Insects as food and feed in the Asia Pacific region: Current perspectives and future directions

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 33-55

  Yen, A L ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Asia Pacific; Entomophagy; Sustainable harvesting

Indexed keywords

EID: 84947870078     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23524588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3920/jiff2014.0017     Document Type: Review

References (194)

1. Adalla, C.B. and Cervancia, C.R., 2010. Philippine edible insects: a new opportunity to bridge the protein gap of resource-poor families and to manage pests. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 151-159
2. Adamolekun, B., 1993. Anaphe venata entomophagy and seasonal ataxic syndrome in southwest Nigeria. Lancet 341(8845): 626
3. Anonymous, 1993. The Philippines-hard times in the cordilleras: back to insect-eating. The Food Insects Newsletter 6(1): 6
4. Anonymous, 1995. In the Philippines, local press coverage of locust control efforts-spraying and/or eating. The Food Insects Newsletter 8(1): 3-4
5. Ao, M.A. and Singh, H.K., 2004. Utilization of insects as human food in Nagaland. Indian Journal of Entomology 66(4): 303-310
6. Ayieko, M.A., O Ndongá, M.F. and Tamale, A., 2010. Climate change and the abundance of edible insects in the Lake Victoria Region. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 4(7): 112-118
7. Baird, I.G., 2007. Local ecological knowledge and small-scale freshwater fisheries management in the Mekong river in Southern Laos. In: Haggan, N., Brignall, C. and Wood, L. (eds.) Putting fishers' knowledge to work. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 87-99
8. Ballard, H.L. and Huntsinger, L., 2006. Salal harvester local ecological knowledge, harvest practices and understory management on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Human Ecology 34(4): 529-547
9. Barthel, S. and Isendahl, C., 2013. Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities. Ecological Economics 86: 224-234
10. Baxter, C.V., Fausch, K.D., Murakami, M. and Chapman, P.L., 2004. Fish invasion restructures stream and forest food webs by interrupting reciprocal prey subsidies. Ecology 85(10): 2656-2663
11. Belcher, B. and Schreckenberg, K., 2007. Commercialisation of nontimber forest products: a reality check. Development Policy Review 25(3): 355-377
12. Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C.C., Paoletti, M.G. and Ricci, A., 2013. Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12(3): 296-313
13. Bin Salleh, R. (ed.), 1997. Mayi: some bush fruits of the West Kimberley. Magabala Books, Broome, Australia
14. Bliege Bird, R., Bird, D.W., Codding, B.F., Parker, C.H. and Jones, J.H., 2008. The 'fire stick farming' hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthropogenic fire mosaics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(39): 14796-14801
15. Bodenheimer, F.S., 1951. Insects as human food. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, the Netherlands
16. Boongrid, S., 2010. Honey and non-honey foods from bees in Thailand. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02
17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 165-172
18. Boot, R.G. and Gullison, R.E., 1995. Approaches to developing sustainable extraction systems for tropical forest products. Ecological Applications 5(4): 896-903
19. Boulidam, S., 2010. Edible insects in a Lao market economy. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 131-140
20. Brescia, F.M., Pöllabauer, C.M., Potter, M.A. and Robertson, A.W., 2008. A review of the ecology and conservation of Placostylus (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Bulimulidae) in New Caledonia. Molluscan Research 28(2): 111-122
21. Bristowe, W.S., 1932. Insects and other invertebrates for human consumption in Siam. Tranactions of the Entomological Society of London 80(2): 387-404
22. Campbell, A.H., 1965. Elementary food production by the Australian Aborigines. Mankind 6(5): 206-211
23. Cane, S., 2002. Pila Nguru-the Spinifex people. Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Fremantle, Australia
24. Cannon, P.F., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Maczey, N., Norbu, L., Tshitila, Samdup, T. and Lhendup, P., 2009. Steps towards sustainable harvest of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Bhutan. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 2263-2281
25. Cardinale, B.J., Srivastava, D.S., Duffy, J.E., Wright, J.P., Downing, A.L., Sankaran, M. and Jouseau, C., 2006. Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems. Nature 443(7114): 989-992
