Chest Imaging

Clinics in Chest Medicine

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 603-619

  Keijsers, Ruth G ^a   Veltkamp, Marcel ^a   Grutters, Jan C ^a,b  

^a ST ANTONIUS HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Chest radiography; Disease activity; FDG PET CT; HRCT; Sarcoidosis

Indexed keywords

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18;

CHYLOTHORAX; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FIBROTIC SARCOIDOSIS; GRANULOMA; GRANULOMATOSIS; GROUND GLASS OPACITY; HILAR LYMPHADENOPATHY; HUMAN; IMAGING; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG NODULE; LUNG PARENCHYMA; LUNG SARCOIDOSIS; MEDIASTINUM LYMPHADENOPATHY; MYCETOMA; NECROTIZING SARCOID GRANULOMATOSIS; PLEURA EFFUSION; PNEUMOTHORAX; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RADIATION DOSE; REVIEW; SARCOIDOSIS; SCORING SYSTEM; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES; RADIOGRAPHY;

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F18; HUMANS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; SARCOIDOSIS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84947808833     PISSN: 02725231     EISSN: 15578216     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.004     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Lynch J.P., Kazerooni E.A., Gay S.E. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 1997, 18(4):755-785.
2. Keijsers R.G., van den Heuvel D.A., Grutters J.C. Imaging the inflammatory activity of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2013, 41(3):743-751.
3. DeRemee R.A. The roentgenographic staging of sarcoidosis. Historic and contemporary perspectives. Chest 1983, 83(1):128-133.
4. SCADDING J.G. Prognosis of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in England. A review of 136 cases after five years' observation. Br Med J 1961, 2(5261):1165-1172.
5. Van den Heuvel D.A., de Jong P.A., Zanen P., et al. Chest computed tomography-based scoring of thoracic sarcoidosis: inter-rater reliability of CT abnormalities. Eur Radiol 2015, 25(9):2558-2566.
6. Drent M., de Vries J., Lenters M., et al. Sarcoidosis: assessment of disease severity using HRCT. Eur Radiol 2003, 13(11):2462-2471.
7. Veltkamp M., van Moorsel C.H., Rijkers G.T., et al. Genetic variation in the Toll-like receptor gene cluster (TLR10-TLR1-TLR6) influences disease course in sarcoidosis. Tissue Antigens 2012, 79(1):25-32.
8. Hillerdal G., Nou E., Osterman K., et al. Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and prognosis. A 15-year European study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984, 130(1):29-32.
9. Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint statement of the American thoracic society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160(2):736-755.
10. Baughman R.P., Teirstein A.S., Judson M.A., et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164(10 Pt 1):1885-1889.
11. Nunes H., Brillet P.Y., Valeyre D., et al. Imaging in sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 28(1):102-120.
12. Baughman R.P., Lower E.E., Tami T. Upper airway. 4: sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). Thorax 2010, 65(2):181-186.
13. James D.G., Barter S., Jash D., et al. Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). J Laryngol Otol 1982, 96(8):711-718.
14. Panselinas E., Halstead L., Schlosser R.J., et al. Clinical manifestations, radiographic findings, treatment options, and outcome in sarcoidosis patients with upper respiratory tract involvement. South Med J 2010, 103(9):870-875.
15. Shorr A.F., Torrington K.G., Hnatiuk O.W. Endobronchial biopsy for sarcoidosis: a prospective study. Chest 2001, 120(1):109-114.
16. Chambellan A., Turbie P., Nunes H., et al. Endoluminal stenosis of proximal bronchi in sarcoidosis: bronchoscopy, function, and evolution. Chest 2005, 127(2):472-481.
17. Kirks D.R., McCormick V.D., Greenspan R.H. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Roentgenologic analysis of 150 patients. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1973, 117(4):777-786.
18. James D.G., Neville E., Siltzbach L.E. A worldwide review of sarcoidosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1976, 278:321-334.
19. Siltzbach L.E., James D.G., Neville E., et al. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis around the world. Am J Med 1974, 57(6):847-852.
20. Sider L., Horton E.S. Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy in sarcoidosis as detected by computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 1990, 5(2):77-80.
21. Patil S.N., Levin D.L. Distribution of thoracic lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis using computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 1999, 14(2):114-117.
22. Niimi H., Kang E.Y., Kwong J.S., et al. CT of chronic infiltrative lung disease: prevalence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996, 20(2):305-308.
