Atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children

International Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  D'Adamo, Ebe ^a   Guardamagna, Ornella ^b   Chiarelli, Francesco ^c   Bartuli, Andrea ^d   Liccardo, Daniela ^d   Ferrari, Federica ^e   Nobili, Valerio ^d  

^a CREMONA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^d BAMBINO GESÙ CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^e POLICLINICO UMBERTO I   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN B; INSULIN; LIPOPROTEIN A; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA; ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MARKER; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPID ANALYSIS; MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OBESITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY;

EID: 84947648621     PISSN: 16878337     EISSN: 16878345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/912047     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. J. Steinberger, S. R. Daniels, R. H. Eckel et al., "Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism," Circulation, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 628-747, 2009.
2. T. Wijnhoven, J. van Raaij, A. Spinelli et al., "WHO European childhood obesity surveillance initiative: body mass index and level of overweight among 6-9-year-old children from school year 2007/2008 to school year 2009/2010," BMC Public Health, vol. 14, article 806, 2014.
3. F. L. Lombardo, A. Spinelli, G. Lazzeri et al., "Severe obesity prevalence in 8-to 9-year-old Italian children: a large population-based study," European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014.
4. W. Ahrens, I. Pigeot, H. Pohlabeln et al., "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in European children below the age of 10," International Journal of Obesity, vol. 38, supplement 2, pp. S99-S107, 2014.
5. S. R. Daniels and F. R. Greer, "Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood," Pediatrics, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 198-208, 2008.
6. S. D. de Ferranti, K. Gauvreau, D. S. Ludwig, E. J. Neufeld, J. W. Newburger, and N. Rifai, "Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey," Circulation, vol. 110, no. 16, pp. 2494-2497, 2004.
7. J. Steinberger and S. R. Daniels, "Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American heart association scientific statement from the atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in the young committee (council on cardiovascular disease in the young) and the diabetes committee (council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism)," Circulation, vol. 107, no. 10, pp. 1448-1453, 2003.
8. D. S. Freedman, W. H. Dietz, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson, "The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa heart study," Pediatrics, vol. 103, no. 6, part 1, pp. 1175-1182, 1999.
9. S. M. Grundy, "Atherogenic dyslipidemia associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance," Clinical Cornerstone, vol. 8, supplement 1, pp. S21-S27, 2006.
10. Z. Quijada, M. Paoli, Y. Zerpa et al., "The triglyceride/HDLcholesterol ratio as a marker of cardiovascular risk in obese children; association with traditional and emergent risk factors," Pediatric Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 464-471, 2008.
11. J. Sierra-Johnson, V. K. Somers, F. H. S. Kuniyoshi et al., "Comparison of apolipoprotein-B/apolipoprotein-AI in subjects with versus without the metabolic syndrome," The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 1369-1373, 2006.
12. C. Giannini, T. de Giorgis, A. Scarinci et al., "Obese related effects of inflammatory markers and insulin resistance on increased carotid intima media thickness in pre-pubertal children," Atherosclerosis, vol. 197, no. 1, pp. 448-456, 2008.
13. D. Herouvi, E. Karanasios, C. Karayianni, and K. Karavanaki, "Cardiovascular disease in childhood: the role of obesity," European Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 172, no. 6, pp. 721-732, 2013.
14. S. R. Srinivasan, W. Bao, W. A. Wattigney, and G. S. Berenson, "Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study,"Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 235-240, 1996.
15. N. K. Gngr, "Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents," Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 129-143, 2014.
16. S. F. Burns, S. Lee, and S. A. Arslanian, "In vivo insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein particle size and concentration in black and white children," Diabetes Care, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 2087-2093, 2009.
17. C. Giannini, N. Santoro, S. Caprio et al., "The triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: association with insulin resistance in obese youths of different ethnic backgrounds," Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1869-1874, 2011.
18. J. Steinberger, C. Moorehead, V. Katch, and A. P. Rocchini, "Relationship between insulin resistance and abnormal lipid profile in obese adolescents,"The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 126, no. 5, part 1, pp. 690-695, 1995.