26. Ceccato, P., Cressman, K., Giannini, A. and Trzaska, S., 2007. The desert locust upsurge in West Africa (2003-2005): information on the desert locust early warning system and the prospects for seasonal climate forecasting. International Journal of Pest Management 53(1): 7-13
27. Cerritos, R., 2009. Insects as food: an ecological, social and economical approach. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 4: 1-10
28. Cerritos, R., 2011. Grasshoppers in agrosystems: pest or food? CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 6: 1-9
29. Cerritosa, R. and Cano-Santana, C., 2008. Harvesting grasshoppers Sphenarium purpurascens in Mexico for human consumption: a comparison with insecticidal control for managing pest outbreaks. Crop Protection 27: 473-480
30. Césard, N., 2004. Harvesting and commercialisation of kroto (Oecophylla smaragdina) in the Malingping area, West Java, Indonesia. In: Kusters, K. and Belcher, B. (eds.) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation. Case studies of non-timber forest product systems. Volume 1-Asia. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia, pp. 61-77
31. Césard, N., 2006. Des libellules dans l'assiette: les insectes consommés à Bali. Insectes 140: 3-6
32. Chakravorty, J., Ghosh, S. and Meyer-Rochow, V.B., 2013. Comparative survey of entomophagy and entomotherapeutic practices in six tribes of Eastern Arunachal Pradesh (India). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9(1), 50
33. Chan, H.K., Shoemaker, K.T. and Karraker, N.E., 2014. Demography of Quasipaa frogs in China reveals high vulnerability to widespread harvest pressure. Biological Conservation 170: 3-9
34. Chapman, A.D., 2009. Numbers of living species in Australia and the world (2nd Ed.). A report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian Biodiversity Information Services, Toowoomba, Australia
35. Chen, X., Feng, Y. and Chen, Z., 2009. Common edible insects and their utilization in China. Entomological Research 39: 299-303
36. Chen, X., Feng, Y., Zhang, H. and Chen, Z., 2010. Review of the nutritive value of edible insects. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 85-92
37. Choo, J., 2008. Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1: 81-93
38. Chung, A.Y.C., 2010. Edible insects and entomophagy in Borneo. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 141-150
39. Cleland, J.B., 1957. Our natives and the vegetation of Southern Australia. Mankind 5(4): 149-162
40. Codex Alimentaris Commission, 2012. Discussion paper on edible crickets and their products. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme FAO/WHO coordinating committee for ASIA, eighteenth session, November 5-9, 2012. Lao People's Democratic Republic, Tokyo, Japan
41. Coimbra, Jr., C.E., 2012. Defoliator pest to caboclos and gourmet food to the Suruí Indians: contrasting Amazonian perspectives of Lusura sp. caterpillars. Ethnobiology Letters 3: 56-60
42. Cui, J.D., in press. Biotechnological production and applications of Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
43. Dawson, J., 1881. Australian Aborigines. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA
44. De Foliart, G.R., 1999. Insects as food: why the western attitude is important. Annual Review of Entomology 44: 21-50
45. De Foliart, G.R., 2002. The human use of insects as a food resource: a bibliographic account in progress. Available at: http://tinyurl. com/4ogh573
46. De Foliart, G.R., 2005. Overview of role of edible insects in preserving biodiversity. In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed.) Ecological implications of minilivestock. Potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails. Science Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 123-140
47. De Vos, A., 1977. Game as food. Unasylva 29(116): 2-12
48. Demick, J., 2013. Cockroach farms multiplying in China. Los Angeles Times, October 15, 2013. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ome7uar
49. Despland, E., Rosenberg, J. and Simpson, S.J., 2004. Landscape structure and locust swarming: a satellite's eye view. Ecography 27(3): 381-391
50. Doley, A.K. and Kalita, J., 2012. Traditional uses of insect and insect products in medicine and food by the Mishing tribe of Dhemaji District, Assam, North-East India. Social Science Researcher 1(2): 11-21
51. Dong, C.J., 2013. The traditional Chinese medicine fungus Cordyceps and its biotechnological production. Research Journal of Biotechnology 8(7): 1-2
