The role of shallow cloud moistening in MJO and Non-MJO convective events over the ARM manus site

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 72, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 4797-4820

  Zermeño Díaz, David M ^a   Zhang, Chidong ^a   Kollias, Pavlos ^b   Kalesse, Heike ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atm Ocean Structure Phenomena; Clouds; Cumulus clouds; Madden Julian oscillation

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLIMATOLOGY; CLOUDS; CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS; MOISTURE; RAIN; WIND EFFECTS;

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; CUMULUS CLOUD; EASTWARD PROPAGATION; LIQUID WATER CONTENT; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; SHALLOW CUMULUS CLOUDS; STANDARD DEVIATION;

PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY);

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE; CLOUD COVER; CUMULUS; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; RAINFALL;

ADMIRALTY ISLANDS; BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO; MANUS; MANUS ISLAND; PAPUA NEW GUINEA;

EID: 84950275991     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0322.1     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Ackerman, T. P., and G. M. Stokes, 2003: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program. Phys. Today, 56, 38-44, doi:10.1063/1.1554135.
2. Ackerman, T. P., W. E. Clements, F. J. Barnes, and D. S. Renne, 1999: Tropical western Pacific cloud and radiation testbed: Science, siting, and implementation strategies.ARMTech. Rep.ARM-99-004, 71 pp. [Available online at http://www.arm.gov/publications/site_reports/twp/arm-99-004.pdf.].
3. Atlas, D., 1954: The estimation of cloud parameters by radar. J.Meteor., 11, 309-317, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1954)011<0309: TEOCPB>2.0.CO;2.
4. Barnes, H. C., and R. A. Houze, 2013: The precipitating cloud population of the Madden-Julian oscillation over the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 6996-7023, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50375.
5. Bellenger, H., K. Yoneyama, M. Katsumata, T. Nishizawa, K. Yasunaga, and R. Shirooka, 2015: Observation of moisture tendencies related to shallow convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 641-659, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0042.1.
6. Benedict, J. J., and D. A. Randall, 2007: Observed characteristics of the MJO relative to maximum rainfall. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2332-2354, doi:10.1175/JAS3968.1.
7. Cai, Q., G. J. Zhang, and T. Zhou, 2013: Impacts of shallow convection on MJO simulation: A moist static energy and moisture budget analysis. J. Climate, 26, 2417-2431, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00127.1.
8. Chen, Y.-H., and A. D. Del Genio, 2009: Evaluation of tropical cloud regimes in observations and a general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 32, 355-369, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0386-6.
9. Chikira, M., 2014: Eastward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation represented by Chikira-Sugiyama cumulus parameterization. Part II: Understanding moisture variation under weak temperature gradient balance. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 615-639, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-038.1.
10. Ciach, G. J., 2003: Local random errors in tipping-bucket rain gauge measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 752-759, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<752:LREITB>2.0.CO;2.
11. Clothiaux, E., T. P. Ackerman, G. G. Mace, K. P. Moran, R. T. Marchand, M. A. Miller, and B. E. Martner, 2000: Objective determination of cloud heights and radar reflectivities using a combination of active remote sensors at the ARM CART sites. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 645-665, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0645:ODOCHA>2.0.CO;2.
12. Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
13. Del Genio, A. D., Y. Chen, D. Kim, and M.-S. Yao, 2012: The MJO transition from shallow to deep convection in CloudSat/CALIPSO data and GISS GCM simulations. J. Climate, 25, 3755-3770, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00384.1.
14. Deng, L., S. A. McFarlane, and J. E. Flaherty, 2013: Characteristics associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation at Manus Island. J. Climate, 26, 3342-3356, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00312.1.
15. Deng, M., and Coauthors, 2014: Stratiform and convective precipitation observed by multiple radars during the DYNAMO/AMIE Experiment. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 53, 2503-2523, doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0311.1.