19. K. C. Copeland, P. Zeitler, M. Geffner et al., "Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 159-167, 2011.
20. S. Stan, E. Levy, E. E. Delvin et al., "Distribution of LDL particle size in a population-based sample of children and adolescents and relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors," Clinical Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1192-1200, 2005.
21. T. de Giorgis, M. L. Marcovecchio, I. Di Giovanni et al., "Triglycerides-to-HDL ratio as a new marker of endothelial dysfunction in obese prepubertal children," European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 173-180, 2014.
22. G. F. Lewis, A. Carpentier, K. Adeli, and A. Giacca, "Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes," Endocrine Reviews, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-229, 2002.
23. K. Adeli, C. Taghibiglou, S. C. van Iderstine, and G. F. Lewis, "Mechanisms of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein overproduction in insulin resistance," Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 170-176, 2001.
24. F. Karpe, J. R. Dickmann, and K. N. Frayn, "Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: time for a reevaluation," Diabetes, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 2441-2449, 2011.
25. S. E. Taksali, S. Caprio, J. Dziura et al., "High visceral and low abdominal subcutaneous fat stores in the obese adolescent," Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 367-371, 2008.
26. A. M. G. Cali, T. L. Zern, S. E. Taksali et al., "Intrahepatic fat accumulation and alterations in lipoprotein composition in obese adolescents: a perfect proatherogenic state," Diabetes Care, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 3093-3098, 2007.
27. E. D'Adamo, V. Northrup, R. Weiss et al., "Ethnic differences in lipoprotein subclasses in obese adolescents: importance of liver and intraabdominal fat accretion," The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 500-508, 2010.
28. E. D'Adamo, A. M. G. Cali, R. Weiss et al., "Central role of fatty liver in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obese adolescents," Diabetes Care, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1817-1822, 2010.
29. V. Nobili, G. Svegliati-Baroni, A. Alisi, L. Miele, L. Valenti, and P. Vajro, "A 360-degree overview of paediatric NAFLD: recent insights," Journal of Hepatology, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1218-1229, 2013.
30. W. Goessling, J. M. Massaro, R. S. Vasan, R. B. D'Agostino, R. C. Ellison, and C. S. Fox, "Aminotransferase levels and 20-year risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease," Gastroenterology, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 1935. e1-1944. e1, 2008.
31. L. Pacifico, V. Cantisani, P. Ricci et al., "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid atherosclerosis in children," Pediatric Research, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 423-427, 2008.
32. F. Demircioglu, A. Kocigit, N. Arslan, H. Ckmakc, S Hizli, and A. T. Sedat, "Intima-media thickness of carotid artery and susceptibility to atherosclerosis in obese children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease," Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 68-75, 2008.
33. J. B. Schwimmer, P. E. Pardee, J. E. Lavine, A. K. Blumkin, and S. Cook, "Cardiovascular risk factors and themetabolic syndrome in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease," Circulation, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 277-283, 2008.
34. V. Nobili, N. Alkhouri, A. Bartuli et al., "Severity of liver injury and atherogenic lipid profile in childrenwith nonalcoholic fatty liver disease," Pediatric Research, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 665-670, 2010.
35. G. S. Berenson, "Cardiovascular risk begins in childhood: a time for action," The American Journal of PreventiveMedicine, vol. 37, supplement 1, pp. S1-S2, 2009.
36. G. S. Berenson, S. R. Srinivasan, W. Bao, W. P. Newman III, R. E. Tracy, and W. A. Wattigney, "Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 338, no. 23, pp. 1650-1656, 1998.
37. G. S. Berenson, "Childhood risk factors predict adult risk associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease: the Bogalusa Heart study,"The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 90,no. 10, supplement 3, pp. L3-L7, 2002.
38. L. T. Mahoney, T. L. Burns, W. Stanford et al., "Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Muscatine study," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 277-284, 1996.
39. K. V. K. Porkka, J. S. A. Viikari, S. Taimela, M. Dahl, and H. K. Akerblom, "Tracking and predictiveness of serum lipid and lipoprotein measurements in childhood: a 12-year follow-up. The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study," The American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 140, no. 12, pp. 1096-1110, 1994.