52. Duffels, J.P. and Van Mastrigt, H.J.G., 1991. Recognition of cicadas (Homoptera, Cicadidae) by the Ekagi people of Irian Jaya (Indonesia), with a description of a new species of Cosmopsaltria, Journal of Natural History 25(1): 173-182
53. Dwyer, P.D., 1985. Choice and constraint in a Papua New Guinean food quest. Human Ecology 13(1): 49-70
54. Dwyer, P. and Minnegal, M., 1991. Hunting and harvesting: the pursuit of animals by Kubo of Papua New Guinea. In: Pawley, A. (ed) Man and a half: essays in Pacific anthropology and ethnobiology in honour of Ralph Bulmer. The Polynesian Society, Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 86-95
55. Dwyer, P.D. and Minnegal, M., 1992. Ecology and community dynamics of Kubo people in the tropical lowlands of Papua New Guinea. Human Ecology 20(1): 21-54
56. Dzerefos, C.M., Witkowski, E.T.F. and Toms, R., 2013. Comparative ethnoentomology of edible stinkbugs in Southern Africa and sustainable management considerations. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9(1): 20
57. Edwards, J.S., 1998. Insects used as food in Central Java. The Food Insects Newsletter 11(3): 3-4
58. Egan, B.A., 2013. Culturally and economically significant insects in the Blouberg Region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa, 329 pp
59. Farrington, J., 1977. Economic thresholds of insect pest infestation in peasant agriculture: a question of applicability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 23(2): 143-148
60. Feng, Y., Chen, X., Sun, L. and Chen, Z., 2010. Common edible wasps in Yunnan Province, China and their nutritive value. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 93-98
61. Finke, D.L. and Denno, R.F., 2004 Predator diversity dampens trophic cascades. Nature 429: 407-410
62. Fittkau, E.J. and Klinge, H., 1973. On biomass and trophic structure of the Central Amazonian rain forest ecosystem. Biotropica 5(1): 2-14
63. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2008. Expert consultation on nutrition indicators for biodiversity. 1. food composition. FAO, Rome, Italy
64. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2010. Expert consultation on nutrition indicators for biodiversity. 2. food consumption. FAO, Rome, Italy
65. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2013. The contribution of insects to food security, livelihoods and the environment. FAO, Rome, Italy
66. Halwart, M., 1994. The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in Asian rice farming systems: present impact and future threat. International Journal of Pest Management 40(2): 199-206
67. Hamilton, A.J., Basset, Y., Benke, K.K., Grimbacher, P.S., Miller, S.E., Novotny, V., Samuelson, G.A, Stork, N.E., Weiblen, G.D. and Yen, J.D.L., 2010. Quantifying uncertainty in tropical arthropod species richness estimation. American Naturalist 176: 90-95
68. Hanboonsong, Y., 2010. Edible insects and associated food habits in Thailand. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 173-182
69. Hanboonsong, Y. and Durst, P., 2014. Edible insects in Lao PDR: building on tradition to enhance food security. RAP Publication 2014/12. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand
70. Hanboonsong, Y., Jamjanya, T. and Durst, P.B., 2013. Six-legged livestock: edible insect farming, collecting and marketing in Thailand. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand
71. Hayward, B.W. and Brook, F.J., 1981. Exploitation and redistribution of flax snail (Placostylus) by the prehistoric Maori. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4: 33-36
72. Hilborn, R., Walters, C.J. and Ludwig, D., 1995. Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26(1): 45-67
73. Hilbrands, A. and Yzerman, C., 2004. On-farm fish culture. Agrodokseries no. 21. Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
74. Howarth, F.G. and Mull, W.P., 1992. Hawaiian insects and their kin. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI, USA
75. Idowu, A.B. and Modder, W.W.D., 1996. Possible control of the stinking grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus (L) (Ortohptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in Ondo state, through human consumption. The Nigerian Field 61: 7-14
76. Imtinaro, L., Chadurvedi, D.P. and Ao, M.A., 2012. Studies on the consumption of eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini Hutt. as food in Nagaland. International Journal of Bio-Resource & Stress Management 3(4): 455-458
77. Jäch, M.A., 2003. Fried water beetles Cantonese style. American Entomologist 49(1): 34-37
