Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 126, Issue 3, 2015, Pages e12-e24

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENDECTIN; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; DOXYLAMINE; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GINGER EXTRACT; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; ONDANSETRON; PROMETHAZINE; PYRIDOXINE; ANTIEMETIC AGENT;

ACUPRESSURE; ACUPUNCTURE; ARTICLE; DIETARY INTAKE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH CARE COST; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; INCIDENCE; LABORATORY TEST; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MORNING SICKNESS; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREMATURITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIODIAGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REST; RISK FACTOR; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; ADULT; FEMALE; NAUSEA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VOMITING; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ANTIEMETICS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; MORNING SICKNESS; NAUSEA; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY TRIMESTER, FIRST; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VOMITING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84947339980     PISSN: 00297844     EISSN: 1873233X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001048     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Attard CL, Kohli MA, Coleman S, Bradley C, Hux M, Atanackovic G, et al. The burden of illness of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S220-7. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
2. Piwko C, Koren G, Babashov V, Vicente C, Einarson TR. Economic burden of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the USA. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 2013;20:e149-60. (Level III) [PubMed]
3. O'Brien B, Naber S. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: effects on the quality of women's lives. Birth 1992;19:138-43. (Level III) [PubMed]
4. Brent R. Medical, social, and legal implications of treating nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S262-6. (Level III) [PubMed]
5. Matthews A, Haas D. M., O'Mathúna DP, Dowswell T, Doyle M. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD007575. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD007575.pub3. (Meta-analysis) [PubMed] [Full Text]
6. Gadsby R, Barnie-Adshead AM, Jagger C. A prospective study of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy [published erratum appears in Br J Gen Pract 1993;43:325]. Br J Gen Pract 1993;43:245-8. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
7. Vellacott ID, Cooke EJ, James CE. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1988;27:57-62. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
8. Trogstad LI, Stoltenberg C, Magnus P, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM. Recurrence risk in hyperemesis gravidarum. BJOG 2005;112:1641-5. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
9. Klebanoff MA, Koslowe PA, Kaslow R, Rhoads GG. Epidemiology of vomiting in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:612-6. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
10. Gadsby R, Barnie-Adshead AM, Jagger C. Pregnancy nausea related to women's obstetric and personal histories. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1997;43:108-11. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
11. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH. Transient hyperthyroidism and hyperemesis gravidarum: clinical aspects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:648-52. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
12. Adams MM, Harlass FE, Sarno AP, Read JA, Rawlings JS. Antenatal hospitalization among enlisted servicewomen, 1987-1990. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:35-9. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
13. Gazmararian JA, Petersen R, Jamieson DJ, Schild L, Adams MM, Deshpande AD, et al. Hospitalizations during pregnancy among managed care enrollees. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:94-100. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
14. Rodien P, Bremont C, Sanson ML, Parma J, Van Sande J, Costagliola S, et al. Familial gestational hyperthyroidism caused by a mutant thyrotropin receptor hypersensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1823-6. (Level III) [PubMed] [Full Text]
15. Innes AM, Seargeant LE, Balachandra K, Roe CR, Wanders RJ, Ruiter JP, et al. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency presenting as maternal illness in pregnancy. Pediatr Res 2000;47:43-5. (Level III) [PubMed]
16. Simpson SW, Goodwin TM, Robins SB, Rizzo AA, Howes RA, Buckwalter DK, et al. Psychological factors and hyperemesis gravidarum. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:471-7. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
17. Flaxman SM, Sherman PW. Morning sickness: a mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. Q Rev Biol 2000;75:113-48. (Level III) [PubMed]
18. Buckwalter JG, Simpson SW. Psychological factors in the etiology and treatment of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S210-4. (Level III) [PubMed]
19. Bogen JT. Neurosis: a Ms-diagnosis. Perspect Biol Med 1994;37:263-74. (Level III) [PubMed]
20. Sherman PW, Flaxman SM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in an evolutionary perspective. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S190-7. (Level III) [PubMed]
21. Yoshimura M, Hershman JM. Thyrotropic action of human chorionic gonadotropin. Thyroid 1995;5:425-34. (Level III) [PubMed]
