda, G. Garcia-Tsao, U.W. Geisthoff, J. McDonald, D.D. Proctor, and et al. International guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia J Med Genet 48 2011 73 87
144. J. Lerut, G. Orlando, R. Adam, C. Sabba, R. Pfitzmann, J. Klempnauer, and et al. Liver transplantation for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: report of the European liver transplant registry Ann Surg 244 2006 854 862
145. S. Dupuis-Girod, A.L. Chesnais, I. Ginon, J. Dumortier, J.C. Saurin, G. Finet, and et al. Long-term outcome of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and severe hepatic involvement after orthotopic liver transplantation: a single-center study Liver Transpl 16 2010 340 347
146. P. Buonamico, P. Suppressa, G.M. Lenato, G. Pasculli, F. D'Ovidio, M. Memeo, and et al. Liver involvement in a large cohort of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: echo-color-Doppler vs. multislice computed tomography study J Hepatol 48 2008 811 820
147. E. Buscarini, M. Gebel, K. Ocran, G. Manfredi, B.G. Del Vecchio, R. Stefanov, and et al. Interobserver agreement in diagnosing liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia by Doppler ultrasound Ultrasound Med Biol 34 2008 718 725
148. R. Gincul, G. Lesca, B. Gelas-Dore, N. Rollin, M. Barthelet, S. Dupuis-Girod, and et al. Evaluation of previously nonscreened hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients shows frequent liver involvement and early cardiac consequences Hepatology 48 2008 1570 1576
149. A. Chavan, L. Luthe, M. Gebel, H. Barg-Hock, H. Seifert, R. Raab, and et al. Complications and clinical outcome of hepatic artery embolisation in patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Eur Radiol 23 2013 951 957
150. S. Dupuis-Girod, I. Ginon, J.C. Saurin, D. Marion, E. Guillot, E. Decullier, and et al. Bevacizumab in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and severe hepatic vascular malformations and high cardiac output JAMA 307 2012 948 955
151. L. Rubbia-Brandt Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome Clin Liver Dis 14 2010 651 668
152. L.D. DeLeve, R.S. McCuskey, X. Wang, L. Hu, M.K. McCuskey, R.B. Epstein, and et al. Characterization of a reproducible rat model of hepatic veno-occlusive disease Hepatology 29 1999 1779 1791
153. G.B. McDonald, J.T. Slattery, M.E. Bouvier, S. Ren, A.L. Batchelder, T.F. Kalhorn, and et al. Cyclophosphamide metabolism, liver toxicity, and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Blood 101 2003 2043 2048
154. J.A. Coppell, P.G. Richardson, R. Soiffer, P.L. Martin, N.A. Kernan, A. Chen, and et al. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease following stem cell transplantation: incidence, clinical course, and outcome Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 16 2010 157 168
155. B. Angliviel, S. Benoist, C. Penna, H.M. El, S. Chagnon, C. Julie, and et al. Impact of chemotherapy on the accuracy of computed tomography scan for the evaluation of colorectal liver metastases Ann Surg Oncol 16 2009 1247 1253
156. T. Aloia, M. Sebagh, M. Plasse, V. Karam, F. Levi, S. Giacchetti, and et al. Liver histology and surgical outcomes after preoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer liver metastases J Clin Oncol 24 2006 4983 4990
157. H. Nakano, E. Oussoultzoglou, E. Rosso, S. Casnedi, M.P. Chenard-Neu, P. Dufour, and et al. Sinusoidal injury increases morbidity after major hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases receiving preoperative chemotherapy Ann Surg 247 2008 118 124
158. Y.S. Chun, A. Laurent, D. Maru, and J.N. Vauthey Management of chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity in colorectal liver metastases Lancet Oncol 10 2009 278 286
159. G. Mentha, P. Majno, S. Terraz, L. Rubbia-Brandt, P. Gervaz, A. Andres, and et al. Treatment strategies for the management of advanced colorectal liver metastases detected synchronously with the primary tumour Eur J Surg Oncol 33 2007 S76 S83
160. M.J. Overman, D.M. Maru, C. Charnsangavej, E.M. Loyer, H. Wang, P. Pathak, and et al. Oxaliplatin-mediated increase in spleen size as a biomarker for the development of hepatic sinusoidal injury J Clin Oncol 28 2010 2549 2555
