Recommendations for enhancing psychosocial support of NICU parents through staff education and support

Journal of Perinatology

Volumn 35, Issue S1, 2015, Pages S29-S36

  Hall, S L ^a   Cross, J ^b   Selix, N W ^c   Patterson, C ^d   Segre, L ^e   Chuffo Siewert, R ^f   Geller, P A ^g   Martin, M L ^h  

^a St John's Regional Medical Center   (United States)

^b WIDENER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO   (United States)

^d CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF IOWA COLLEGE OF NURSING   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF IOWA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^g DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h McLeod Health   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; BEREAVEMENT COUNSELING; COMMUNICATION SKILL; CULTURAL SAFETY; DISTRESS SYNDROME; FAMILY CENTERED CARE; FAMILY COUNSELING; FATIGUE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH SERVICE; HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT; HUMAN; ILLUMINATION; LISTENING VISIT; MENTAL HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; MOOD DISORDER; NEWBORN; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NOISE; NURSE; NURSING MANAGEMENT; PARENT COUNSELING; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; PSYCHOLOGIST; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SELF CARE; SOCIAL PARTICIPATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL WORKER; STAFF TRAINING; TEACHING; TRANSCULTURAL CARE; ADULT; FEMALE; MALE; NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PARENT; PATIENT CARE; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT; PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL SUPPORT; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT;

ADULT; EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; MALE; PARENTS; PATIENT CARE TEAM; QUALITY IMPROVEMENT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STAFF DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 84947929477     PISSN: 07438346     EISSN: 14765543     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/jp.2015.147     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Wigert H, Blom M, Bry K. Parents experiences of communication with neonatal intensive care unit staff: an interview study. BMC Pediatr [Internet] 2014; 14(1): 304; available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/14/304 (date last accessed 15 April 2015).
2. Placencia F, McCullough L. Biopsychosocial risks of parental care for high-risk neonates: implications for evidence-based parental counseling. J Perinatol 2012; 32(5): 381-386.
3. Pines A, Aronson E. Career Burnout: Causes and Cures. Free Press: New York, NY, USA, 1988.
4. Boyle D. Countering compassion fatigue: a requisite nursing agenda. Online J Issues Nurs 2011; 16(1); 2. Available at: http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-16-2011/No1-Jan-2011/Countering-Compassion-Fatigue.html (date last accessed 27 May 2014).
5. Aiken L, Clarke S, Sloane D, Sochalski J, Busse R, Clarke H et al. Nurses' reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Aff 2001; 20: 43-53.
6. Profit J, Sharek P, Amspoker A, Kowalkowski M, Nisbet C, Thomas E et al. Burnout in the NICU setting and its relation to safety culture. BMJ Qual Saf 2014; 10: 806-813.
7. Bellieni C, Righetti P, Ciampa R. Assessing burnout among neonatologists. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 25(10): 2130-2134.
8. Donchin Y, Seagull F. The hostile environment of the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8(4): 316-320.
9. Marshall R, Kasman C. Burnout in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 1980; 65(6): 1161-1165.
10. Czaja A, Moss M, Mealer M. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among pediatric acute care nurses. J Pediatr Nurs 2012; 27(4): 357-365.
11. Cricco-Lizza R. The need to nurse the nurse: emotional labor in neonatal intensive care. Qual Health Res 2014; 24(5): 615-628.
12. Vahey D, Aiken L, Sloane D, Clarke S, Vargas D. Nurse burnout and patient satisfaction. Med Care 2004; 42(2, Suppl.): 1157-1166.
13. Braithwaite M. Nurse burnout and stress in the NICU. Adv Neonatal Care 2008; 8 (6): 34-37.
14. Aiken L, Clarke S, Sloane D, Sochalski J, Silber J. Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction. JAMA 2002; 288(16): 1987-1993.
15. Garrett C. The effect of nurse staffing patterns on medical errors and nurse burnout. AORN J 2008; 87(6): 1191-1192.
16. Meadors P, Lamson A. Compassion fatigue and secondary traumatization: provider self care on intensive care units for children. J Pediatr Health Care 2008; 22 (1): 24-34.