78. Johnson, D.V., 2010. The contribution of edible forest insects to human nutrition and to forest management. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 5-22
79. Jongema, Y., 2014. List of edible insects of the world. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Available at: http://tinyurl. com/mestm6p
80. Kaberry, P.M., 1938. Totemism in East and South Kimberley, North-West Australia. Oceania 8(3): 265-288
81. Khoury, C.K., Bjorkman, A.D., Dempewolf, H., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Guarino, L., Jarvis, A., Rieseberg, L.H. and Struik, P.C., 2014. Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(11): 4001-4006
82. Knight, T.M., McCoy, M.W., Chase, J.M., McCoy, K.A. and Holt, R.D., 2005. Trophic cascades across ecosystems. Nature 437(7060): 880-883
83. Kouris-Blazos, A. and Wahlqvist, M., 2000. Indigenous Australian food culture on cattle stations prior to the 1960s and food intake of older Aborigines in a community studied in 1988. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 9(3): 224-231
84. Kuhnlein, H.V., 2014. How ethnobiology can contribute to food security. Journal of Ethnobiology 34(1): 12-27
85. Kunckel d'Herculais, J., 1891. Note sur les populations acridophages en extreme sud de l'Algerie. Le Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 1891: XXIV-XXVI
86. Lande, R., Sæther, B.E. and Engen, S., 1997. Threshold harvesting for sustainability of fluctuating resources. Ecology 78(5): 1341-1350
87. Latham, P., 2003. Edible caterpillars and their food plants in Bas-Congo. Mystole Publications, Canterbury, UK
88. Laudine, C., 2009. Aboriginal Environmental Knowledge. Ashgate Publishing Company, Farnham, UK
89. Leksawasdi, P., 2010. Compendium of research on selected edible insects in northern Thailand. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development. February 19-21, 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations RAP Publication 2010/02. Chiang Mai, Thailand pp. 183-188
90. Liang, Y., 2011. Making gold: commodification and consumption of the medicinal fungus chongcao in Guangdong and Hong Kong. Hong Kong Anthropologist 5: 1-17
91. Lockwood, J.A. and DeBrey, L.D., 1990. A solution for the sudden and unexplained extinction of the Rocky Mountain Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Environmental Entomology 19(5): 1194-1205
92. Lukiwati, D.R., 2010. Teak caterpillars and other edible insects in Java. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 99-103
93. Lynn, K., Daigle, J., Hoffman, J., Lake, F., Michelle, N., Ranco, D., Viles, C., Voggesser, G. and Williams, P., 2013. The impacts of climate change on tribal traditional foods. Climatic Change 120(3): 545-556
94. Maviya, J. and Gumbo, D., 2005. Incorporating traditional natural resource management techniques in conventional natural resources management strategies: a case of mopane worms (Amacimbi) management and harvesting in the Buliliamamangwe district, Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 7(2): 95-107
95. Mbata, K.J. and Chidumayo, E.N., 2003. Traditional values of caterpillars (Insecta: Lepidoptera) among the Bisa people of Zambia. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 23(4): 341-354
96. Mbata, K.J., Chidumayo, E.N. and Lwatula, C.M., 2002. Traditional regulation of edible caterpillar exploitation in the Kopa area of Mpika district in northern Zambia. Journal of Insect Conservation 6: 115-130
97. Meagher, S.J., 1974. The food resources of the Aborigines of the South-West of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 3: 14-65
98. Mercer, C.W.L., 1992. Insects as food in Papua New Guinea. In: Proceedings of Invertebrates Farming Seminar. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, pp. 157-162
99. Mercer, C.W.L., 1997. Sustainable production of insects for food and income by New Guinea villagers. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 36: 151-157
100. Meyer-Rochow, V.B., 1973. Edible insects in three different ethnic groups of Papua New Guinea. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 26: 673-677
101. Meyer-Rochow, V.B., 2005. Traditional food insects and spiders in several ethnic groups of northeast India, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed.) Ecological implications of minilivestock. Potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails. Science Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 389-413
102. Meyer-Rochow, V.B., 2010. Entomopagy and its impact on world cultures: the need for a multidisciplinary approach. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 23-36