40. G. S. Berenson and S. R. Srinivasan, "Cardiovascular risk in young persons: secondary or primordial prevention?" Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 202-203, 2010.
41. S. S. Gidding, C. A. McMahan, H. C. McGill et al., "Prediction of coronary artery calciumin young adults using the pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth (PDAY) risk score: the CARDIA study," Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 166, no. 21, pp. 2341-2347, 2006.
42. A. F. Ayyobi and J. D. Brunzell, "Lipoprotein distribution in the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and familial combined hyperlipidemia,"The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 92, supplement, pp. 27J-33J, 2003.
43. R. Do, C. J. Willer, E. M. Schmidt et al., "Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease," Nature Genetics, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1345-1352, 2013.
44. K. K. Berneis and R. M. Krauss, "Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity," Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1363-1379, 2002.
45. H.-S. Kang, B. Gutin, P. Barbeau, M. S. Litaker, J. Allison, and N.-A. Le, "Low-density lipoprotein particle size, central obesity, cardiovascular fitness, and insulin resistance syndromemarkers in obese youths," International Journal of Obesity, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1030-1035, 2002.
46. H. Campos, E. Blijlevens, J. R. McNamara et al., "LDL particle size distribution. Results fromthe framinghamoffspring study," Arteriosclerosis,Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 12,no. 12, pp. 1410-1419, 1992.
47. T. Shimabukuro, M. Sunagawa, and T. Ohta, "Low-density lipoprotein particle size and its regulatory factors in school children," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology andMetabolism, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 2923-2927, 2004.
48. M. Miyashita, T. Okada, Y. Kuromori, and K. Harada, "LDL particle size, fat distribution and insulin resistance in obese children," European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 416-420, 2006.
49. L. B. Nielsen, "Transfer of low density lipoprotein into the arterial wall and risk of atherosclerosis," Atherosclerosis, vol. 123, no. 1-2, pp. 1-15, 1996.
50. A. Vijayasarathi and S. J. Goldberg, "Comparison of carotid intima-media thickness in pediatric patients with metabolic syndrome, heterozygous familial hyperlipidemia and normals," Journal of Lipids, vol. 2014,Article ID 546863, 7 pages, 2014.
51. M. Rizzo and K. Berneis, "Who needs to care about small, dense low-density lipoproteins?" International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 1949-1956, 2007.
52. European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Z. Reiner, A. L. Catapano et al., "ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)," European Heart Journal, vol. 32, no. 14, pp. 1769-1818, 2011.
53. J. A. Canas, S. Sweeten, and P. B. Balagopal, "Biomarkers for cardiovascular risk in children," Current Opinion in Cardiology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 103-114, 2013.
54. M. Miller, H. N. Ginsberg, and E. J. Schaefer, "Relative atherogenicity and predictive value of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for coronary heart disease," The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 101, no. 7, pp. 1003-1008, 2008.
55. M. G. Frontini, S. R. Srinivasan, J. H. Xu, R. Tang, M. G. Bond, and G. Berenson, "Utility of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus other lipoprotein measures in detecting subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study),"The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 64-68, 2007.
56. Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report," Pediatrics, vol. 128, supplement 5, pp. S213-S256, 2011.
57. M. Mitka, "Experts question recommendations for universal lipid screenings in children," The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 308, no. 8, pp. 750-751, 2012.
58. S. Dai, Q. Yang, K. Yuan et al., "Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: distribution and prevalence of high serum levels in children and adolescents: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2005-2010," The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 164, no. 2, pp. 247-253, 2014.
59. S. DeHenauw, N. Michels, K. Vyncke et al., "Bloodlipids among young children in Europe: results from the European IDEFICS study," International Journal of Obesity, vol. 38, supplement 2, pp. S67-S75, 2014.
60. D. A. Stakos, H. I. Papaioannou, I. Angelidou et al., "Plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations correlate with cardiometabolic risk and systemic inflammation in healthy, non-obese children," Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 221-228, 2014.
61. H. S. Mattu and H. S. Randeva, "Role of adipokines in cardiovascular disease," Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 216, no. 1, pp. T17-T36, 2013.