16. ECMWF, 2011: ECMWF's Operational Model Analysis, starting in 2011. Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, accessed 26 February 2014 doi:10.5065/D6ZG6Q9F.
17. Feng, Z., X. Dong, and B. Xi, 2009: A method to merge WSR-88D data with ARM SGP millimeter cloud radar data by studying deep convective systems. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 958-971, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1190.1.
18. Feng, Z., S. A. McFarlane, C. Schumacher, S. Ellis, J. Comstock, and N. Bharadwaj, 2014: Constructing a merged cloud-precipitation radar dataset for tropical convective clouds during theDYNAMO/AMIE Experiment at Addu Atoll. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 31, 1021-1042, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00132.1.
19. Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: Measurement of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters in ASTEX with Kaband Doppler radar and a microwave radiometer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-2799, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2788: MOSCAD>2.0.CO;2.
20. Geerts, B., and Y. Dawei, 2004: Classification and characterization of tropical precipitation based on high-resolution airborne vertical incidence radar. Part I: Classification. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 1554-1566, doi:10.1175/JAM2158.1.
21. Han, Q., W.B.Rossow, and A.A. Lacis, 1994: Near-global survey of effective droplet radii in liquid water clouds using ISCCP data. J. Climate, 7, 465-497, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0465: NGSOED>2.0.CO;2.
22. Hollars, S., Q. Fu, J. M. Comstock, and T. P. Ackerman, 2004: Comparisons of cloud-top height retrievals from groundbased 35 GHz MMCR and GMS-5 satellite observations at ARMTWP Manus site. Atmos. Res., 72, 169-186, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.03.015.
23. Johnson, R. H., 1976: The role of convective-scale precipitation downdrafts in cumulus and synoptic-scale interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1890-1910, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1890: TROCSP>2.0.CO;2.
24. Johnson, R. H., and X. Lin, 1997: Episodic trade-wind regimes over the western Pacific warm pool. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2020-2034, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2020:ETWROT>2.0.CO;2.
25. Johnson, R. H., and P. E. Ciesielski, 2013: Structure and properties of Madden-Julian oscillations deduced from DYNAMO sounding arrays. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3157-3179, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-065.1.
26. Johnson, R. H., P. E. Ciesielski, and K. A. Hart, 1996: Tropical inversions near the 0°C level. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1838-1855, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1838:TINTL>2.0.CO;2.
27. Johnson, R. H., T. M. Rickenbach, S. A. Rutledge, P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert, 1999: Trimodal characteristics of tropical convection. J. Climate, 12, 2397-2418, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2397:TCOTC>2.0.CO;2.
28. Johnson, R. H., P. E. Ciesielski, J. H. Ruppert Jr., and M. Katsumata, 2015: Sounding-based thermodynamic budgets for DYNAMO. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 598-622, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0202.1.
29. Jones, C., and B. C. Weare, 1996: The role of low-level moisture convergence and ocean latent heat flux in the Madden-Julian oscillation: An observational analysis using ISCCP data and ECMWF analyses. J. Climate, 9, 3086-3104, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<3086:TROLLM>2.0.CO;2.
30. Kalesse, H., and P. Kollias, 2013: Climatology of high cloud dynamics using profiling ARM Doppler radar observations. J. Climate, 26, 6340-6359, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00695.1.
31. Kemball-Cook, S. R., and B. C. Weare, 2001: The onset of convection in the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 780-793, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0780:TOOCIT>2.0.CO;2.
32. Khouider, B., and A. J. Majda, 2006: A simple multicloud parameterization for convectively coupled tropical waves. Part I: Linear analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1308-1323, doi:10.1175/JAS3677.1.
33. Kiladis, G. N., K. H. Straub, and P. T. Haertel, 2005: Zonal and vertical structure of the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2790-2809, doi:10.1175/JAS3520.1.
34. Kollias, P., E. E. Clothiaux, M. A. Miller, B. A. Albrecht, G. L. Stephens, and T. P. Ackerman, 2007a: Millimeter-wavelength radars: New frontier in atmospheric cloud and precipitation research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1608-1624, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-10-1608.