103. Meyer-Rochow, V.B., 2013. Ethno-entomological observations from North Korea (officially known as the 'Democratic People's Republic of Korea'). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9: 7
104. Meyer-Rochow, V.B. and Chakravorty, J., 2013. Notes on entomophagy and entomotherapy generally and information on the situation in India in particular. Applied Entomology and Zoology 48: 105-112
105. Mitsuhashi, J., 2005. Edible insects in Japan. In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed.) Ecological implications of minilivestock. Science Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 251-262
106. Moran, V.C. and Southwood, T.R.E., 1982. The guild composition of arthropod communities in trees. Journal of Animal Ecology 51: 289-306
107. Münke, C., Chamnan, C., Thea, L., Veasna, A., Roos, N. and Hjortso, C.N., 2014. Edible tarantulas and crickets in Cambodia: informal markets and potential contribution to rural livelihoods. In: Durst, P. and Bayasgalanbat, N. (eds.) Promotion of underutilized indigenous food resources for food security and nutrition ion Asia and the Pacific, RAP Publication 2014/07. FAO Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 102-107
108. Negi, C.S., Koranga, P.R. and Ghinga, H.S., 2006. Yar tsa Gumba (Cordyceps sinensis): a call for its sustainable exploitation. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 13(3): 165-172
109. Nonaka, K., 2009a. Eating insects. In: Akimichi, T. (ed.) An illustrated eco-history of the Mekong River Basin. White Lotus Press, Bangkok Thailand, pp. 92-95
110. Nonaka, K., 2009b. Feasting on insects. Entomological Research 39: 304-312
111. Nonaka, K., 2010. Cultural and commercial role of edible wasps in Japan. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 123-130
112. Nonaka, K., Sivilay, S. and Boulidam, S. (eds.), 2008. The biodiversity of edible insects in Vientiane. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature/National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Vientiane, Laos
113. O'Dea, K., 1991. Traditional diet and food preferences of Australian Aboriginal hunter-gatherers. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 334: 233-241
114. Offenberg, J., 2011. Oecophylla smaragdina food conversion efficiency: prospects for ant farming. Journal of Applied Entomology 135: 575-581
115. Offenberg, J. and Wiwatwitaya, D., 2010. Sustainable weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) farming: harvest yields and effects on worker ant density. Asian Myrmecology 3: 55-62
116. Ohba, S., Izumi, Y. and Tsumuki, H., 2012. Effect of loach consumption on the reproduction of giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli: dietary selection, reproductive performance, and nutritional evaluation. Journal of Insect Conservation 16: 829-838
117. Palmer, K., 1999. Favourite foods and the fight for country: witchetty grubs and the Southern Pitjantjatjara. Aboriginal History 23: 51-60
118. Pangau-Adam, M., Noske, R. and Muehlenberg, M., 2012. Wildmeat or bushmeat? Subsistence hunting and commercial harvesting in Papua (West New Guinea), Indonesia. Human Ecology 40(4): 611-621
119. Parsons, J.R., 2010. The pastoral niche in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. In: Staller, J.E. and Carrasco, M.D. (eds.) Pre-Columbian foodways: interdisciplinary approaches to food, culture, and markets in ancient Mesoamerica. Springer, New York, NY, USA, pp. 109-136
120. Paumgarten, F., 2005. The role of non-timber forest products as safetynets: a review of evidence with a focus on South Africa. GeoJournal 64: 189-197
121. Pemberton, R.W., 1994. The revival of rice-field grasshoppers as human food in South Korea. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 70(4): 323-327
122. Pemberton, R.W., 2003. Persistence and change in traditional use of insects in contemporary East Asian cultures. In: Motte-Florac, E. and Thomas, J.M.C. (eds.) Les insects dans la tradition orale-insects in oral literature and tradition. Peeters, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 139-154
123. Peng, R., Christian, K. and Gibb, K., 2011. The best time of day to monitor and manipulate weaver ant colonies in biological control. Journal of Applied Entomology 136: 155-160
124. Phonekhampheng, O., 2008. On-farm feed resources for catfish (Clarias gariepinus) production in Laos. PhD thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 65 pp
125. Pond, W., 1994. Parameters of Oceanic science. In: Crowl, L., Goraghty, R.R. and Morrison, J. (eds.) Science of Pacific Island peoples, volume 3. Fauna, Flora, Food and Medicine. Institute of Pacific Studies, Suva, Fjij, pp. 105-123