17. Catlin A, Armino C, Volat D, Vale E, Hadley MA, Gong W. Conscientious objection: a potential neonatal nursing response to care orders that cause suffering at the end of life Study of a concept. Neonatal Netw 2008; 27(2): 101; available from IngentaConnect Journals http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/jnn/2008/00000027/00000002/art00005 (last accessed 31 March 2015).
18. Mealer M, Burnham E, Goode C, Rothbaum B, Moss M. The prevalence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in nurses. Depress Anxiety 2009; 26(12): 1118-1126.
19. Duquette A, Kerouac S, Sandhu B, Beaudet L. Factors related to nursing burnout: a review of empirical knowledge. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1994; 15: 337-358.
20. Parker P, Kulik J. Burnout, self-and supervisor-rated job performance, and absenteeism among nurses. J Behav Med 1995; 18(6): 581-599.
21. Robinson S, Roth S, Keim J, Levenson M, Flentje J, Bashor K. Nurse burnout: work related and demographic factors as culprits. Res Nurs Health 1991; 14(3): 223-238.
22. Espelande K. Overcoming burnout: how to revitalize your career. J Contin Educ Nurse 2006; 37(4): 178-184.
23. Eriksson U, Starrin B, Janson S. Long-term sickness absence due to burnout: absentees' experiences. Qual Health Res 2008; 18(5): 620-632.
24. Cimiotti J, Aiken L, Sloan D, Wu E. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health careassociated infection. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40(6): 486-490.
25. Halbesleben J, Wakefield B, Wakefield D, Cooper L. Nurse burnout and patient safety outcomes: nurse safety perception versus reporting behavior. West J Nurs Res 2008; 30(5): 560-577.
26. Leiter M, Harvie P, Frizzell C. The correspondence of patient satisfaction and nurse burnout. Soc Sci Med 1998; 47: 1611-1617.
27. Lake E. Advances in understanding and predicting nurse turnover. Res Sociol Health Care 1998; 15: 147-171.
28. Lombardo B, Eyre C. Compassion fatigue: a nurse's primer. Online J Issues Nurs 2011; 16(1): 3.
29. Nursing Executive Committee. Reversing the Flight of Talent: Nursing Retention in an Era of Gathering Shortage. Advisory Board: Washington, DC, USA, 2000.
30. Singer L, Fulton S, Kirchner H, Eisengart S, Lewis B, Short E et al. Parenting very low birth weight children at school age: maternal stress and coping. J Pediatr 2007; 151(5): 463-469.
31. Singer L, Salvator A, Guo S, Collin M, Lilien L, Baley J. Maternal psychological distress and parenting stress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. JAMA 1999; 281(9): 799-805.
32. Cho J, Holditch-Davis D, Miles S. Effects of maternal depressive symptoms and infant gender on the interactions between mothers and their medically at-risk infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2008; 37(1): 58-70.
33. Miles S, Holditch-Davis D, Schwartz T, Scher M. Depressive symptoms in mothers of prematurely born infants. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007; 28(1): 36-44.
34. Segre L, McCabe J, Chuffo-Siewert R, O'Hara M. Depression and anxiety symptoms in mothers of newborns hospitalized on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Nurs Res 2014; 63(5): 320-332.
35. Lefkowitz D, Baxt C, Evans J. Prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress and postpartum depression in parents of infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2010; 17(3): 230-237.
36. Davis L, Edwards H, Mohay H, Wollin J. The impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers. Early Hum Dev 2003; 73(1-2): 61-70.
37. Rogers C, Kidokoro H, Wallendorf M, Inder T. Identifying mothers of very preterm infants at-risk for postpartum depression and anxiety before discharge. J Perinatol 2013; 33(3): 171-176.
38. Mackley A, Locke R, Speak M, Joseph R. Forgotten parent: NICU paternal emotional response. Adv Neonatal Care 2010; 10(4): 200-203.
39. Shaw R, Bernard R, DeBlois T, Ikuta L, Ginzburg K, Koopman C. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in the neonatal intensive care unit. Psychosomatics 2009; 50(2): 131-137.
40. Vanderbilt D, Bushley T, Young R, Frank D. Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban mothers with newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit: a preliminary study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2009; 30(1): 50-56.
41. DeMier R, Hynan M, Harris H, Manniello R. Perinatal stressors as predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress in mothers of infants at high risk. J Perinatol 1996; 16(4): 276-280.
