Nonredundant roles of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-22 in murine host defense against cutaneous and hematogenous infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Infection and Immunity

Volumn 83, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 4427-4437

  Chan, Liana C ^a,b   Chaili, Siyang ^a,b   Filler, Scott G ^a,b,c   Barr, Kevin ^a   Wang, Huiyuan ^a   Kupferwasser, Deborah ^a   Edwards, John E ^a,b,c   Xiong, Yan Q ^a,b,c   Ibrahim, Ashraf S ^a,b,c   Miller, Lloyd S ^d   Schmidt, Clint S ^e   Hennessey, John P ^e   Yeaman, Michael R ^a,b,c  

^a HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b St John's Cardiovascular Research Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e NovaDigm Therapeutics Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 22; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE; INTERLEUKIN-22;

ABSCESS; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIABILITY; CELL INFILTRATION; CELL MIGRATION; COLONY FORMING UNIT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEMATOGENOUS INFECTION; HOST RESISTANCE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; INNATE IMMUNITY; KIDNEY PARENCHYMA; MALE; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MOUSE; MOUSE MODEL; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; SKIN AND SKIN STRUCTURE INFECTION; SKIN INFECTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; ANIMAL; BAGG ALBINO MOUSE; C57BL MOUSE; GENETICS; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION;

ANIMALS; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-17; INTERLEUKINS; MALE; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MICE; MICE, INBRED BALB C; MICE, INBRED C57BL; STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS;

EID: 84947607719     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: 10985522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01061-15     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Dryden MS. 2010. Complicated skin and soft tissue infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 65(Suppl 3):iii35-iii44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq302.
2. Miller LS, Cho JS. 2011. Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections. Nat Rev Immunol 11:505-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3010.
3. Cheng AG, DeDent AC, Schneewind O, Missiakas D. 2011. A play in four acts: Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation. Trends Microbiol 19: 225-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.01.007.
4. David MZ, Daum RS. 2010. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 23:616-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00081-09.
5. Tattevin P, Schwartz BS, Graber CJ, Volinski J, Bhukhen A, Bhukhen A, Mai TT, Vo NH, Dang DN, Phan TH, Basuino L, Perdreau-Remington F, Chambers HF, Diep BA. 2012. Concurrent epidemics of skin and soft tissue infection and bloodstream infection due to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 55:781-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis527.
6. Landrum ML, Neumann C, Cook C, Chukwuma U, Ellis MW, Hospenthal DR, Murray CK. 2012. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus blood and skin and soft tissue infections in the US military health system, 2005-2010. JAMA 308:50-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.7139.
7. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. 2004. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 39:309-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421946.
8. DeLeo FR, Otto M, Kreiswirth BN, Chambers HF. 2010. Communityassociated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 375:1557-1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61999-1.
9. Shastry L, Rahimian J, Lascher S. 2007. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in men who have sex with men in New York City. Arch Intern Med 167:854-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.8.854.
10. Skiest D, Brown K, Hester J, Moore T, Crosby C, Mussa HR, HoffmanRoberts H, Cooper T. 2006. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an urban HIV clinic. HIV Med 7:361-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00394.x.
11. Anderson EJ, Hawkins C, Bolon MK, Palella FJ, Jr. 2006. A series of skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 41: 125-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000192004.08153.ea.
12. Wolk K, Kunz S, Witte E, Friedrich M, Asadullah K, Sabat R. 2004. IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues. Immunity 21:241-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.007.
13. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S, Harrison LH, Lynfield R, Dumyati G, Townes JM, Craig AS, Zell ER, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Fridkin SK, Emerging Infections Program-Active Bacterial Core Surveillance MRSA Surveillance Investigators. 2007. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in fections in the United States. JAMA 298:1763-1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.15.1763.
14. Dantes R, Mu Y, Belflower R, Aragon D, Dumyati G, Harrison LH, Lessa FC, Lynfield R, Nadle J, Petit S, Ray SM, Schaffner W, Townes J, Fridkin S. 2013. National burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, United States, 2011. JAMA Intern Med 173: 1970-1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10423.
15. van Hal SJ, Jensen SO, Vaska VL, Espedido BA, Paterson DL, Gosbell IB. 2012. Predictors of mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:362-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05022-11.
16. Amin AN, Cerceo EA, Deitelzweig SB, Pile JC, Rosenberg DJ, Sherman BM. 2014. Hospitalist perspective on the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. Mayo Clin Proc 89:1436-1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.04.018.