161. O. Soubrane, A. Brouquet, S. Zalinski, B. Terris, C. Brezault, V. Mallet, and et al. Predicting high grade lesions of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome related to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: correlation with post-hepatectomy outcome Ann Surg 251 2010 454 460
162. J.H. Slade, M.L. Alattar, D.R. Fogelman, M.J. Overman, A. Agarwal, D.M. Maru, and et al. Portal hypertension associated with oxaliplatin administration: clinical manifestations of hepatic sinusoidal injury Clin Colorectal Cancer 8 2009 225 230
163. K. Miura, H. Nakano, J. Sakurai, S. Kobayashi, S. Koizumi, T. Arai, and et al. Splenomegaly in FOLFOX-naive stage IV or recurrent colorectal cancer patients due to chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity can be predicted by the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio before chemotherapy Int J Clin Oncol 16 2011 257 263
164. R. Angitapalli, A.M. Litwin, P.R. Kumar, E. Nasser, J. Lombardo, T. Mashtare, and et al. Adjuvant FOLFOX chemotherapy and splenomegaly in patients with stages II-III colorectal cancer Oncology 76 2009 363 368
165. S.Y. Mahgerefteh, J. Sosna, N. Bogot, M.Y. Shapira, O. Pappo, and A.I. Bloom Radiologic imaging and intervention for gastrointestinal and hepatic complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Radiology 258 2011 660 671
166. J. Ward, J.A. Guthrie, M.B. Sheridan, S. Boyes, J.T. Smith, D. Wilson, and et al. Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome diagnosed with superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chemotherapy-treated colorectal liver metastases J Clin Oncol 26 2008 4304 4310
167. T.R. O'Rourke, F.K. Welsh, P.P. Tekkis, N. Lyle, A. Mustajab, T.G. John, and et al. Accuracy of liver-specific magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of chemotherapy-associated hepatic cellular injury prior to liver resection Eur J Surg Oncol 35 2009 1085 1091
168. N.Y. Shin, M.J. Kim, J.S. Lim, M.S. Park, Y.E. Chung, J.Y. Choi, and et al. Accuracy of gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in patients with chemotherapy-treated colorectal liver metastases Eur Radiol 22 2012 864 871
169. H.M. Shulman, L.B. Fisher, H.G. Schoch, K.W. Henne, and G.B. McDonald Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after marrow transplantation: histological correlates of clinical signs and symptoms Hepatology 19 1994 1171 1181
170. E. Carreras, A. Granena, M. Navasa, M. Bruguera, V. Marco, J. Sierra, and et al. On the reliability of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease Ann Hematol 66 1993 77 80
171. L. Rubbia-Brandt, V. Audard, P. Sartoretti, A.D. Roth, C. Brezault, C.M. Le, and et al. Severe hepatic sinusoidal obstruction associated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Ann Oncol 15 2004 460 466
172. L. Rubbia-Brandt, G.Y. Lauwers, H. Wang, P.E. Majno, K. Tanabe, A.X. Zhu, and et al. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and nodular regenerative hyperplasia are frequent oxaliplatin-associated liver lesions and partially prevented by bevacizumab in patients with hepatic colorectal metastasis Histopathology 56 2010 430 439
173. H.M. Shulman, T. Gooley, M.D. Dudley, T. Kofler, R. Feldman, D. Dwyer, and et al. Utility of transvenous liver biopsies and wedged hepatic venous pressure measurements in sixty marrow transplant recipients Transplantation 59 1995 1015 1022
174. A.A. Esposito, A. Nicolini, D. Meregaglia, A. Sangiovanni, and P. Biondetti Role of transjugular liver biopsy in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with severe liver disease Radiol Med 113 2008 1008 1017
175. A. Brouquet, S. Benoist, C. Julie, C. Penna, A. Beauchet, P. Rougier, and et al. Risk factors for chemotherapy-associated liver injuries: A multivariate analysis of a group of 146 patients with colorectal metastases Surgery 145 2009 362 371
176. E. Goekkurt, J. Stoehlmacher, C. Stueber, C. Wolschke, T. Eiermann, S. Iacobelli, and et al. Pharmacogenetic analysis of liver toxicity after busulfan/cyclophosphamide-based allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Anticancer Res 27 2007 4377 4380
177. S. Corbacioglu, S. Cesaro, M. Faraci, D. Valteau-Couanet, B. Gruhn, A. Rovelli, and et al. Defibrotide for prophylaxis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in paediatric haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: an open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial Lancet 379 2012 1301 1309