35. Kollias, P., E. G. Tselioudis, and B. A. Albrecht, 2007b: Cloud climatology at the Southern Great Plains and the layer structure, drizzle, and atmospheric modes of continental stratus. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09116, doi:10.1029/2006JD007307.
36. Kummerow, C., and Coauthors, 2000: The status of the TropicalRainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1965-1982, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1965: TSOTTR>2.0.CO;2.
37. Langhans, W., K. Yeo, and D. M. Romps, 2015: Lagrangian investigation of the precipitation efficiency of convective clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 1045-1062, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0159.1.
38. Lappen, C.-L., and C. Schumacher, 2014: The role of tilted heating in the evolution of the MJO. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 2966-2989, doi:10.1002/2013JD020638.
39. Lau, W., and H. Wu, 2003: Warm rain processes over tropical oceans and climate implications. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2290, doi:10.1029/2003GL018567.
40. Leon, D. C., Z. Wang, and D. Liu, 2008: Climatology of drizzle in marine boundary layer clouds based on 1 year of data from CloudSat and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 113, D00A14, doi:10.1029/2008JD009835.
41. Li, C., X. Jia, J. Ling, W. Zhou, and C. Zhang, 2009: Sensitivity of MJO simulations to diabatic heating profiles. Climate Dyn., 32, 167-187, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0455-x.
42. Liao, L., and K. Sassen, 1994: Investigation of relationships between Ka-band radar reflectivity and ice and liquid water contents. Atmos. Res., 34, 231-248, doi:10.1016/0169-8095(94)90094-9.
43. Ling, J., C. Zhang, and P. Bechtold, 2013: Large-scale distinctions between MJO and non-MJO convective initiation over the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2696-2712, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-029.1.
44. Ling, J., P. Bauer, P. Bechtold, A. Beljaars, R. Forbes, F. Vitart, M. Ulate, and C. Zhang, 2014: Global versus local MJO forecast skill of the ECMWF model during DYNAMO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2228-2247, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00292.1.
45. Long, C. N., and Coauthors, 2013: ARM research in the equatorial western Pacific: A decade and counting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 695-708, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00137.1.
46. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702: DOADOI>2.0.CO;2.
47. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the Tropics with a 40-50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1109:DOGSCC>2.0.CO;2.
48. Majda, A. J., and S. N. Stechmann, 2009: The skeleton of tropical intraseasonal oscillations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 8417-8422, doi:10.1073/pnas.0903367106.
49. Majda, A. J., S. N. Stechmann, and B. Khouider, 2007: Madden-Julian oscillation analog and intraseasonal variability in a multicloud model above the equator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 9919-9924, doi:10.1073/pnas.0703572104.
50. Maloney, E. D., 2009: The moist static energy budget of a composite tropical intraseasonal oscillation in a climate model. J. Climate, 22, 711-729, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2542.1.
51. Mapes, B. E., S. Tulich, J.-L. Lin, and P. Zuidema, 2006: The mesoscale convection life cycle: Building block or prototype for large-scale tropical waves? Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 42, 3-29, doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2006.03.003.
52. Masunaga, H., and C. D. Kummerow, 2006: Observations of tropical precipitating clouds ranging from shallow to deep convective systems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16805, doi:10.1029/2006GL026547.
53. Masunaga, H., M. Satoh, and H. Miura, 2008: A joint satellite and global cloud-resolving model analysis of a Madden-Julian oscillation event: Model diagnosis. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17210, doi:10.1029/2008JD009986.
54. Mather, J. H., 2005: Seasonal variability in clouds and radiation at the Manus ARM site. J. Climate, 18, 2417-2428, doi:10.1175/JCLI3401.1.
55. Mather, J. H., and S. A. McFarlane, 2009: Cloud classes and radiative heating profiles at the Manus and Nauru Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19204, doi:10.1029/2009JD011703.
56. Mather, J. H., S. A. McFarlane, M. A. Miller, and K. L. Johnson, 2007: Cloud properties and associated radiative heating rates in the tropical western Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05201, doi:10.1029/2006JD007555.