62. J. C. Winer, T. L. Zern, S. E. Taksali et al., "Adiponectin in childhood and adolescent obesity and its association with inflammatory markers and components of the metabolic syndrome," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 4415-4423, 2006.
63. S. Pilz, R. Horejsi, R. Mller et al., "Early atherosclerosis in obese juveniles is associatedwith lowserumlevels of adiponectin,"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 8, pp. 4792-4796, 2005.
64. M. Juonala, L. A. Saarikoski, J. S. A. Viikari et al., "Alongitudinal analysis on associations of adiponectin levels with metabolic syndrome and carotid artery intima-media thickness. The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study," Atherosclerosis, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 234-239, 2011.
65. E. M. Urbina, R. V. Williams, B. S. Alpert et al., "Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment for clinical research: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association," Hypertension, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 919-950, 2009.
66. A. T. Cote, K. C. Harris, C. Panagiotopoulos, G. G. S. Sandor, and A. M. Devlin, "Childhood obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 62, no. 15, pp. 1309-1319, 2013.
67. L. E. Chambless, G. Heiss, A. R. Folsom et al., "Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1993," The American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 146, no. 6, pp. 483-494, 1997.
68. J. M. Dijk, Y. van der Graaf, M. L. Bots, D. E. Grobbee, and A. Algra, "Carotid intima-media thickness and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study," European Heart Journal, vol. 27, no. 16, pp. 1971-1978, 2006.
69. M. Manco, G. Bedogni, L. Monti, G. Morino, G. Natali, and V. Nobili, "Intima-media thickness and liver histology in obese children and adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease," Atherosclerosis, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 463-468, 2010.
70. T. de Giorgis, C. Giannini, A. Scarinci et al., "Family history of premature cardiovascular disease as a sole and independent risk factor for increased carotid intima-media thickness," Journal of Hypertension, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 822-828, 2009.
71. L. Bruyndonckx, V. Y. Hoymans, A. H. van Craenenbroeck et al., "Assessment of endothelial dysfunction in childhood obesity and clinical use," OxidativeMedicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2013, Article ID 174782, 19 pages, 2013.
72. V. L. Miniello, M. F. Faienza, P. Scicchitano et al., "Insulin resistance and endothelial function in children and adolescents," International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 343-347, 2014.
73. A. S. Pena, E. Wiltshire, K. MacKenzie et al., "Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function relates to body mass index and glucose in obese and nonobese children," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 4467-4471, 2006.
74. D. H. J. Thijssen, N. T. Cable, and D. J. Green, "Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents," Hypertension, vol. 55, no. 3, article e14, 2010.
75. N. D. Wong, D. Kouwabunpat, A. N. Vo et al., "Coronary calcium and atherosclerosis by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women: relation to age and risk factors," The American Heart Journal, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 422-430, 1994.
76. L. T. Mahoney, T. L. Burns, W. Stanford et al., "Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Muscatine study," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 277-284, 1996.
77. G. H. Dadlani, R. L. Gingell, J. D. Orie et al., "Coronary artery calcifications in the long-term follow-up of Kawasaki disease," AmericanHeart Journal, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 1016. e1-1016. e8, 2005.
78. W. G. Goodman, J. Goldin, B. D. Kuizon et al., "Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis,"The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, no. 20, pp. 1478-1483, 2000.
79. F. Bacha, D. Edmundowicz, K. Sutton-Tyrell, S. Lee, H. Tfayli, and S. A. Arslanian, "Coronary artery calcification in obese youth: what are the phenotypic and metabolic determinants?" Diabetes Care, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 2632-2639, 2014.
80. T. Seppnen-Laakso and M. Oresic, "How to study lipidomes," Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 185-190, 2009.
81. M. B. Khalil, W. Hou, H. Zhou et al., "Lipidomics era: accomplishments and challenges," Mass Spectrometry Reviews, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 877-929, 2010.
82. C. E. Wheelock, S. Goto, L. Yetukuri et al., "Bioinformatics strategies for the analysis of lipids," Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 580, pp. 339-368, 2009.