22. Bernstein L, Pike MC, Lobo RA, Depue RH, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Cigarette smoking in pregnancy results in marked decrease in maternal hCG and oestradiol levels. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:92-6. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
23. Depue RH, Bernstein L, Ross RK, Judd HL, Henderson BE. Hyperemesis gravidarum in relation to estradiol levels, pregnancy outcome, and other maternal factors: a seroepidemiologic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:1137-41. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
24. Goodwin TM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: an obstetric syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S184-9. (Level III) [PubMed]
25. Goldzieher JW, Moses LE, Averkin E, Scheel C, Taber BZ. A placebo-controlled double-blind crossover investigation of the side effects attributed to oral contraceptives. Fertil Steril 1971;22:609-23. (Level I) [PubMed]
26. Whitehead SA, Andrews PL, Chamberlain GV. Characterisation of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a survey of 1000 women. J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;12:364-9. (Level II-2)
27. Basso O, Olsen J. Sex ratio and twinning in women with hyperemesis or pre-eclampsia. Epidemiology 2001;12:747-9. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
28. Di Gangi S, Gizzo S, Patrelli TS, Saccardi C, D'Antona D, Nardelli GB. Wernicke's encephalopathy complicating hyperemesis gravidarum: from the background to the present. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:1499-504. (Level III) [PubMed] [Full Text]
29. Togay-Isikay C, Yigit A, Mutluer N. Wernicke's encephalopathy due to hyperemesis gravidarum: an under-recognised condition. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2001;41:453-6. (Level III) [PubMed]
30. Spruill SC, Kuller JA. Hyperemesis gravidarum complicated by Wernicke's encephalopathy. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:875-7. (Level III) [PubMed]
31. Kim YH, Lee SJ, Rah SH, Lee JH. Wernicke's encephalopathy in hyperemesis gravidarum. Can J Ophthalmol 2002;37:37-8. (Level III) [PubMed]
32. Eroglu A, Kurkcuoglu C, Karaoglanoglu N, Tekinbas C, Cesur M. Spontaneous esophageal rupture following severe vomiting in pregnancy. Dis Esophagus 2002;15:242-3. (Level III) [PubMed]
33. Liang SG, Ooka F, Santo A, Kaibara M. Pneumomediastinum following esophageal rupture associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2002;28:172-5. (Level III) [PubMed]
34. Nguyen N, Deitel M, Lacy E. Splenic avulsion in a pregnant patient with vomiting. Can J Surg 1995;38:464-5. (Level III) [PubMed]
35. Russo-Stieglitz KE, Levine AB, Wagner BA, Armenti VT. Pregnancy outcome in patients requiring parenteral nutrition. J Matern Fetal Med 1999;8:164-7. (Level III) [PubMed]
36. Katz VL, Farmer R, York J, Wilson JD. Mycobacterium chelonae sepsis associated with long-term use of an intravenous catheter for treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. A case report. J Reprod Med 2000;45:581-4. (Level III) [PubMed]
37. Lamm SH. The epidemiological assessment of the safety and efficacy of Bendectin. In: Koren G, Bishai R, editors. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: state of the art 2000. Toronto (ON): Motherisk; 2000. p. 100-3. (Level III)
38. Neutel CI, Johansen HL. Measuring drug effectiveness by default: the case of Bendectin. Can J Public Health 1995;86:66-70. (Level III) [PubMed]
39. Mazzotta P, Stewart D, Atanackovic G, Koren G, Magee LA. Psychosocial morbidity among women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: prevalence and association with anti-emetic therapy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2000;21:129-36. (Level II-3) [PubMed]
40. Jarnfelt-Samsioe A, Eriksson B, Waldenstrom J, Samsioe G. Some new aspects on emesis gravidarum. Relations to clinical data, serum electrolytes, total protein and creatinine. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1985;19:174-86. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
41. Weigel MM, Weigel RM. Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. An epidemiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:1304-11. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
42. Chin RK, Lao TT. Low birth weight and hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1988;28:179-83. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
43. Veenendaal MV, van Abeelen AF, Painter RC, van der Post JA, Roseboom TJ. Consequences of hyperemesis gravidarum for offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2011;118:1302-13. (Meta-analysis) [PubMed] [Full Text]
44. Temming L, Franco A, Istwan N, Rhea D, Desch C, Stanziano G, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:84-8. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
45. Czeizel AE, Dudas I, Fritz G, Tecsoi A, Hanck A, Kunovits G. The effect of periconceptional multivitamin-mineral supplementation on vertigo, nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1992;251:181-5. (Level I) [PubMed]
46. Emelianova S, Mazzotta P, Einarson A, Koren G. Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation. Clin Invest Med 1999;22:106-10. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
47. Bischoff SC, Renzer C. Nausea and nutrition. Auton Neurosci 2006;129:22-7. (Level III) [PubMed]
48. Power ML, Holzman GB, Schulkin J. A survey on the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy by obstetrician/gynecologists. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 2001;8:69-72. (Level III) [PubMed]
49. Jednak MA, Shadigian EM, Kim MS, Woods ML, Hooper FG, Owyang C, et al. Protein meals reduce nausea and gastric slow wave dysrhythmic activity in first trimester pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1999;277:G855-61. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