126. Powell, B., Maundu, P., Kuhnlein, H.V. and Johns, T., 2013. Wild foods from farm and forest in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 52(6): 451-478
127. Prachaiyo, B., 2000. Farmers and forests: a changing phase in Northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies 38(3): 271-446
128. Prein, M., 2002. Integration of aquaculture into crop-animal systems in Asia. Agricultural Systems 71(1): 127-146
129. Raina, S.K., Kioko, E., Zethner, O. and Wren, S., 2011. Forest habitat conservation in Africa using commercially important insects. Annual Review of Entomology 56: 465-485
130. Ramandey, E. and Van Mastrigt, H., 2010. Edible insects in Papua, Indonesia: from delicious snack to basic need. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 105-114
131. Ramos-Elorduy, J., 2006. Threatened edible insects in Hidalgo, Mexico and some measures to preserve them. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 51
132. Ramos-Elorduy, J., 2009. Anthropo-entomophagy: cultures, evolution and sustainability. Entomological Research 39: 271-288
133. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino, J.M. and Conconi, M., 2006. Ausencia de una reglamentaión y normalización de la explotación y commercialización de insectos comestibles en México Folia Entomologica Mexicana 45: 291-318
134. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Valdés, L.A.C. and Moreno, J.M.P., 2012. Socioeconomic and cultural aspects associated with handling grasshopper germplasm in traditional markets of Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico. Journal of Human Ecology 40(1): 85-94
135. Rana, G.K., 2014. Papeda sago porridge, a staple food in Indonesia. In: Durst, P. and Bayasgalanbat N. (eds.) Promotion of underutilized indigenous food resources for food security and nutrition ion Asia and the Pacific, RAP Publication 2014/07. FAO Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 123-130
136. Rigby, K., 2011. Getting a taste for the Bogong Moth. Australian Humanities Review Issue 50. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ lhz55u6
137. Riggi, L., Veronesi, M., Verspoor, R. and MacFarlane, C., 2013. Exploring entomophagy in Northern Benin-practices, perceptions and possibilities. Bugs for Life Benin Report, 40 pp. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/prcn32a
138. Ruddle, K., 1982. Traditional integrated farming systems and rural development: the example of ricefield fisheries in Southeast Asia. Agricultural Administration 10(1): 1-11
139. Saeed, T., Dagga, F.A. and Saraf, M., 1993. Analysis of residual pesticides present in edible locusts captured in Kuwait. ARAB Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 11(1): 1-5
140. Sarmah, M.C., 2011. Eri pupa: a delectable dish of North East India. Current Science 100(3): 279
141. Scherr, S.J. and McNeely, J.A., 2008. Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of 'ecoagriculture' landscapes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363: 477-494
142. Schiefenhövel, W. and Blum, P., 2007. Insects: forgotten and rediscovered as food. Entomophagy among the Eipo, Highland of West New Guinea, and in other traditional societies. In: MacClancy, J., Henry, J. and Macbeth, H. (eds.) Consuming the inedible. Berghahn Books, New York, NY, USA, pp. 163-176
143. Schneider, F.D. and Brose, U., 2013. Beyond diversity: how nested predator effects control ecosystem functions. Journal of Animal Ecology 82(1): 64-71
144. Sekhwela, M.B., 2010. Inter-linked utilisation of ecosystem services by communities in arid lands of Botswana: strategic adaptation to climate variability and climate change. In: 2nd International Conference Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions, August 16-20, 2010, ICID+18, Fortaleza-Ceará, Brazil
145. Shackleton, C. and Shackleton, S., 2003. Value of non-timber forest products and rural safety nets in South Africa. The International Conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, May 19-23, 2003, Bonn, Germany. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/pfn9wyt
146. Shanley, P., Pierce, A. and Laird, S., 2005. Beyond timber: certification of non-timber forest products. Forest Trends, Washington, DC, USA
147. Sharah, H.A., 2012. The driving force behind increasing grasshopper frying business in Maiduguri: profitability or joblessness? International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment 3(2): 110-117
