Improvement in Renal Function and Reduction in Serum Uric Acid with Intensive Statin Therapy in Older Patients: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SAGE Trial

Drugs and Aging

Volumn 32, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 1055-1065

  Deedwania, Prakash C ^a   Stone, Peter H ^b   Fayyad, Rana S ^c   Laskey, Rachel E ^c   Wilson, Daniel J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c PFIZER INC   (United States)

^d Relypsa Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ATORVASTATIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PRAVASTATIN; URIC ACID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; AGED; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FEMALE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; URIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL; VERY ELDERLY; BLOOD; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CORONARY DISEASE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECTS; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; KIDNEY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; CORONARY DISEASE; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; FEMALE; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; KIDNEY; MALE; PRAVASTATIN; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; URIC ACID;

EID: 84949549044     PISSN: 1170229X     EISSN: 11791969     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0328-z     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2001;59(1):260–9. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00487.x.
2. Athyros VG, Elisaf M, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI, et al. Effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(4):589–99.
3. Rahman M, Baimbridge C, Davis BR, Barzilay J, Basile JN, Henriquez MA, et al. Progression of kidney disease in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin versus usual care: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(3):412–24. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.027.
4. Tonelli M, Isles C, Craven T, Tonkin A, Pfeffer MA, Shepherd J, et al. Effect of pravastatin on rate of kidney function loss in people with or at risk for coronary disease. Circulation. 2005;112(2):171–8.
5. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, Deedwania P, Breazna A, Dobson S, et al. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1131–9.
6. Koren MJ, Davidson MH, Wilson DJ, Fayyad RS, Zuckerman A, Reed DP. Focused atorvastatin therapy in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(5):741–50.
7. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(5):810–9. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.03.022.
8. Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention-an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(12):1266–73. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.020.
9. Leoncini M, Toso A, Maioli M, Tropeano F, Villani S, Bellandi F. Early high-dose rosuvastatin for contrast-induced nephropathy prevention in acute coronary syndrome: results from the PRATO-ACS Study (Protective Effect of Rosuvastatin and Antiplatelet Therapy On contrast-induced acute kidney injury and myocardial damage in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(1):71–9. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.105.
10. Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, Perkovic V, Pellegrini F, Nicolucci A, et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2008;336(7645):645–51. doi:10.1136/bmj.39472.580984.AE.
11. Palmer SC, Craig JC, Navaneethan SD, Tonelli M, Pellegrini F, Strippoli GF. Benefits and harms of statin therapy for persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(4):263–75. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-4-201208210-00007.
12. Hou W, Lv J, Perkovic V, Yang L, Zhao N, Jardine MJ, et al. Effect of statin therapy on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(24):1807–17. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht065.
13. Amarenco P, Callahan A 3rd, Campese VM, Goldstein LB, Hennerici MG, Messig M, et al. Effect of high-dose atorvastatin on renal function in subjects with stroke or transient ischemic attack in the SPARCL trial. Stroke. 2014;45(10):2974–82. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005832.
14. Han Y, Zhu G, Han L, Hou F, Huang W, Liu H, et al. Short-term rosuvastatin therapy for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(1):62–70. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.017.
15. Nitta K. Clinical assessment and management of dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2012;16(4):522–9. doi:10.1007/s10157-012-0655-x.
16. Hoshi T, Sato A, Kakefuda Y, Harunari T, Watabe H, Ojima E, et al. Preventive effect of statin pretreatment on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty: propensity score analysis from a multicenter registry. Int J Cardiol. 2014;171(2):243–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.017.
17. Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Hovingh GK, Laskey R, Vogt L, DeMicco DA, et al. Statin and the risk of renal-related serious adverse events: analysis from the IDEAL, TNT, CARDS, ASPEN, SPARCL, and other placebo-controlled trials. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(12):2018–20. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.03.046.
18. Hemmelgarn BR, Zhang J, Manns BJ, Tonelli M, Larsen E, Ghali WA, et al. Progression of kidney dysfunction in the community-dwelling elderly. Kidney Int. 2006;69(12):2155–61.
19. Cohen E, Nardi Y, Krause I, Goldberg E, Milo G, Garty M, et al. A longitudinal assessment of the natural rate of decline in renal function with age. J Nephrol. Epub. 2014 Mar 19;. doi:10.1007/s40620-014-0077-9.
20. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298(17):2038–47.
21. Stevens LA, Li S, Wang C, Huang C, Becker BN, Bomback AS, et al. Prevalence of CKD and comorbid illness in elderly patients in the United States: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(3 Suppl 2):S23–33. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.09.035.
22. Fang J, Alderman MH. Serum uric acid and cardiovascular mortality the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971–1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2000;283(18):2404–10.
23. Coresh J, Turin TC, Matsushita K, Sang Y, Ballew SH, Appel LJ, et al. Decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate and subsequent risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality. JAMA. 2014;311(24):2518–31. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.6634.
