Thyroid function and autoimmunity in Danish pregnant women after an iodine fortification program and associations with obstetric outcomes

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 173, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 709-718

  Bliddal, Sofie ^a   Boas, Malene ^a   Hilsted, Linda ^a   Friis Hansen, Lennart ^b   Tabor, Ann ^a   Feldt Rasmussen, Ulla ^a  

^a International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health   (Denmark)

^b NAESTVED HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY; THYROID PEROXIDASE; ANTI-THYROGLOBULIN; AUTOANTIBODY; IODIDE PEROXIDASE; IODINE; LIOTHYRONINE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNITY; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DANISH CITIZEN; FEMALE; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; INFORMED CONSENT; IODINE FORTIFICATION PROGRAM; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREMATURE LABOR; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION; BLOOD; DENMARK; FORTIFIED FOOD; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IMMUNOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREMATURE BIRTH; THYROID DISEASES; THYROID FUNCTION TEST; THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;

ADULT; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOIMMUNITY; COHORT STUDIES; DENMARK; FEMALE; FOOD, FORTIFIED; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IODIDE PEROXIDASE; IODINE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREMATURE BIRTH; PREVALENCE; THYROID DISEASES; THYROID FUNCTION TESTS; THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE;

EID: 84947919605     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-15-0358     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Korevaar TI, Schalekamp-Timmermans S, de Rijke YB, Visser WE, Visser W, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Hofman A, Ross HA, Hooijkaas H, Tiemeier H et al. Hypothyroxinemia and TPO-antibody positivity are risk factors for premature delivery: the generation R study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 4382-4390. (doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2855)
2. Thangaratinam S, Tan A, Knox E, Kilby MD, Franklyn J & Coomarasamy A. Association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth: meta-analysis of evidence. BMJ 2011 342 d2616. (doi:10.1136/bmj.d2616)
3. He X, Wang P, Wang Z, He X, Xu D & Wang B. Thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Endocrinology 2012 167 455-464. (doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0379)
4. Feldt-Rasmussen U & Mathiesen ER. Endocrine disorders in pregnancy: physiological and hormonal aspects of pregnancy. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011 25 875-884. (doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.07.004)
5. Patel J, Landers K, Li H, Mortimer RH & Richard K. Delivery of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetus. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 22 164-170. (doi:10.1016/j.tem.2011.02.002)
6. Vulsma T, Gons MH & de Vijlder JJ. Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. New England Journal of Medicine 1989 321 13-16. (doi:10.1056/NEJM198907063210103)
7. Bliddal S, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Boas M, Faber J, Juul A, Larsen T & Precht DH. Gestational age-specific reference ranges from different laboratories misclassify pregnant women's thyroid status: comparison of two longitudinal prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 170 329-339. (doi:10.1530/EJE-13-0672)
8. Lambert-Messerlian G, McClain M, Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Canick JA, Cleary-Goldman J, Malone FD, Porter TF, Nyberg DA, Bernstein P et al. First- and second-trimester thyroid hormone reference data in pregnant women: a FaSTER (First- and Second-Trimester Evaluation of Risk for aneuploidy) Research Consortium study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008 199 62-66. (doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.12.003)
9. Rasmussen LB, Carle A, Jorgensen T, Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Pedersen IB, Perrild H, Vejbjerg P & Ovesen L. Iodine intake before and after mandatory iodization in Denmark: results from the Danish Investigation of Iodine Intake and Thyroid Diseases (DanThyr) study. British Journal of Nutrition 2008 100 166-173. (doi:10.1017/S0007114507886387)
10. Boas M, Forman JL, Juul A, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Skakkebaek NE, Hilsted L, Chellakooty M, Larsen T, Larsen JF, Petersen JH et al. Narrow intra-individual variation of maternal thyroid function in pregnancy based on a longitudinal study on 132 women. European Journal of Endocrinology 2009 161 903-910. (doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0579)
11. Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, Carlé A, Vejbjerg P, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Banke Rasmussen L & Laurberg P. A cautious iodization program bringing iodine intake to a low recommended level is associated with an increase in the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the population. Clinical Endocrinology 2011 75 120-126. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04008.x)
12. Knudsen N, Bulow I, Jorgensen T, Laurberg P, Ovesen L & Perrild H. Comparative study of thyroid function and types of thyroid dysfunction in two areas in Denmark with slightly different iodine status. European Journal of Endocrinology 2000 143 485-491. (doi:10.1530/eje.0.1430485)
13. Eng J. Sample Size Estimation. Johns Hopkins University. 25-11-2009. http://www.rad.jhmi.edu/jeng/javarad/samplesize/oFødselsvægt/længde.
14. Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, Azizi F, Mestman J, Negro R, Nixon A, Pearce EN, Soldin OP, Sullivan S et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid 2011 21 1081-1125. (doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0087)
15. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, Eastman CJ, Lazarus JH, Luton D, Mandel SJ et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012 97 2543-2565. (doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2803)