148. Shrestha, U.B. and Bawa, K.S., 2013. Trade, harvest, and conservation of caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Himalayas. Biological Conservation 159: 514-520
149. Shugart, M.M., 2010. In pursuit of dragonflies: protein sources in Balinese rice fields. MSc thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA, 98 pp
150. Sirimungkararat, S., Saksirirat, W., Nopparat, T. and Natongkham, A., 2010. Edible products from eri and mulberry silkworms in Thailand. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 189-200
151. Speer, J.H., Swetnam, T.W., Wickman, B.E. and Youngblood, A., 2001. Changes in pandora moth outbreak dynamics during the past 622 years. Ecology 82(3): 679-697
152. Spencer, W.B., 1914. Native tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia. MacMillan & Co., London, UK
153. Sribandit, W., Wiwatwitaya, D., Suksard, S. and Offenberg, J., 2008. The importance of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) harvest to a local community in Northeastern Thailand. Asian Myrmechology 2: 129-138
154. Steedman, A. (ed.), 1990. Locust handbook. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK
155. Stige, L.C., Chan, K.S., Zhang, Z., Frank, D. and Stenseth, N.C., 2007. Thousand-year-long Chinese time series reveals climatic forcing of decadal locust dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(41): 16188-16193
156. Strehlow, T.G.H., 1965. Culture, social structure, and environment in Aboriginal Central Australia. In: Berndt, R.M. and Berndt, C.H. (eds.) Aboriginal man in Australia. Angus & Robertson, Sydney, Australia, pp. 121-145
157. Strehlow, T.G.H., 1970. Geography and the totemic landscape in Central Australia: a functional study. In: Berndt, R.M. (ed.) Australian Aboriginal anthropology. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, Australia, pp. 92-139
158. Stringer, I.A.N. and Grant, E.A., 2007. Captive rearing and biology of the endangered giant land snails Placostylus ambagiosus and P. hongii (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae). DOC Research & Development Series 279: 1-37
159. Tennent, J.E., 1861. Sketches of the natural history of Ceylon. Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, London, UK
160. Thomas, B., 2013 Sustainable harvesting and trading of mopane worms (Imbrasia belina) in Northern Namibia: an experience from the Uukwaluudhi area, International Journal of Environmental Studies 70(4): 494-502
161. Thomson, N., 1982. Aboriginal nutrition: the need for a cultural and historical perspective. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7: 20-29
162. Ticktin, T., 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 11-21
163. Tindale, N.B., 1953. On some Australian Cossidae including the moth of the witjuti (witchety) grub. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 76: 56-65
164. Tindale, N.B., 1981. Desert aborigines and the southern coastal peoples: some comparisons. In: Keast, A. (ed.) Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, the Netherlands, pp. 1853-1884
165. Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M. and Paoletti, M.G., 2005. Lessons from traditional foraging patterns in West Papua (Indonesia). In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed.) Ecological implications of minilivestock. Science Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 442-457
166. Toms, R., 2007. The sustainable harvesting of edible insects in South Africa, with reference to indigenous knowledge, African science, western science and education. Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 36S:145-153
167. Van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G. and Vantomme, P., 2013. Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper 171. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
168. Van Itterbeeck J, Sivongxay N, Praxaysombath B and Van Huis A., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of the edible weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius Hymenoptera: Formicidae from the Vientiane Plain, Lao PDR. Ethnobiology Letters 5: 4-12
169. Van Itterbeeck, J. and Van Huis, A., 2012. Environmental manipulation for edible insect procurement: a historical perspective. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8: 3
170. Van Mele, P. and Nguyen, T.T.C., 2007. Ants as friends: improving your tree crops with weaver ants. Africa Rice Center (WARDA), Cotonou, Benin, and CABI, Egham, UK
171. Villanueva-G, R., Roubik, D.W. and Colli-Ucán, W., 2005. Extinction of Melipona beecheii and traditional beekeeping in the Yucatán peninsula. Bee World 86(2): 35-41