17. Hanaki H, Cui L, Ikeda-Dantsuji Y, Nakae T, Honda J, Yanagihara K, Takesue Y, Matsumoto T, Sunakawa K, Kaku M, Tomono K, Fukuchi K, Kusachi S, Mikamo H, Takata T, Otsuka Y, Nagura O, Fujitani S, Aoki Y, Yamaguchi Y, Tateda K, Kadota J, Kohno S, Niki Y. 2014. Antibiotic susceptibility survey of blood-borne MRSA isolates in Japan from 2008 through 2011. J Infect Chemother 20:527-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2014.06.012.
18. Fernandez R, Paz LI, Rosato RR, Rosato AE. 2014. Ceftaroline is active against heteroresistant MRSA clinical strains despite associated mutational mechanisms and intermediate levels of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:5736-5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.03019-14.
19. Saravolatz SN, Martin H, Pawlak J, Johnson LB, Saravolatz LD. 2014. Ceftaroline-heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:3133-3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02685-13.
20. Rivera AM, Boucher HW. 2011. Current concepts in antimicrobial therapy against select gram-positive organisms: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant pneumococci, and vancomycinresistant enterococci. Mayo Clin Proc 86:1230-1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2011.0514.
21. Boucher H, Miller LG, Razonable RR. 2010. Serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 51(Suppl 2): S183-S197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/653519.
22. Selton-Suty C, Celard M, Le Moing V, Doco-Lecompte T, Chirouze C, Iung B, Strady C, Revest M, Vandenesch F, Bouvet A, Delahaye F, Alla F, Duval X, Hoen B. 2012. Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: a 1-year population-based survey. Clin Infect Dis 54:1230-1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis199.
23. Bae IG, Federspiel JJ, Miro JM, Woods CW, Park L, Rybak MJ, Rude TH, Bradley S, Bukovski S, de la Maria CG, Kanj SS, Korman TM, Marco F, Murdoch DR, Plesiat P, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Reinbott P, Steed L, Tattevin P, Tripodi MF, Newton KL, Corey GR, Fowler VG, Jr.2009. Heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility phenotype in bloodstream methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from an international cohort of patients with infective endocarditis: prevalence, genotype, and clinical significance. J Infect Dis 200:1355-1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/606027.
24. Song E, Jaishankar GB, Saleh H, Jithpratuck W, Sahni R, Krishnaswamy G. 2011. Chronic granulomatous disease: a review of the infectious and inflammatory complications. Clin Mol Allergy 9:10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-7961-9-10.
25. Yeaman MR, Filler SG, Chaili S, Barr K, Wang H, Kupferwasser D, Fu Y, Hennessey JP, Jr, Schmidt C, Edwards JE, Jr, Xiong YQ, Ibrahim AS.2014. Mechanisms of NDV-3 vaccine efficacy in MRSA skin versus invasive infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:E5555-E5563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415610111.
26. Matusiak L, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. 2014. Bacteriology of Hidradenitis suppurativa-which antibiotics are the treatment of choice? Acta Derm Venereol 94:699-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1841.
27. Wolk K, Warszawska K, Hoeflich C, Witte E, Schneider-Burrus S, Witte K, Kunz S, Buss A, Roewert HJ, Krause M, Lukowsky A, Volk HD, Sterry W, Sabat R. 2011. Deficiency of IL-22 contributes to a chronic inflammatory disease: pathogenetic mechanisms in acne inversa. J Immunol 186:1228-1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0903907.
28. Murphy AG, O'Keeffe KM, Lalor SJ, Maher BM, Mills KH, McLoughlin RM. 2014. Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice expands a population of memory γδT cells that are protective against subsequent infection. J Immunol 192:3697-3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1303420.
29. Cho JS, Pietras EM, Garcia NC, Ramos RI, Farzam DM, Monroe HR, Magorien JE, Blauvelt A, Kolls JK, Cheung AL, Cheng G, Modlin RL, Miller LS. 2010. IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 120:1762-1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI40891.
30. Kadurugamuwa JL, Sin L, Albert E, Yu J, Francis K, DeBoer M, Rubin M, Bellinger-Kawahara C, Parr TR, Jr, Contag PR, Jr. 2003. Direct continuous method for monitoring biofilm infection in a mouse model. Infect Immun 71:882-890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.2.882-890.2003.
31. DeLeo FR, Kennedy AD, Chen L, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Kobayashi SD, Mathema B, Braughton KR, Whitney AR, Villaruz AE, Martens CA, Porcella SF, McGavin MJ, Otto M, Musser JM, Kreiswirth BN. 2011. Molecular differentiation of historic phage-type 80/81 and contemporary epidemic Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:18091-18096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111084108.