23. Gawne-Cain M.L., Hansell D.M. The pattern and distribution of calcified mediastinal lymph nodes in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: a CT study. Clin Radiol 1996, 51(4):263-267.
24. Rabinowitz J.G., Ulreich S., Soriano C. The usual unusual manifestations of sarcoidosis and the "hilar haze"-a new diagnostic aid. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1974, 120(4):821-831.
25. Romer F.K. Presentation of sarcoidosis and outcome of pulmonary changes. Dan Med Bull 1982, 29(1):27-32.
26. Spann R.W., Rosenow E.C., DeRemee R.A., et al. Unilateral hilar or paratracheal adenopathy in sarcoidosis: a study of 38 cases. Thorax 1971, 26(3):296-299.
27. Murdoch J., Muller N.L. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: changes on follow-up CT examination. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992, 159(3):473-477.
28. McLoud T.C., Putman C.E., Pascual R. Eggshell calcification with systemic sarcoidosis. Chest 1974, 66(5):515-517.
29. McLoud T.C., Epler G.R., Gaensler E.A., et al. A radiographic classification for sarcoidosis: physiologic correlation. Invest Radiol 1982, 17(2):129-138.
30. Israel H.L., Karlin P., Menduke H., et al. Factors affecting outcome of sarcoidosis. Influence of race, extrathoracic involvement, and initial radiologic lung lesions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986, 465:609-618.
31. Nishimura K., Itoh H., Kitaichi M., et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: correlation of CT and histopathologic findings. Radiology 1993, 189(1):105-109.
32. Padley S.P., Padhani A.R., Nicholson A., et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis mimicking cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis on CT. Clin Radiol 1996, 51(11):807-810.
33. Sharma O.P., Hewlett R., Gordonson J. Nodular sarcoidosis: an unusual radiographic appearance. Chest 1973, 64(2):189-192.
34. Battesti J.P., Saumon G., Valeyre D., et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis with an alveolar radiographic pattern. Thorax 1982, 37(6):448-452.
35. McNicol M.W., Luce P.J. Sarcoidosis in a racially mixed community. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1985, 19(3):179-183.
36. Malaisamy S., Dalal B., Bimenyuy C., et al. The clinical and radiologic features of nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis. Lung 2009, 187(1):9-15.
37. Edelman R.R., Johnson T.S., Jhaveri H.S., et al. Fatal hemoptysis resulting from erosion of a pulmonary artery in cavitary sarcoidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985, 145(1):37-38.
38. Loh G.A., Lettieri C.J., Shah A.A. Bronchial arterial embolisation for massive haemoptysis in cavitary sarcoidosis. BMJ Case Rep 2013, 2013:1-3.
39. Leung A.N., Brauner M.W., Caillat-Vigneron N., et al. Sarcoidosis activity: correlation of HRCT findings with those of 67Ga scanning, bronchoalveolar lavage, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme assay. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998, 22(2):229-234.
40. Brauner M.W., Grenier P., Mompoint D., et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: evaluation with high-resolution CT. Radiology 1989, 172(2):467-471.
41. Abehsera M., Valeyre D., Grenier P., et al. Sarcoidosis with pulmonary fibrosis: CT patterns and correlation with pulmonary function. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000, 174(6):1751-1757.
42. Remy-Jardin M., Giraud F., Remy J., et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: role of CT in the evaluation of disease activity and functional impairment and in prognosis assessment. Radiology 1994, 191(3):675-680.
43. Marchiori E., Zanetti G., Barreto M.M., et al. Atypical distribution of small nodules on high resolution CT studies: patterns and differentials. Respir Med 2011, 105(9):1263-1267.
44. Voloudaki A.E., Bouros D.E., Froudarakis M.E., et al. Crescentic and ring-shaped opacities. CT features in two cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Acta Radiol 1996, 37(6):889-892.
45. Marchiori E., Zanetti G., Mano C.M., et al. The reversed halo sign: another atypical manifestation of sarcoidosis. Korean J Radiol 2010, 11(2):251-252.
46. Zompatori M., Poletti V., Battista G., et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), presenting as a ring-shaped opacity at HRCT (the atoll sign). A case report. Radiol Med 1999, 97(4):308-310.
47. Marten K., Rummeny E.J., Engelke C. The CT halo: a new sign in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Br J Radiol 2004, 77(924):1042-1045.