50. Vutyavanich T, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri R. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, doublemasked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:577-82. (Level I) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
51. Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N, Musekiwa A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J 2014;13:20. (Meta-analysis) [PubMed] [Full Text]
52. Roscoe JA, Matteson SE. Acupressure and acustimulation bands for control of nausea: a brief review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S244-7. (Level III) [PubMed]
53. Sahakian V, Rouse D, Sipes S, Rose N, Niebyl J. Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind placebocontrolled study. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:33-6. (Level I) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
54. Vutyavanich T, Wongtra-ngan S, Ruangsri R. Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:881-4. (Level I) [PubMed] [Full Text]
55. Slaughter SR, Hearns-Stokes R, van der Vlugt T, Joffe HV. FDA approval of doxylamine-pyridoxine therapy for use in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1081-3. (Level III) [PubMed] [Full Text]
56. Koren G, Clark S, Hankins GD, Caritis SN, Miodovnik M, Umans JG, et al. Effectiveness of delayed-release doxylamine and pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:571.e1-7. (Level I) [PubMed] [Full Text]
57. Geiger CJ, Fahrenbach DM, Healey FJ. Bendectin in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1959;14:688-90. (Level II-1) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
58. Wheatley D. Treatment of pregnancy sickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1977;84:444-7. (Level II-1) [PubMed]
59. McGuinness BW, Binns DT. 'Debendox' in pregnancy sickness. J R Coll Gen Pract 1971;21:500-3. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
60. McKeigue PM, Lamm SH, Linn S, Kutcher JS. Bendectin and birth defects: I. A meta-analysis of the epidemiologic studies. Teratology 1994;50:27-37. (Metaanalysis) [PubMed]
61. Maltepe C, Koren G. Preemptive treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013;2013:809787. (Level I) [PubMed] [Full Text]
62. Seto A, Einarson T, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to antihistamines: meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol 1997;14:119-24. (Metaanalysis) [PubMed]
63. Rumeau-Rouquette C, Goujard J, Huel G. Possible teratogenic effect of phenothiazines in human beings. Teratology 1977;15:57-64. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
64. Magee LA, Mazzotta P, Koren G. Evidence-based view of safety and effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S256-61. (Level III) [PubMed]
65. Aselton P, Jick H, Milunsky A, Hunter JR, Stergachis A. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:451-5. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
66. Mitchell AA, Schwingl PJ, Rosenberg L, Louik C, Shapiro S. Birth defects in relation to Bendectin use in pregnancy. II. Pyloric stenosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;147:737-42. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
67. Abas MN, Tan PC, Azmi N, Omar SZ. Ondansetron compared with metoclopramide for hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:1272-9. (Level I) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
68. Kashifard M, Basirat Z, Kashifard M, Golsorkhtabar-Amiri M, Moghaddamnia A. Ondansetrone or metoclopromide? Which is more effective in severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy? A randomized trial doubleblind study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2013;40:127-30. (Level I) [PubMed]
69. Oliveira LG, Capp SM, You WB, Riffenburgh RH, Carstairs SD. Ondansetron compared with doxylamine and pyridoxine for treatment of nausea in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:735-42. (Level I) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
70. Reichmann JP, Kirkbride MS. Reviewing the evidence for using continuous subcutaneous metoclopramide and ondansetron to treat nausea & vomiting during pregnancy. Manag Care 2012;21:44-7. (Level III) [PubMed] [Full Text]
71. Klauser CK, Fox NS, Istwan N, Rhea D, Rebarber A, Desch C, et al. Treatment of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with subcutaneous medications. Am J Perinatol 2011;28:715-21. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
72. Pasternak B, Svanstrom H, Hviid A. Ondansetron in pregnancy and risk of adverse fetal outcomes [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 2013;368:2146]. N Engl J Med 2013;368:814-23. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
73. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: updated information on 32 mg intravenous ondansetron (Zofran) dose and pre-mixed ondansetron products. Silver Spring (MD): FDA; 2012. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm330049.htm. Retrieved May 11, 2015. (Level III)
74. Freedman SB, Uleryk E, Rumantir M, Finkelstein Y. Ondansetron and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias: a systematic review and postmarketing analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2014;64:19-25. e6. (Level III) [PubMed]
75. Kao LW, Kirk MA, Evers SJ, Rosenfeld SH. Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence? Ann Emerg Med 2003;41:546-58. (Level III) [PubMed]
76. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Inapsine (droperidol) dear healthcare professional letter Dec. 2001. Silver Spring (MD): FDA; 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm173778. htm. Retrieved July 29, 2015. (Level III)
77. Anderka M, Mitchell AA, Louik C, Werler MM, Hernandez-Diaz S, Rasmussen SA. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2012;94:22-30. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