42. Feeley N, Zelkowitz P, Cormier C, Charbonneau L, Lacroix A, Papageorgiou A. Posttraumatic stress among mothers of very low birthweight infants at 6 months after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Appl Nurs Res 2011; 24(2): 114-117.
43. Feldman R, Greenbaum C, Oke S, Golding J. Change in mother-infant interactive behavior: relations to change in the mother, the infant, and the social context. Infant Behav Dev 1997; 20(2): 151-163.
44. Bernard-Bonnin A, Psychosocial Paediatrics Committee of Canadian Society of Pediatrics, Canadian Paediatric Society. Maternal depression and child development. Pediatr Child Health 2004; 9(8): 575-583.
45. Huhtala M, Korja R, Lehtonen L, Haataha L, Lapinleimu P, Rautava P et al. Parental psychological well-being and behavioral outcome of very low birth weight infants at 3 years. Pediatrics 2012; 129(4): e937-e944.
46. Segre L, Stasik S, O'Hara M, Arndt S. Listening visits: an evaluation of the effectiveness and acceptability of a home-based depression treatment. Psychother Res 2010; 20(6): 712-721.
47. Shaw R, St. John N, Lilo E, Jo B, Benitez W, Stevenson D et al. Prevention of traumatic stress in mothers of preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2013; 132(4): 1-9.
48. Melnyk B, Feinstein N, Alpert-Gillis L, Fairbanks E, Crean H, Sinkin R et al. Reducing premature infants' length of stay and improving parents' mental health outcomes with the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment (COPE) neonatal intensive care unit program: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2006; 118(5): e1414-e1427.
49. Harrison T. Family-centered pediatric nursing care: state of the science. J Pediatr Nurs 2010; 25: 335-343.
50. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Hospital Care, Institute for Patient-and Family-Centered Care. Patient-and family-centered care and the pediatrician's role. Pediatrics 2012; 129(2): 394-404.
51. The Joint Commission. Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient-and Family-Centered Care: A Roadmap for Hospitals. The Joint Commission: Oakbrook Terrace, IL, 2010.
52. Levetown M, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics. Communicating with children and families: from everyday interactions to skill in conveying distressing information. Pediatrics 2008; 121 (5): e1441-e1460.
53. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Workforce. Culturally effective pediatric care: education and training issues. Pediatrics 1999; 103 (1): 167-170.
54. Guerrero A, Chen J, Inkelas M, Rodriguez H, Ortega A. Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric experiences of family-centered care. Med Care 2010; 48(4): 388-393.
55. Douglas M, Pierce J, Rosenkoetter M, Pacquiao D, Callister L, Hatter-Pollara M et al. Standards of practice for culturally competent nursing care: 2011 update. J Transcult Nurs 2011; 22(4): 317-333.
56. Weibe A, Young B. Parent perspectives from a neonatal intensive care unit: a missing piece of the culturally congruent care puzzle. J Transcult Nurs 2011; 22 (1): 77-82.
57. Latour J, Hazelzet J, Duivenvoorden H, Goudoever J. Perceptions of parents, nurses, and physicians on neonatal intensive care practices. J Pediatr 2010; 157: 215-220.
58. Ngui E, Flores G. Satisfaction with care and ease of using health care services among parents of children with special health care needs: the roles of race/ethnicity, insurance, language, and adequacy of family-centered care. Pediatrics 2006; 117(4): 1184-1196.
59. Jones M, Qzai M, Young K. Ethnic differences in parent preference to be present for painful medical procedures. Pediatrics 2005; 116(2): e191-e197.
60. Tang W, Taylor J, Hoehn K, Fuchs L. Trust, mistrust, and communication in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit [Internet]. Master's thesis, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 2011; available at: https://www.google.com/gws-rd = ssl#q = tang+master%27 s+thesis+drexel+university+Trust%2C+mistrust %2C+and+communication+in+the+Neonatal+Intensive+Care+Unit (date last accessed 1 April 2015).
61. National Network of Libraries of Medicine. Health Literacy, 2014; available at: http://nnlm.gov/outreach/consumer/hlthlit.html (last accessed on 13 June 2015).