178. H. Imran, I.M. Tleyjeh, A. Zirakzadeh, V. Rodriguez, and S.P. Khan Use of prophylactic anticoagulation and the risk of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis Bone Marrow Transplant 37 2006 677 686
179. P.G. Richardson, R.J. Soiffer, J.H. Antin, H. Uno, Z. Jin, J. Kurtzberg, and et al. Defibrotide for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease and multiorgan failure after stem cell transplantation: a multicenter, randomized, dose-finding trial Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 16 2010 1005 1017
180. P.G. Northup, M.M. McMahon, A.P. Ruhl, S.E. Altschuler, A. Volk-Bednarz, S.H. Caldwell, and et al. Coagulopathy does not fully protect hospitalized cirrhosis patients from peripheral venous thromboembolism Am J Gastroenterol 101 2006 1524 1528
181. K.K. Sogaard, E. Horvath-Puho, H. Gronbaek, P. Jepsen, H. Vilstrup, and H.T. Sorensen Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with liver disease: a nationwide population-based case-control study Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 96 101
182. A. Tripodi, and P.M. Mannucci The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease N Engl J Med 365 2011 147 156
183. K.I. Rodriguez-Castro, R.J. Porte, E. Nadal, G. Germani, P. Burra, and M. Senzolo Management of nonneoplastic portal vein thrombosis in the setting of liver transplantation: a systematic review Transplantation 94 2012 1145 1153
184. C. Francoz, J. Belghiti, V. Vilgrain, D. Sommacale, V. Paradis, B. Condat, and et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in candidates for liver transplantation: usefulness of screening and anticoagulation Gut 54 2005 691 697
185. M.A. Zocco, S.E. Di, C.R. De, M. Novi, M.E. Ainora, F. Ponziani, and et al. Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development J Hepatol 51 2009 682 689
186. M. Ogren, D. Bergqvist, M. Bjorck, S. Acosta, H. Eriksson, and N.H. Sternby Portal vein thrombosis: prevalence, patient characteristics and lifetime risk: a population study based on 23,796 consecutive autopsies World J Gastroenterol 12 2006 2115 2119
187. L. Amitrano, M.A. Guardascione, M. Scaglione, A. Menchise, R. Martino, F. Manguso, and et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis and variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24 2012 1381 1385
188. S. Augustin, J. Altamirano, A. Gonzalez, J. Dot, M. Abu-Suboh, J.R. Armengol, and et al. Effectiveness of combined pharmacologic and ligation therapy in high-risk patients with acute esophageal variceal bleeding Am J Gastroenterol 106 2011 1787 1795
189. G. D'Amico, and R. de Franchis Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators Hepatology 38 2003 599 612
190. L. Amitrano, M.A. Guardascione, V. Brancaccio, M. Margaglione, F. Manguso, L. Iannaccone, and et al. Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis J Hepatol 40 2004 736 741
191. M.J. Englesbe, J. Kubus, W. Muhammad, C.J. Sonnenday, T. Welling, J.D. Punch, and et al. Portal vein thrombosis and survival in patients with cirrhosis Liver Transpl 16 2010 83 90
192. L. Amitrano, V. Brancaccio, M.A. Guardascione, M. Margaglione, M. Sacco, R. Martino, and et al. Portal vein thrombosis after variceal endoscopic sclerotherapy in cirrhotic patients: role of genetic thrombophilia Endoscopy 34 2002 535 538
193. O. Erkan, A.M. Bozdayi, S. Disibeyaz, D. Oguz, M. Ozcan, K. Bahar, and et al. Thrombophilic gene mutations in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 2005 339 343
194. M.E. Tublin, G.D. Dodd III, and R.L. Baron Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics AJR Am J Roentgenol 168 1997 719 723
195. S. Rossi, L. Rosa, V. Ravetta, A. Cascina, P. Quaretti, A. Azzaretti, and et al. Contrast-enhanced versus conventional and color Doppler sonography for the detection of thrombosis of the portal and hepatic venous systems AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 2006 763 773
196. E. Villa, C. Camma, M. Marietta, M. Luongo, R. Critelli, S. Colopi, and et al. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis Gastroenterology 143 2012 1253 1260
197. A. Luca, S. Caruso, M. Milazzo, G. Marrone, G. Mamone, F. Crino, and et al. Natural course of extrahepatic nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis Radiology 265 2012 124 132