172. Voggesser, G., Lynn, K., Daigle, J., Lake, F.K. and Ranco, D., 2013. Cultural impacts to tribes from climate change influences on forests. Climatic Change 120(3): 615-626
173. Wahlqvist, M.L., 1995. Preventative nutrition and health: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Internal Medicine 11(1): 10-17
174. Wahlqvist, M.L., Kouris, A., Gracey, M. and Sullivan, H., 1991. An anthropological approach for the study of food and health in an indigenous population. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 13(2): 145-149
175. Walsh, F.J., 1990. An ecological study of traditional Aboriginal use of 'country': Martu in the great and little sandy deserts, Western Australia. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16: 23-37
176. Wang, J.F, Chen, R. and Lu, S.H., 2001. Effects of nest collecting on the population recovery of Polyrhachis vicina Roger (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Acta Ecologica Sinica 21(7): 1153-1157
177. Wanger, T.C., Darras, K., Bumrungsri, S., Tscharntke, T. and Klein, A.M., 2014. Bat pest control contributes to food security in Thailand. Biological Conservation 171: 220-223
178. Weaver, R.A. and Basgall, M.E., 1986. Aboriginal exploitation of Pandora Moth larvae in East-Central California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 8(2): 161-179
179. Weissman, D.B., Gray, D.A., Pham, H.T. and Tijssen, P., 2012. Billions and billions sold: pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa 3504: 67-88
180. Winkler, D., 2010. Cordyceps sinensis: a precious parasitic fungus infecting Tibet. Field Mycology 11(2): 60-67
181. Winkler, D., 2013. Steps towards sustainable harvest of Yartsa Gunbu (caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis). In: Proceedings of the 7th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference, August 26-29, 2013, Beijing, China P.R., pp. 635-644
182. Wyatt, A.B. and Baird, I.G., 2007. Transboundary impact assessment in the Sesan River Basin: the case of the Yali Falls dam. International Journal of Water Resources Development 23(3): 427-442
183. Yen, A.L. 2005. Insect and other invertebrate foods of Australian Aborigines. In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed.) Ecological implications of minilivestock. Science Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 367-387
184. Yen, A.L., 2009a. Edible insects: traditional knowledge or western phobia? Entomological Research 39: 289-298
185. Yen, A.L., 2009b. Entomophagy and insect conservation: some thoughts for digestion. Journal for Insect Conservation 13: 667-670
186. Yen, A.L. 2010. Edible insects and other invertebrates in Australia: future prospects. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 65-84
187. Yen, A.L., 2012. Edible insects and management of country. Ecological Management & Restoration 13(1): 97-99
188. Yen, A.L., 2014. The importance of recording local knowledge about edible insects in Oceania with particular reference to Australia. In: Durst, P. and Bayasgalanbat N. (eds.) Promotion of underutilized indigenous food resources for food security and nutrition ion Asia and the Pacific, RAP Publication 2014/07. FAO Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 78-91
189. Yen, A.L., Hanboonsong, Y. and Van Huis, A., 2012. The role of edible insects in human recreation and tourism. In: Lemelin, H. (ed.) The management of insects in recreation and tourism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 169-185
190. Yen, A.L. and Ro, S., 2013. The sale of tarantulas in Cambodia for food or medicine: is it sustainable? Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(1): 3548-3551
191. Yhoung-Aree, J., 2010. Edible insects in Thailand: nutritional values and health concerns. In: Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N. and Shono, K. (eds.) Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19-21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. RAP Publication 2010/02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 201-216
192. Yhoung-Aree, J. and Viwatpanich, K., 2005. Edible insects in the Laos PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. In: Paoletti, M.G. (ed.) Ecological implications of minilivestock. Science Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 415-440
193. Yi, C., He, Q., Wang, L., and Kuang, R., 2010. The utilization of insectresources in Chinese rural area. Journal of Agricultural Science 2(3): 146-154
194. Zhang, C.X., Tang, X.D. and Cheng, J.A., 2008. The utilization and industrialization of insect resources in China. Entomological Research 38: S38-S47