62. US Department of Health and Human Services. The SHARE Approach-Using the Teach-Back Technique: A Reference Guide for Health Care Providers [Internet]. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/shareddecisionmaking/tools/tool-6/index.html (last accessed 29 August 2015).
63. Enlow E, Herbert S, Jovel I, Lorch S, Anderson C, Chamberlain L. Neonatal intensive care unit to home: the transition from parent and pediatrician perspectives, a prospective cohort study. J Perinatol 2014; 34: 761-766.
64. Flores G, Abreu M, Schwartz I, Hill M. The importance of language and culture in pediatric care: case studies from the Latino community. J Pediatr 2000; 137(6): 842-848.
65. Kowalski W, Leef K, Mackley A, Spear M, Paul D. Communicating with parents of premature infants: who is the informant J Perinatol 2006; 26(1): 44-48.
66. Berns S, Popper B, Gooding J, the Preemie Health Coalition. Results of the premature birth national Need-Gap Study. J Perinatol 2007; 27(Suppl. 2): S38-S44.
67. Mok E, Leung S. Nurses as providers of support for mothers of premature infants. J Clin Nurs 2006; 15: 726-734.
68. Wigert H, Dellenmark M, Bry K. Strengths and weaknesses of parent-staff communication in the NICU: a survey assessment. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13: 71; available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/13/71 (date last accessed 9 March 2015).
69. De Wit S, Donohue P, Shepard J, Boss R. Mother-clinician discussions in the neonatal intensive care unit: agree to disagree J Perinatol 2013; 33: 278-281.
70. Boss R, Donohue P, Arnold R. Adolescent mothers in the NICU: how much do they understand J Perinatol 2010; 30: 286-290.
71. El Sayed M, Chan M, McAllister M, Hellmann J. End-of-life care in Toronto neonatal intensive care units: challenges for physician trainees. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013; 98 (6): F528-F533.
72. Izatt S. Educational perspectives: difficult conversations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Neoreviews 2008; 9(8): e321-e325.
73. Sharp M, Strauss R, Lorch S. Communicating medical bad news: parents' experiences and preferences. J Pediatr 1992; 121(4): 539-546.
74. Krahn G, Hallum A, Kime C. Are there good ways to give 'bad news' Pediatrics 1993; 91(3): 578-582.
75. Gallagher K, Cass H, Black R, Norrige M. A training needs analysis of neonatal and paediatric health-care staff in a tertiary children's hospital. Int J Palliat Nurs 2012; 18(4): 197-201.
76. Janvier A, Lantos J, for the POST Investigators. Ethics and etiquette in neonatal intensive care. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168(9): 857-858.
77. Aagaard H, Hall E. Mothers' experiences of having a preterm infant in the neonatal care unit: a meta-synthesis. J Pediatr Nurs 2008; 23(3): e26-e36.
78. Boss R, Hutton N, Donohue P, Arnold R. Neonatologist training to guide family decision making for critically ill infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163(9): 738-788.
79. National Association of Neonatal Nurses. Palliative and end-of-life care for newborns and infants. Position Statement No. 3063. National Association of Neonatal Nurses, 2015; available at: http://www.nann.org/uploads/files/Palliati veCare6-FINAL.pdf (last accessed 15 April 2015).
80. Cleveland L. Parenting in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2008; 37: 666-691.
81. Cummings J, American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Antenatal counseling regarding resuscitation and intensive care before 25 Weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 2015; 136(3): 588-595.
82. Stokes T, Watson K, Boss R. Teaching antenatal counseling skills to neonatal providers. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 47-51.
83. Biasini A, Fantini F, Neri E, Stella M, Arcangeli T. Communication in the neonatal intensive care unit: a continuous challenge. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25(10): 2126-2169.
84. Boss R, Urban A, Barnett M, Arnold R. Neonatal critical care communication (NC3): training NICU physicians and nurse practitioners. J Perinatol 2013; 33(8): 642-646.
85. Cone S. The impact of communication and the neonatal intensive care unit environment on parent involvement. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev 2007; 7(1): 33-38.
86. Cuttano A, Scaramuzzo R, Gentile M, Ciantelli M, Sigali E, Boldrini A. Education in neonatology by simulation: between reality and declaration of intent. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24(51): 97.