198. F. Nery, S. Chevret, B. Condat, R.E. De, L. Boudaoud, P.E. Rautou, and et al. Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1,243 patients with cirrhosis: results of a longitudinal study Hepatology 61 2015 660 667
199. M. Senzolo, M. Sartori, V. Rossetto, P. Burra, U. Cillo, P. Boccagni, and et al. Prospective evaluation of anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis Liver Int 32 2012 919 927
200. L. Amitrano, M.A. Guardascione, A. Menchise, R. Martino, M. Scaglione, S. Giovine, and et al. Safety and efficacy of anticoagulation therapy with low molecular weight heparin for portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis J Clin Gastroenterol 44 2010 448 451
201. M.G. Delgado, S. Seijo, I. Yepes, L. Achecar, M.V. Catalina, A. Garcia-Criado, and et al. Efficacy and Safety of Anticoagulation on Patients With Cirrhosis and Portal Vein Thrombosis1 Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10 2012 776 783
202. K.T. Werner, S. Sando, E.J. Carey, H.E. Vargas, T.J. Byrne, D.D. Douglas, and et al. Portal vein thrombosis in patients with end stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation: outcome of anticoagulation Dig Dis Sci 58 6 2013 1776 1780
203. A. Luca, R. Miraglia, S. Caruso, M. Milazzo, C. Sapere, L. Maruzzelli, and et al. Short- and long-term effects of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis Gut 60 6 2011 846 852
204. J.M. Perarnau, A. Baju, L. d'Alteroche, J. Viguier, and J. Ayoub Feasibility and long-term evolution of TIPS in cirrhotic patients with portal thrombosis Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 2010 1093 1098
205. G. Han, X. Qi, C. He, Z. Yin, J. Wang, J. Xia, and et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis with symptomatic portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis J Hepatol 54 2011 78 88
206. M. Senzolo, D. Patch, P. Burra, and A.K. Burroughs Tips for portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cirrhosis: not only unblocking a pipe J Hepatol 55 4 2011 945 946
207. C. Kearon, E.A. Akl, A.J. Comerota, P. Prandoni, H. Bounameaux, S.Z. Goldhaber, and et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed.: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest 141 2012 e419S e494S
208. D.A. Garcia, T.P. Baglin, J.I. Weitz, and M.M. Samama Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed.: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest 141 2012 e24S e43S
209. K.I. Rodriguez-Castro, P. Simioni, P. Burra, and M. Senzolo Anticoagulation for the treatment of thrombotic complications in patients with cirrhosis Liver Int 32 2012 1465 1476
210. L.P. Bechmann, M. Wichert, K. Kroger, and P. Hilgard Dosing and monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparin in cirrhotic patients Liver Int 31 2011 1064
211. T. Lisman, and R.J. Porte Towards a rational use of low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with cirrhosis Liver Int 31 2011 1063
212. M. Senzolo, K.I. Rodriguez-Castro, V. Rossetto, C. Radu, S. Gavasso, P. Carraro, and et al. Increased anticoagulant response to low-molecular-weight heparin in plasma from patients with advanced cirrhosis J Thromb Haemost 10 2012 1823 1829
213. W. Ageno, A.S. Gallus, A. Wittkowsky, M. Crowther, E.M. Hylek, and G. Palareti Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest 141 2012 e44S e88S
214. A.M. van den Besselaar, T.W. Barrowcliffe, L.L. Houbouyan-Reveillard, J. Jespersen, M. Johnston, L. Poller, and et al. Guidelines on preparation, certification, and use of certified plasmas for ISI calibration and INR determination J Thromb Haemost 2 2004 1946 1953
215. A. Tripodi, V. Chantarangkul, and P.M. Mannucci The international normalized ratio to prioritize patients for liver transplantation: problems and possible solutions J Thromb Haemost 6 2008 243 248
216. A. Tripodi, and G. Palareti New anticoagulant drugs for treatment of venous thromboembolism and stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation J Intern Med 271 2012 554 565
217. E. Liakoni, A.E. Ratz Bravo, L. Terracciano, M. Heim, and S. Krahenbuhl Symptomatic hepatocellular liver injury with hyperbilirubinemia in two patients treated with rivaroxaban JAMA Intern Med 174 2014 1683 1686