16. Cleary-Goldman J, Malone FD, Lambert-Messerlian G, Sullivan L, Canick J, Porter TF, Luthy D, Gross S, Bianchi DW & D'Alton ME. Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008 112 85-92. (doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817 88dd7)
17. Ashoor G, Maiz N, Rotas M, Jawdat F & Nicolaides KH. Maternal thyroid function at 11-13 weeks of gestation and spontaneous preterm delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011 117 293-298. (doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318205152c)
18. Haddow JE, Cleary-Goldman J, McClain MR, Palomaki GE, Neveux LM, Lambert-Messerlian G, Canick JA, Malone FD, Porter TF, Nyberg DA et al. Thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies in early pregnancy and preterm delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010 116 58-62. (doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e10b30)
19. Mannisto T, Vaarasmaki M, Pouta A, Hartikainen AL, Ruokonen A, Surcel HM, Bloigu A, Jarvelin MR & Suvanto-Luukkonen E. Perinatal outcome of children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction or antibodies: a prospective population-based cohort study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 772-779. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1520)
20. Negro R, Schwartz A, Gismondi R, Tinelli A, Mangieri T & Stagnaro-Green A. Thyroid antibody positivity in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 E920-E924. (doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0026)
21. Ghafoor F, Mansoor M, Malik T, Malik MS, Khan AU, Edwards R & Akhtar W. Role of thyroid peroxidase antibodies in the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons-Pakistan 2006 16 468-471.
22. Pedersen IB, Laurberg P, Knudsen N, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Ovesen L & Rasmussen LB. Lack of association between thyroid autoantibodies and parity in a population study argues against microchimerism as a trigger of thyroid autoimmunity. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006 154 39-45. (doi:10.1530/eje.1.02070)
23. Ekelund CK, Jorgensen FS, Petersen OB, Sundberg K & Tabor A. Impact of a new national screening policy for Down's syndrome in Denmark: population based cohort study. BMJ 2008 337 a2547. (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2547)
24. Miltoft CB, Ekelund C, Tabor A. Annual Report from the Danish Database of Fetal Medicine 2008-2010, pp 1-42, 2011.
25. Rasmussen LB, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Knudsen N, Krejbjerg A, Laurberg P, Pedersen IB, Bjergved L & Ovesen L. Mandatory iodine fortification of bread and salt increases iodine excretion in adults in Denmark - a 11-year follow-up study. Clinical Nutrition 2014 33 1033-1040. (doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.10.024)
26. Andersen SL, Sorensen LK, Krejbjerg A, Moller M & Laurberg P. Iodine deficiency in Danish pregnant women. Danish Medical Journal 2013 60 A4657.
27. Glinoer D, Riahi M, Grun JP & Kinthaert J. Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disorders. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994 79 197-204.
28. Nohr SB, Jorgensen A, Pedersen KM & Laurberg P. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction in pregnant thyroid peroxidase antibody-positive women living in an area with mild to moderate iodine deficiency: is iodine supplementation safe? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 85 3191-3198. (doi:10.1210/jcem.85.9.6799)
29. Bliddal S, Feldt-Rasmussen U. TPOAbs as a risk factor in pregnancy, In Thyroid International, pp 1-20. Ed. P Smyth. Darmstadt, 2014.
30. Lazarus JH. Screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: is it worthwhile? Journal of Thyroid Research 2011 2011 397012. (doi:10.4061/2011/397012)
31. Laurberg P, Andersen SL, Pedersen IB, Andersen S & Carle A. Screening for overt thyroid disease in early pregnancy may be preferable to searching for small aberrations in thyroid function tests. Clinical Endocrinology 2013 79 297-304. (doi:10.1111/cen.12232)
32. Dosiou C, Sanders GD, Araki SS & Crapo LM. Screening pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. European Journal of Endocrinology 2008 158 841-851. (doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0882)
33. Lazarus JH, Bestwick JP, Channon S, Paradice R, Maina A, Rees R, Chiusano E, John R, Guaraldo V, George LM et al. Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. New England Journal of Medicine 2012 366 493-501. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1106104)
34. Vissenberg R, van den Boogaard E, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Fliers E, Bisschop PH & Goddijn M. Treatment of thyroid disorders before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Human Reproduction Update 2012 18 360-373. (doi:10.1093/humupd/dms007)
35. Li C, Shan Z, Mao J, Wang W, Xie X, Zhou W, Li C, Xu B, Bi L, Meng T et al. Assessment of thyroid function during first-trimester pregnancy: what is the rational upper limit of serum TSH during the first trimester in Chinese pregnant women? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014 99 73-79. (doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1674)
36. Glinoer D & Spencer CA. Serum TSH determinations in pregnancy: how, when and why? Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 2010 6 526-529. (doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.91)
37. Surks MI, Goswami G & Daniels GH. The thyrotropin reference range should remain unchanged. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 5489-5496. (doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0170)
38. Toulis KA, Goulis DG, Venetis CA, Kolibianakis EM, Negro R, Tarlatzis BC & Papadimas I. Risk of spontaneous miscarriage in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity undergoing IVF: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Endocrinology 2010 162 643-652. (doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0850)