87. Meyer E, Brodsky D, Hansen A, Lamiani G, Sellers D, Browning D. An interdisciplinary, family-focused approach to relational learning in neonatal intensive care. J Perinatol 2011; 31: 212-219.
88. Watson K. Serious play: teaching medical skills with improvisational theater techniques. Acad Med 2011; 86(10): 1260-1265.
89. Weis J, Zoffman V, Egerod I. Improved nurse-parent communication in neonatal intensive care unit: evaluation and adjustment of an implementation strategy. J Clin Nurs 2014; 23: 3478-3489.
90. Kruijver I, Kerkstra A, Francke A, Bensing J, van de Wiel H. Evaluation of communication training programs in nursing care: a review of the literature. Patient Educ Couns 2000; 39: 129-145.
91. Koh T, Jarvis C. Promoting effective communication in neonatal intensive care units by audiotaping doctor-parent conversations. Int J Clin Pract 1998; 52(1): 27-29.
92. Penticuff J, Arbeart K. Effectiveness of an intervention to improve parent-professional collaboration in neonatal intensive care. J Perinat Neonat Nurs 2005; 19 (2): 187-202.
93. Johnston A, Bullock C, Graham J, Reilly M, Rocha C, Hoopes R et al. Implementation and case-study results of potentially better practices for familycentered care: the family-centered care map. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 108-114.
94. Weiss S, Goldlust E, Vaucher Y. Improving parent satisfaction: an intervention to increase neonatal parent-provider communication. J Perinatol 2010; 30(6): 425-430.
95. Voos K, Ross G, Ward M, Yohay A, Osorio S, Perlman J. Effects of implementing family-centered rounds (FCR) in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 24(11): 1403-1406.
96. Erby L, Roter D, Biesecker B. Examination of standardized patient performance: accuracy and consistency of six standardized patients over time. Patient Educ Couns 2011; 85(2): 194-200.
97. Calhoun A, Rider E, Meyer E, Lamiani G, Truog R. Assessment of communication skills and self-appraisal in the simulated environment: feasibility of multirater feedback with gap analysis. Simul Healthc 2009; 4(1): 22-29.
98. Lane C, Rollnick S. The use of simulated patients and role-play in communication skills training: a review of the literature to August 2005. Patient Educ Couns 2007; 67(1-2): 13-20.
99. Segre L, Chuffo-Siewert R, Brock R, O'Hara M. Emotional distress in mothers of preterm hospitalized infants: a feasibility trial of nurse-delivered treatment. J Perinatol 2013; 33: 924-928.
100. Chuffo-Siewert R, Cline M, Segre L. Implementation of an innovative nursedelivered depression intervention for mothers of NICU infants. Adv Neonatal Care 2015; 15(2): 1-8.
101. Toolkit for Professionals. Available at: www.support4nicuparents.org.
102. Mullan B, Kothe E. Evaluating a nursing communication skills training course: the relationships between self-rated ability, satisfaction, and actual performance. Nurse Educ Pract 2010; 10: 374-378.
103. Schirmer J, Mauksch L, Lang F, Marvel K, Zoppi K, Epstein R et al. Assessing communication competence: a review of current tools. Family Med 2005; 37(3): 184-192.
104. Gold K, Dalton V, Schwent T. Hospital care for parents after perinatal death. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109(5): 1156-1166.
105. Hall E, Kronborg H, Aagaard H, Ammentorp J. Walking the line between the possible and the ideal: lived experiences of neonatal nurses. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2010; 26: 307-313.
106. National Association of Perinatal Social Workers. Standards for Social Work Services in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit. National Association of Perinatal Social Workers, 2007; available at: http://napsw.org/about/pdfs/NICU-standards.pdf (date last accessed 15 April 2015).
107. Caldeira S, Hall J. Spiritual leadership and spiritual care in neonatology. J Nurs Manage 2012; 20: 1069-1075.
108. Russell R. Professional chaplains in comprehensive patient-centered care. R IMed J 2014; 97(3): 39-42.
109. Guthrie M. A health care chaplain's pastoral response to moral distress. J Health Care Chaplain 2014; 20(1): 3-15.
110. Funderburk A. Mentoring: the retention factor in the acute care setting. J Nurses Staff Dev 2008; 24(3): E1-E5.
111. Oehler J, Davidson M, Starr L, Lee D. Burnout, job stress, anxiety, and perceived social support in neonatal nurses. Heart Lung 1991; 20 ( Part 1): 500-505.