78. Danielsson B, Wikner BN, Kallen B. Use of ondansetron during pregnancy and congenital malformations in the infant. Reprod Toxicol 2014;50:134-7. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
79. Einarson A, Maltepe C, Navioz Y, Kennedy D, Tan MP, Koren G. The safety of ondansetron for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a prospective comparative study. BJOG 2004;111:940-3. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
80. Safari HR, Fassett MJ, Souter IC, Alsulyman OM, Goodwin TM. The efficacy of methylprednisolone in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:921-4. (Level I) [PubMed]
81. Yost NP, McIntire DD, Wians FH Jr, Ramin SM, Balko JA, Leveno KJ. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids for hyperemesis due to pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1250-4. (Level I) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
82. Carmichael SL, Shaw GM. Maternal corticosteroid use and risk of selected congenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet 1999;86:242-4. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
83. Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000;62:385-92. (Meta-analysis) [PubMed]
84. Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Martinez-Frias ML. Corticosteroids during pregnancy and oral clefts: a case-control study. Teratology 1998;58:2-5. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
85. Shepard TH, Brent RL, Friedman JM, Jones KL, Miller RK, Moore CA, et al. Update on new developments in the study of human teratogens. Teratology 2002;65:153-61. (Level III) [PubMed]
86. Niemeijer MN, Grooten IJ, Vos N, Bais JM, van der Post JA, Mol BW, et al. Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:150. e1-150.15. (Meta-analysis) [PubMed] [Full Text]
87. Kallen BA. Use of omeprazole during pregnancy-no hazard demonstrated in 955 infants exposed during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;96:63-8. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
88. Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Cattaruzzi C, Troncon MG, Agostinis L, Wallander MA, et al. Use of cimetidine, omeprazole, and ranitidine in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:476-81. (Level II-2) [PubMed] [Full Text]
89. Jacoby EB, Porter KB. Helicobacter pylori infection and persistent hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Perinatol 1999;16:85-8. (Level III) [PubMed]
90. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH, Pekary AE, Hershman JM. The role of chorionic gonadotropin in transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:1333-7. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
91. Rosenthal FD, Jones C, Lewis SI. Thyrotoxic vomiting. Br Med J 1976;2:209-11. (Level III) [PubMed] [Full Text]
92. Giugale LE, Young OM, Streitman DC. Iatrogenic Wernicke encephalopathy in a patient with severe hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:1150-2. (Level III) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
93. Hsu JJ, Clark-Glena R, Nelson DK, Kim CH. Nasogastric enteral feeding in the management of hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:343-6. (Level III) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
94. Holmgren C, Aagaard-Tillery KM, Silver RM, Porter TF, Varner M. Hyperemesis in pregnancy: an evaluation of treatment strategies with maternal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:56. e1-4. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
95. Stokke G, Gjelsvik BL, Flaatten KT, Birkeland E, Flaatten H, Trovik J. Hyperemesis gravidarum, nutritional treatment by nasogastric tube feeding: a 10-year retrospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94:359-67. (Level II-3) [PubMed] [Full Text]
96. Folk JJ, Leslie-Brown HF, Nosovitch JT, Silverman RK, Aubry RH. Hyperemesis gravidarum: outcomes and complications with and without total parenteral nutrition. J Reprod Med 2004;49:497-502. (Level II-3) [PubMed]
97. Greenspoon JS, Masaki DI, Kurz CR. Cardiac tamponade in pregnancy during central hyperalimentation. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:465-6. (Level III) [PubMed]
98. Zibell-Frisk D, Jen KL, Rick J. Use of parenteral nutrition to maintain adequate nutritional status in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Perinatol 1990;10:390-5. (Level II-2) [PubMed]
99. Greenspoon JS, Rosen DJ, Ault M. Use of the peripherally inserted central catheter for parenteral nutrition during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:831-4. (Level III) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
100. Ogura JM, Francois KE, Perlow JH, Elliott JP. Complications associated with peripherally inserted central catheter use during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1223-5. (Level III) [PubMed] [Full Text]
101. Paranyuk Y, Levine G, Figueroa R. Candida septicemia in a pregnant woman with hyperemesis receiving parenteral nutrition. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:535-7. (Level III) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
102. Cape AV, Mogensen KM, Robinson MK, Carusi DA. Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) complications during pregnancy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014;38:595-601. (Level II-3) [PubMed]
103. McCarthy FP, Murphy A, Khashan AS, McElroy B, Spillane N, Marchocki Z, et al. Day care compared with inpatient management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:743-8. (Level I) [PubMed] [Obstetrics & Gynecology]
104. McCormack D. Hypnosis for hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;30:647-53. (Level III) [PubMed] [Full Text]
105. Madrid A, Giovannoli R, Wolfe M. Treating persistent nausea of pregnancy with hypnosis: four cases. Am J Clin Hypn 2011;54:107-15. (Level III) [PubMed]
106. Simon EP, Schwartz J. Medical hypnosis for hyperemesis gravidarum. Birth 1999;26:248-54. (Level III) [PubMed]