32. Becker RE, Berube BJ, Sampedro GR, DeDent AC, Bubeck Wardenburg J.2014. Tissue-specific patterning of host innate immune responses by Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. J Innate Immun 6:619-631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360006.
33. Rauch S, DeDent AC, Kim HK, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O. 2012. Abscess formation and alpha-hemolysin induced toxicity in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus peritoneal infection. Infect Immun 80:3721-3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00442-12.
34. Voyich JM, Otto M, Mathema B, Braughton KR, Whitney AR, Welty D, Long RD, Dorward DW, Gardner DJ, Lina G, Kreiswirth BN, DeLeo FR. 2006. Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease? J Infect Dis 194:1761-1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/509506.
35. Ding Y, Onodera Y, Lee JC, Hooper DC. 2008. NorB, an efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus strain MW2, contributes to bacterial fitness in abscesses. J Bacteriol 190:7123-7129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00655-08.
36. Ahrens K, Schunck M, Podda GF, Meingassner J, Stuetz A, Schroder JM, Harder J, Proksch E. 2011. Mechanical and metabolic injury to the skin barrier leads to increased expression of murine beta-defensin-1,-3, and-14. J Invest Dermatol 131:443-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2010.289.
37. Liang SC, Tan XY, Luxenberg DP, Karim R, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Collins M, Fouser LA. 2006. Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides. J Exp Med 203:2271-2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20061308.
38. Doi K, Leelahavanichkul A, Yuen PS, Star RA. 2009. Animal models of sepsis and sepsis-induced kidney injury. J Clin Invest 119:2868-2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI39421.
39. Prabhakara R, Foreman O, De Pascalis R, Lee GM, Plaut RD, Kim SY, Stibitz S, Elkins KL, Merkel TJ. 2013. Epicutaneous model of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Infect Immun 81: 1306-1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01304-12.
40. Schmidt CS, White CJ, Ibrahim AS, Filler SG, Fu Y, Yeaman MR, Edwards JE, Jr, Hennessey JP, Jr. 2012. NDV-3, a recombinant alumadjuvanted vaccine for Candida and Staphylococcus aureus, is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. Vaccine 30:7594-7600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.038.
41. Cho KA, Suh JW, Lee KH, Kang JL, Woo SY. 2012. IL-17 and IL-22 enhance skin inflammation by stimulating the secretion of IL-1beta by keratinocytes via the ROS-NLRP3-caspase-1 pathway. Int Immunol 24: 147-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxr110.
42. Montgomery CP, Daniels M, Zhao F, Alegre ML, Chong AS, Daum RS.2014. Protective immunity against recurrent Staphylococcus aureus skin infection requires antibody and interleukin-17A. Infect Immun 82:2125-2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01491-14.
43. Toy D, Kugler D, Wolfson M, Vanden Bos T, Gurgel J, Derry J, Tocker J, Peschon J. 2006. Cutting edge: interleukin 17 signals through a heteromeric receptor complex. J Immunol 177:36-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.36.
44. Kitami S, Tanaka H, Kawato T, Tanabe N, Katono-Tani T, Zhang F, Suzuki N, Yonehara Y, Maeno M. 2010. IL-17A suppresses the expression of bone resorption-related proteinases and osteoclast differentiation via IL-17RA or IL-17RC receptors in RAW264.7 cells. Biochimie 92:398-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2009.12.011.
45. Bougarn S, Cunha P, Gilbert FB, Harmache A, Foucras G, Rainard P.2011. Staphylococcal-associated molecular patterns enhance expression of immune defense genes induced by IL-17 in mammary epithelial cells. Cytokine 56:749-759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.020.
46. Ge D, You Z. 2008. Expression of interleukin-17RC protein in normal human tissues. Int Arch Med 1:19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-1-19.
47. Rutz S, Wang X, Ouyang W. 2014. The IL-20 subfamily of cytokines-from host defence to tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 14:783-795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3766.
48. Duhen T, Geiger R, Jarrossay D, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. 2009. Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of human skin-homing memory T cells. Nat Immunol 10:857-863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.1767.
49. Wolk K, Witte E, Witte K, Warszawska K, Sabat R. 2010. Biology of interleukin-22. Semin Immunopathol 32:17-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-009-0188-x.
50. Johnston A, Gudjonsson JE. 2014. 22 again: IL-22 as a risk gene and important mediator in psoriasis. J Investig Dermatol 134:1501-1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.81.