24. Deedwania PC. Effect of aggressive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia: the rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). Am Heart J. 2004;148(6):1053–9. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.06.026.
25. Deedwania P, Stone PH, Bairey Merz CN, Cosin-Aguilar J, Koylan N, Luo D, et al. Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease: results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). Circulation. 2007;115(6):700–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654756.
26. Junge W, Wilke B, Halabi A, Klein G. Determination of reference intervals for serum creatinine, creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance with an enzymatic and a modified Jaffe method. Clin Chim Acta. 2004;344(1–2):137–48.
27. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(6):461–70.
28. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(2 Suppl 1):S1–266.
29. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(5):850–86.
30. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(7):2006–16. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006010012.
31. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9784):2181–92. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3.
32. Haynes R, Lewis D, Emberson J, Reith C, Agodoa L, Cass A, et al. Effects of lowering LDL cholesterol on progression of kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(8):1825–33. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013090965.
33. de Zeeuw D, Anzalone DA, Cain VA, Cressman MD, Heerspink HJ, Molitoris BA, et al. Renal effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in patients with diabetes who have progressive renal disease (PLANET I): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(3):181–90. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70246-3.
34. Hafez K, Inman S, Stowe N, Novick A. Renal hemodynamic effects of lovastatin in a renal ablation model. Urology. 1996;48(6):862–7.
35. van Dijk M, Kamper A, van Veen S, Souverijn J, Blauw G. Effect of simvastatin on renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(11):2152–7.
36. Zhou MS, Jaimes EA, Raij L. Atorvastatin prevents end-organ injury in salt-sensitive hypertension: role of eNOS and oxidant stress. Hypertension. 2004;44(2):186–90.
37. Yokota N, O’Donnell M, Daniels F, Burne-Taney M, Keane W, Kasiske B, et al. Protective effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Nephrol. 2003;23(1):13–7.
38. Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Lahera V, Cachofeiro V, Gomez-Campdera F, Vega A, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on inflammatory and fibrinolytic parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(12 Suppl 3):S231–5. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006080938.
39. Scolari F, Ravani P, Pola A, Guerini S, Zubani R, Movilli E, et al. Predictors of renal and patient outcomes in atheroembolic renal disease: a prospective study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(6):1584–90.
40. Ott C, Ritt M, Titze SI, Schaufele T, Schmieder RE. Rosuvastatin does not affect intrarenal hemodynamics in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Nephrol. 2009;22(5):675–81.
41. Paulsen L, Holm C, Bech JN, Starklint J, Pedersen EB. Effects of statins on renal sodium and water handling: acute and short-term effects of atorvastatin on renal haemodynamics, tubular function, vasoactive hormones, blood pressure and pulse rate in healthy, normocholesterolemic humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(5):1556–61. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm807.
42. Alnaeb ME, Youssef F, Mikhailidis DP, Hamilton G. Short-term lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin improves renal function but not renal blood flow indices in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology. 2006;57(1):65–71.
43. Zhang L, Gong D, Li S, Zhou X. Meta-analysis of the effects of statin therapy on endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2012;223(1):78–85. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.031.
44. Shlipak MG, Katz R, Kestenbaum B, Siscovick D, Fried L, Newman A, et al. Rapid decline of kidney function increases cardiovascular risk in the elderly. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(12):2625–30. doi:10.1681/ASN.2009050546.
45. Rein P, Saely CH, Vonbank A, Boehnel C, Drexel H. Usefulness of serial decline of kidney function to predict mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(2):215–21. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.08.032.
46. Shepherd J, Kastelein JP, Bittner VA, Carmena R, Deedwania PC, Breazna A, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(8):870–9.
47. Haynes R, Staplin N, Emberson J, Herrington WG, Tomson C, Agodoa L, SHARP Collaborative Group, et al. Evaluating the contribution of the cause of kidney disease to prognosis in CKD: results from the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64(1):40–8. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.12.013.
48. Tonelli M, Wanner C. Lipid management in chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2013 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(3):182. doi:10.7326/M13-2453.
49. Food and Drug Administration. Summary minutes of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee, November 2, 2011. Silver Spring, MD. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM290774.pdf. Accessed 26 Jun 2014.
50. Kalaitzidis RG, Bakris GL. Serum creatinine vs. albuminuria as biomarkers for the estimation of cardiovascular risk. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2010;8(5):604–11. doi:10.2174/157016110792006914.
51. Jacobson TA. Overcoming ‘ageism’ bias in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: a review of safety issues with statins in the elderly. Drug Saf. 2006;29(5):421–48.
52. Wenger NK, Lewis SJ, Herrington DM, Bittner V, Welty FK. Outcomes of using high- or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(1):1–9.
53. Koren MJ, Feldman T, Mendes RA. Impact of high-dose atorvastatin in coronary heart disease patients age 65 to 78 years. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32(5):256–63.
54. Yoshitomi R, Fukui A, Nakayama M, Ura Y, Ikeda H, Oniki H, et al. Sex differences in the association between serum uric acid levels and cardiac hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res. 2014;37(3):246–52. doi:10.1038/hr.2013.134.