112. Bilgen H, Topuzoglu A, Kuscu K, Altuncu E, Ozek E. End-of-life decisions in the newborn period: attitudes and practices of doctors and nurses. Turk J Pediatr 2009; 51(3): 248-256.
113. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Noninitiation or withdrawal of intensive care for high-risk newborns. Pediatrics 2007; 119(2): 401-403.
114. Pignottie M, Donzelli G. Perinatal care at the threshold of viability: an international comparison of practical guidelines for the treatment of extremely preterm births. Pediatrics 2008; 121(1): 193.
115. Aladangady N, de Rooy L. Withholding or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment for newborn infants. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88(2): 65-69.
116. Cortezzo D, Sanders M, Brownell E, Moss K. Neonatologists' perspectives of palliative and end-of-life care in neonatal intensive care units. J Perinatol 2013; 33(9): 731-715.
117. Kain V. An exploration of the grief experiences of neonatal nurses: a focus group study. J Neonatal Nurs 2013; 19: 80; available from ScienceDirect at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1355184112001093 (last accessed 31 March 2015).
118. White R, Consensus Committee Chairman. Recommended standards for newborn ICU design. J Perinatol 2006; 26: S2-S18.
119. Bosch S, Bledsoe T, Jenzarli A. Staff perceptions before and after adding singlefamily rooms in the NICU. HERD 2012; 5(4): 64-75.
120. Harris D, Shepley M, White R, Kolberg K, Harrell J. The impact of single family room design on patients and staff: executive summary. J Perinatol 2006; 26: S38-S48.
121. Shepley M, Harris D, White R. Open-bay and single-family room neonatal intensive care units: caregiver satisfaction and stress. Environ Behav 2008; 40(2): 249-268.
122. Stevens D, Helseth C, Thompson P, Pottala J, Khan M, Munson D. A comprehensive comparison of open-bay and single-family-room Neonatal Intensive Care Units at Sanford Children's Hospital. HERD 2012; 5(4): 23-39.
123. Walsh W, McCullough K, White R. Room for improvement: nurses' perceptions of providing care in a single room newborn intensive care setting. Adv Neonatal Care 2006; 6(5): 261-270.
124. Rochefort C, Clarke S. Nurses' work environments, care rationing, job outcomes, and quality of care on neonatal units. J Adv Nurs 2010; 66(10): 2213-2224.
125. Kotzer A, Zacharakis S, Raynolds M, Buenning F. Evaluation of the built environment: staff and family satisfaction pre-and post-occupancy of the Children's Hospital. HERD 2011; 4(4): 60-78.
126. White R. Individual rooms in the NICU-an evolving concept. J Perinatol 2003; 23: S22-S24.
127. Pineda R, Stransky K, Rogers C, Duncan M, Smith G, Neil J et al. The single-patient room in the NICU: maternal and family effects. J Perinatol 2012; 32: 545-551.
128. Pineda R, Neil J, Dierker D, Smyser C, Wallendorf M, Kidoro H et al. Alterations in brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants hospitalized in different neonatal intensive care unit environments. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (1): 52-60.
129. Montgomery A. The inevitability of physician burnout: implications for interventions. Burnout Res 2014; 1(1): 50-56.
130. National Association of Neonatal Nurses. The Effect of Staff Nurses' Shift Length and Fatigue on Patient Safety, Position Statement No. 3054. National Association of Neonatal Nurses, 2011; available at: http://www.nann.org/uploads/files/The-Effect-of-Staff-Nurses-Shift-Length-and-Fatigue-on-Patient-Safety-2011.pdf (date last accessed 15 April 2015).
131. Keeton K, Fenner DE, Johnson TR, Hayward RA. Predictors of physician career satisfaction, work-life balance, and burnout. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 949-955.
132. Cohen-Katz J, Wiley S, Capuano T, Baker D, Shapiro S. The effects of mindfulnessbased stress reduction on nurse stress and burnout: a quantitative and qualitative study. Holist Nurs Pract 2004; 18(6): 302-308.