48. Grenier P., Chevret S., Beigelman C., et al. Chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: determination of the diagnostic value of clinical data, chest radiography, and CT and Bayesian analysis. Radiology 1994, 191(2):383-390.
49. Grenier P., Valeyre D., Cluzel P., et al. Chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease: diagnostic value of chest radiography and high-resolution CT. Radiology 1991, 179(1):123-132.
50. Martin S.G., Kronek L.P., Valeyre D., et al. High-resolution computed tomography to differentiate chronic diffuse interstitial lung diseases with predominant ground-glass pattern using logical analysis of data. Eur Radiol 2010, 20(6):1297-1310.
51. Moller D.R. Pulmonary fibrosis of sarcoidosis. New approaches, old ideas. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003, 29(Suppl 3):S37-S41.
52. Freundlich I.M., Libshitz H.I., Glassman L.M., et al. Sarcoidosis. Typical and atypical thoracic manifestations and complications. Clin Radiol 1970, 21(4):376-383.
53. Primack S.L., Hartman T.E., Hansell D.M., et al. End-stage lung disease: CT findings in 61 patients. Radiology 1993, 189(3):681-686.
54. Davies C.W., Tasker A.D., Padley S.P., et al. Air trapping in sarcoidosis on computed tomography: correlation with lung function. Clin Radiol 2000, 55(3):217-221.
55. Hansell D.M., Milne D.G., Wilsher M.L., et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: morphologic associations of airflow obstruction at thin-section CT. Radiology 1998, 209(3):697-704.
56. Bartz R.R., Stern E.J. Airways obstruction in patients with sarcoidosis: expiratory CT scan findings. J Thorac Imaging 2000, 15(4):285-289.
57. Pena T.A., Soubani A.O., Samavati L. Aspergillus lung disease in patients with sarcoidosis: a case series and review of the literature. Lung 2011, 189(2):167-172.
58. Pesle G.D., Monod O. Bronchiectasis due to asperigilloma. Dis Chest 1954, 25(2):172-183.
59. Chusid E.L., Siltzbach L.E. Sarcoidosis of the pleura. Ann Intern Med 1974, 81(2):190-194.
60. Sharma O.P., Gordonson J. Pleural effusion in sarcoidosis: a report of six cases. Thorax 1975, 30(1):95-101.
61. Beekman J.F., Zimmet S.M., Chun B.K., et al. Spectrum of pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1976, 136(3):323-330.
62. Wilen S.B., Rabinowitz J.G., Ulreich S., et al. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1974, 57(2):200-209.
63. Tommasini A., Di Vittorio G., Facchinetti F., et al. Pleural effusion in sarcoidosis: a case report. Sarcoidosis 1994, 11(2):138-140.
64. Soskel N.T., Sharma O.P. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000, 6(5):455-468.
65. Huggins J.T., Doelken P., Sahn S.A., et al. Pleural effusions in a series of 181 outpatients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2006, 129(6):1599-1604.
66. Littner M.R., Schachter E.N., Putman C.E., et al. The clinical assessment of roentgenographically atypical pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1977, 62(3):361-368.
67. Aberg H., Bah M., Waters A.W. Sarcoidosis: complicated by chylothorax. Minn Med 1966, 49(7):1065-1070.
68. Jarman P.R., Whyte M.K., Sabroe I., et al. Sarcoidosis presenting with chylothorax. Thorax 1995, 50(12):1324-1325.
69. Lengyel R.J., Shanley D.J. Recurrent chylothorax associated with sarcoidosis. Hawaii Med J 1995, 54(12):817-818.
70. Parker J.M., Torrington K.G., Phillips Y.Y. Sarcoidosis complicated by chylothorax. South Med J 1994, 87(8):860-862.
71. Hours S., Nunes H., Kambouchner M., et al. Pulmonary cavitary sarcoidosis: clinico-radiologic characteristics and natural history of a rare form of sarcoidosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2008, 87(3):142-151.
72. Froudarakis M.E., Bouros D., Voloudaki A., et al. Pneumothorax as a first manifestation of sarcoidosis. Chest 1997, 112(1):278-280.
73. Akelsson I.G., Eklund A., Skold C.M., et al. Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax and sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1990, 7(2):136-138.