51. Eyerich S, Eyerich K, Pennino D, Carbone T, Nasorri F, Pallotta S, Cianfarani F, Odorisio T, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Behrendt H, Durham SR, Schmidt-Weber CB, Cavani A. 2009. Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling. J Clin Invest 119:3573-3585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI40202.
52. Sa SM, Valdez PA, Wu J, Jung K, Zhong F, Hall L, Kasman I, Winer J, Modrusan Z, Danilenko DM, Ouyang W. 2007. The effects of IL-20 subfamily cytokines on reconstituted human epidermis suggest potential roles in cutaneous innate defense and pathogenic adaptive immunity in psoriasis. J Immunol 178:2229-2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2229.
53. McGee HM, Schmidt BA, Booth CJ, Yancopoulos GD, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Stevens S, Flavell RA, Horsley V. 2013. IL-22 promotes fibroblast-mediated wound repair in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 133: 1321-1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.463.
54. Guo X, Qiu J, Tu T, Yang X, Deng L, Anders RA, Zhou L, Fu YX. 2014. Induction of innate lymphoid cell-derived interleukin-22 by the transcription factor STAT3 mediates protection against intestinal infection. Immunity 40:25-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.021.
55. Damsker JM, Hansen AM, Caspi RR. 2010. Th1 and Th17 cells: adversaries and collaborators. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1183:211-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05133.x.
56. Luger D, Silver PB, Tang J, Cua D, Chen Z, Iwakura Y, Bowman EP, Sgambellone NM, Chan CC, Caspi RR. 2008. Either a Th17 or a Th1 effector response can drive autoimmunity: conditions of disease induction affect dominant effector category. J Exp Med 205:799-810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20071258.
57. Edwards SW, Say JE, Hughes V. 1988. Gamma interferon enhances the killing of Staphylococcus aureus by human neutrophils. J Gen Microbiol 134:37-42.
58. Brar DW, Borden EC, Proctor RA. 1993. Recombinant interferongamma preserves human granulocyte bactericidal and chemoluminescence activities. J Infect Dis 168:128-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/168.1.128.
59. King P, Bennett-Wood V, Hutchinson P, Robins-Browne R, Holmes P, Freezer N, Holdsworth S. 2009. Bactericidal activity of neutrophils with reduced oxidative burst from adults with bronchiectasis. APMIS 117:133-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00028.x.
60. Klebanoff SJ, Olszowski S, Van Voorhis WC, Ledbetter JA, Waltersdorph AM, Schlechte KG. 1992. Effects of gamma-interferon on human neutrophils: protection from deterioration on storage. Blood 80:225-234.
61. Onyeji CO, Nicolau DP, Nightingale CH, Bow L. 1999. Interferongamma effects on activities of gentamicin and vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis resistant to the drugs: an in vitro study with human neutrophils. Int J Antimicrob Agents 11:31-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(98)00085-5.
62. Morrison CJ, Brummer E, Stevens DA. 1989. In vivo activation of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils by gamma interferon results in enhanced fungal killing. Infect Immun 57:2953-2958.
63. Gaviria JM, van Burik JA, Dale DC, Root RK, Liles WC. 1999. Comparison of interferon-gamma, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for priming leukocyte-mediated hyphal damage of opportunistic fungal pathogens. J Infect Dis 179:1038-1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314679.
64. Colotta F, Re F, Polentarutti N, Sozzani S, Mantovani A. 1992. Modulation of granulocyte survival and programmed cell death by cytokines and bacterial products. Blood 80:2012-2020.
65. Keel M, Ungethum U, Steckholzer U, Niederer E, Hartung T, Trentz O, Ertel W. 1997. Interleukin-10 counterregulates proinflammatory cytokine-induced inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis during severe sepsis. Blood 90:3356-3363.
66. Ellis TN, Beaman BL. 2004. Interferon-gamma activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil function. Immunology 112:2-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01849.x.
67. Hegyi Z, Zwicker S, Bureik D, Peric M, Koglin S, Batycka-Baran A, Prinz JC, Ruzicka T, Schauber J, Wolf R. 2012. Vitamin D analog calcipotriol suppresses the Th17 cytokine-induced proinflammatory S100 "alarmins" psoriasin (S100A7) and koebnerisin (S100A15) in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 132:1416-1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.486.
68. Albanesi C, Fairchild HR, Madonna S, Scarponi C, De Pita O, Leung DY, Howell MD. 2007. IL-4 and IL-13 negatively regulate TNF-alphaand IFN-gamma-induced beta-defensin expression through STAT-6, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1, and SOCS-3. J Immunol 179: 984-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.984.