57. Matrosov, S. Y., 2005: Attenuation-based estimates of rainfall rates aloft with vertically pointing Ka-band radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 43-54, doi:10.1175/JTECH-1677.1.
58. Matthews, A. J., 2008: Primary and successive events in the Madden-Julian oscillation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 439-453, doi:10.1002/qj.224.
59. McFarlane, S., K. F. Evans, and A. S. Ackerman, 2002: A Bayesian algorithmfor the retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from microwave radiometer and millimeter radar data. J. Geophys. Res., 107, AAC 12-1-AAC 12-21, doi:10.1029/2001JD001011.
60. McFarlane, S., J. H. Mather, and T. P. Ackerman., 2007: Analysis of tropical radiative heating profiles: A comparison of models and observations. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14218, doi:10.1029/2006JD008290.
61. Mechem, D. B., and A. J. Oberthaler, 2013: Numerical simulation of tropical cumulus congestus duringTOGA COARE. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 623-637, doi:10.1002/jame.20043.
62. Moran, K. P., B. E. Martner, M. J. Post, R.A. Kropfli, D. C. Welsh, and K. B. Widener, 1998: An unattended cloud-profiling radar for use in climate research. Bull.Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 443-455, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0443:AUCPRF>2.0.CO;2.
63. Myers, D. S., and D. E. Waliser, 2003: Three-dimensional water vapor and cloud variations associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation during Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Climate, 16, 929-950, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0929:TDWVAC>2.0.CO;2.
64. Nitta, T., and S. Esbensen, 1974: Heat and moisture budget analyses using BOMEX data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 17-28, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1974)102<0017:HAMBAU>2.0.CO;2.
65. Riley, E. M., B. E. Mapes, and S. N. Tulich, 2011: Clouds associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation: A new perspective from CloudSat. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 3032-3051, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-11-030.1.
66. Sassen, K., and Z. Wang, 2008: Classifying clouds around the globe with the CloudSat radar: 1-year of results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04805, doi:10.1029/2007GL032591.
67. Short, D. A., and K. Nakamura, 2000: TRMM radar observations of shallow precipitation over the tropical oceans. J. Climate, 13, 4107-4124, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4107: TROOSP>2.0.CO;2.
68. Thual, S., A. J. Majda, and S. N. Stechmann, 2014: A stochastic skeleton model for the MJO. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 697-715, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0186.1.
69. Waite, M. L., and B. Khouider, 2010: The deepening of tropical convection by congestus preconditioning. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2601-2615, doi:10.1175/2010JAS3357.1.
70. Wang, B., 1988: Dynamics of tropical low-frequency waves:Analysis of the moist Kelvin wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2051-2065, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2051:DOTLFW>2.0.CO;2.
71. Wang, Y., C. N. Long, J. H. Mather, and X. Liu., 2010: Convective signals from surface measurements at ARM tropical western Pacific site: Manus. Climate Dyn., 36, 431-449, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0736-z.
72. Wheeler, M., and H. H. Hendon, 2004: An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1917-1932, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1917:AARMMI>2.0.CO;2.
73. Wood, R., and J. P. Taylor, 2001: Liquid water path variability in unbroken marine stratocumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 2635-2662, doi:10.1002/qj.49712757807.
74. Yanai, M., S. Esbensen, and J. H. Chu, 1973: Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0611:DOBPOT>2.0.CO;2.
75. Yoneyama, K., C. Zhang, and C. N. Long, 2013: Tracking pulses of the Madden-Julian oscillation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1871-1891, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00157.1.
76. Zhang, G., and X. Song, 2009: Interaction of deep and shallow convection is key to Madden-Julian oscillation simulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09708, doi:10.1029/2009GL037340.
77. Zhao, M., and P. H. Austin, 2005: Life cycle of numerically simulated shallow cumulus clouds. Part I: Transport. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1269-1290, doi:10.1175/JAS3414.1.
78. Zuidema, P., and B. Mapes, 2008: Cloud vertical structure observed from space and ship over the Bay of Bengal and eastern tropical Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86A, 205-218, doi:10.2151/jmsj.86A.205.