74. Popper H.H., Klemen H., Colby T.V., et al. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis-is it different from nodular sarcoidosis?. Pneumologie 2003, 57(5):268-271.
75. Koss M.N., Hochholzer L., Feigin D.S., et al. Necrotizing sarcoid-like granulomatosis: clinical, pathologic, and immunopathologic findings. Hum Pathol 1980, 11(Suppl 5):510-519.
76. Rosen Y. Pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 28(1):36-52.
77. Liebow A.A. The J. Burns Amberson lecture-pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973, 108(1):1-18.
78. Yeboah J., Afkhami M., Lee C., et al. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2012, 18(5):493-498.
79. Rosen Y. Four decades of necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis: what do we know now?. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015, 139(2):252-262.
80. Handa T., Nagai S., Miki S., et al. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2006, 129(5):1246-1252.
81. Sulica R., Teirstein A.S., Kakarla S., et al. Distinctive clinical, radiographic, and functional characteristics of patients with sarcoidosis-related pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2005, 128(3):1483-1489.
82. Nunes H., Humbert M., Capron F., et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis: mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax 2006, 61(1):68-74.
83. Nunes H., Uzunhan Y., Freynet O., et al. Pulmonary hypertension complicating sarcoidosis. Presse Med 2012, 41(6 Pt 2):e303-e316.
84. Fu Y., Maianu L., Melbert B.R., et al. Facilitative glucose transporter gene expression in human lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages: a role for GLUT isoforms 1, 3, and 5 in the immune response and foam cell formation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2004, 32(1):182-190.
85. Satomi T., Ogawa M., Mori I., et al. Comparison of contrast agents for atherosclerosis imaging using cultured macrophages: FDG versus ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide. J Nucl Med 2013, 54(6):999-1004.
86. Lewis P.J., Salama A. Uptake of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in sarcoidosis. J Nucl Med 1994, 35(10):1647-1649.
87. Frayn K.N. The glucose-fatty acid cycle: a physiological perspective. Biochem Soc Trans 2003, 31(Pt 6):1115-1119.
88. Cheng V.Y., Slomka P.J., Ahlen M., et al. Impact of carbohydrate restriction with and without fatty acid loading on myocardial 18F-FDG uptake during PET: a randomized controlled trial. J Nucl Cardiol 2010, 17(2):286-291.
89. Ishimaru S., Tsujino I., Takei T., et al. Focal uptake on 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography images indicates cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis. Eur Heart J 2005, 26(15):1538-1543.
90. Langah R., Spicer K., Gebregziabher M., et al. Effectiveness of prolonged fasting 18f-FDG PET-CT in the detection of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Nucl Cardiol 2009, 16(5):801-810.
91. Ohira H., Tsujino I., Yoshinaga K. (1)(8)F-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in cardiac sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011, 38(9):1773-1783.
92. Okumura W., Iwasaki T., Toyama T., et al. Usefulness of fasting 18F-FDG PET in identification of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Nucl Med 2004, 45(12):1989-1998.
93. Williams G., Kolodny G.M. Suppression of myocardial 18F-FDG uptake by preparing patients with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008, 190(2):W151-W156.
94. Boellaard R., Delgado-Bolton R., Oyen W.J., et al. FDG PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015, 42(2):328-354.
95. Keir G., Wells A.U. Assessing pulmonary disease and response to therapy: which test?. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 31(4):409-418.
96. Miller B.H., Putman C.E. The chest radiograph and sarcoidosis. Reevaluation of the chest radiograph in assessing activity of sarcoidosis: a preliminary communication. Sarcoidosis 1985, 2(2):85-90.
97. Prasse A., Katic C., Germann M., et al. Phenotyping sarcoidosis from a pulmonary perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177(3):330-336.
98. Mostard R.L., Voo S., van Kroonenburgh M.J., et al. Inflammatory activity assessment by F18 FDG-PET/CT in persistent symptomatic sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2011, 105(12):1917-1924.
99. Keijsers R.G., Grutters J.C., van Velzen-Blad H., et al. (18)F-FDG PET patterns and BAL cell profiles in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010, 37(6):1181-1188.
100. Akira M., Kozuka T., Inoue Y., et al. Long-term follow-up CT scan evaluation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 2005, 127(1):185-191.
101. Brauner M.W., Lenoir S., Grenier P., et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: CT assessment of lesion reversibility. Radiology 1992, 182(2):349-354.
102. Lynch D.A., Webb W.R., Gamsu G., et al. Computed tomography in pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989, 13(3):405-410.
103. Wells A.U., Rubens M.B., du Bois R.M., et al. Functional impairment in fibrosing alveolitis: relationship to reversible disease on thin section computed tomography. Eur Respir J 1997, 10(2):280-285.
104. Wells A.U., Rubens M.B., du Bois R.M., et al. Serial CT in fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic significance of the initial pattern. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993, 161(6):1159-1165.
105. Ziora D., Kornelia K., Jastrzebski D., et al. High resolution computed tomography in 2-year follow-up of stage I sarcoidosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013, 788:369-374.
106. Ambrosini V., Zompatori M., Fasano L., et al. (18)F-FDG PET/CT for the assessment of disease extension and activity in patients with sarcoidosis: results of a preliminary prospective study. Clin Nucl Med 2013, 38(4):e171-e177.
107. Mostard R.L., van Kroonenburgh M.J., Drent M. The role of the PET scan in the management of sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013, 19(5):538-544.
108. Groves A.M., Win T., Screaton N.J., et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diffuse parenchymal lung disease: implications from initial experience with 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2009, 50(4):538-545.
109. Keijsers R.G., Verzijlbergen E.J., van den Bosch J.M., et al. 18F-FDG PET as a predictor of pulmonary function in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2011, 28(2):123-129.
110. Keijsers R.G., Verzijlbergen J.F., van Diepen D.M., et al. 18F-FDG PET in sarcoidosis: an observational study in 12 patients treated with infliximab. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2008, 25(2):143-149.
111. Roberts W.C., McAllister H.A., Ferrans V.J. Sarcoidosis of the heart. A clinicopathologic study of 35 necropsy patients (group 1) and review of 78 previously described necropsy patients (group 11). Am J Med 1977, 63(1):86-108.
112. Tavora F., Cresswell N., Li L., et al. Comparison of necropsy findings in patients with sarcoidosis dying suddenly from cardiac sarcoidosis versus dying suddenly from other causes. Am J Cardiol 2009, 104(4):571-577.
113. Watanabe E., Kimura F., Nakajima T., et al. Late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac sarcoidosis: characteristic magnetic resonance findings and relationship with left ventricular function. J Thorac Imaging 2013, 28(1):60-66.
114. Ohira H., Tsujino I., Ishimaru S., et al. Myocardial imaging with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008, 35(5):933-941.
115. Youssef G., Leung E., Mylonas I., et al. The use of 18F-FDG PET in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review and metaanalysis including the Ontario experience. J Nucl Med 2012, 53(2):241-248.
116. Mehta D., Lubitz S.A., Frankel Z., et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with sarcoidosis: diagnostic and prognostic value of outpatient testing. Chest 2008, 133(6):1426-1435.
117. Skali H., Schulman A.R., Dorbala S. 18F-FDG PET/CT for the assessment of myocardial sarcoidosis. Curr Cardiol Rep 2013, 15(4):352.
118. Blankstein R., Osborne M., Naya M., et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014, 63(4):329-336.
119. Betensky B.P., Tschabrunn C.M., Zado E.S., et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Heart Rhythm 2012, 9(6):884-891.
120. Sekhri V., Sanal S., Delorenzo L.J., et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: a comprehensive review. Arch Med Sci 2011, 7(4):546-554.
121. Soussan M., Brillet P.Y., Nunes H., et al. Clinical value of a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet before FDG-PET/CT for evaluation of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. J Nucl Cardiol 2013, 20(1):120-127.
122. Gyorik S., Ceriani L., Menafoglio A., et al. 18F-FDG PET scan as follow-up tool for sarcoidosis with symptomatic cardiac conduction disturbances requiring a pacemaker. Thorax 2007, 62(6):560.
123. Smedema J.P., White L., Klopper A.J. FDG-PET and MIBI-Tc SPECT as follow-up tools in a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis requiring a pacemaker. Cardiovasc J Afr 2008, 19(6):309-310.
124. Mc Ardle B.A., Leung E., Ohira H., et al. The role of F(18)-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in guiding diagnosis and management in patients with known or suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. J Nucl Cardiol 2013, 20(2):297-306.
125. Birnie D.H., Sauer W.H., Bogun F., et al. HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart Rhythm 2014, 11(7):1305-1323.