Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia among acutely febrile children in western Kenya

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 93, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 1087-1091

  Pavlinac, Patricia B ^a,b,c,d   Naulikha, Jaqueline M ^a,b,c,d   John Stewart, Grace C ^a,b,c,d   Onchiri, Frankline M ^a,b,c,d   Okumu, Albert O ^a,b,c,d   Sitati, Ruth R ^a,b,c,d   Cranmer, Lisa M ^a,b,c,d   Lokken, Erica M ^a,b,c,d   Singa, Benson O ^a,b,c,d   Walson, Judd L ^a,b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

^d CHILDREN'S HEALTHCARE OF ATLANTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ISONIAZID;

AGE; ARTICLE; AXILLA TEMPERATURE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BCG VACCINATION; BLOOD CULTURE; BLOOD SAMPLING; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; CHILD; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; FEVER; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MALNUTRITION; MYCOBACTERIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; SCORING SYSTEM; VACCINATION REACTION; COMPLICATION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFANT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; KENYA; TUBERCULOSIS;

BACTEREMIA; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; FEVER; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; KENYA; MALE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PREVALENCE; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84946781899     PISSN: 00029637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0365     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Murray CJ, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, Lim SS, Wolock TM, Roberts DA, Dansereau EA, Graetz N, Barber RM, Brown JC, Wang H, Duber HC, Naghavi M, Dicker D, Dandona L, Salomon JA, Heuton KR, Foreman K, Phillips DE, Fleming TD, Flaxman AD, Phillips BK, Johnson EK, Coggeshall MS, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Achoki T, Adeyemo AO, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alasfoor D, Albittar MI, Alcala-Cerra G, Alegretti MA, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alla F, Allen PJ, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Anderson BO, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlov J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Abdulhak AB, Binagwaho A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Brainin M, Breitborde N, Castaneda-Orjuela CA, Catala-Lopez F, Chadha VK, Chang JC, Chiang PP, Chuang TW, Colomar M, Cooper LT, Cooper C, Courville KJ, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Dandona R, Dayama A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn M, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Driscoll TR, Durrani AM, Ellenbogen RG, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fijabi DO, Forouzanfar MH, Fra Paleo U, Gaffikin L, Gamkrelidze A, Gankpé FG, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Gibney KB, Ginawi IA, Glaser EL, Gona P, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Haro JM, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Hedayati MT, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hornberger JC, Hosgood HD, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Huang JJ, Iburg KM, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Jacobsen KH, Jeemon P, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kan H, Kankindi I, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Khonelidze I, Kinfu Y, Kinge JM, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni VS, Kulkarni C, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kumar GA, Kwan GF, Lai T, Balaji AL, Lam H, Lan Q, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li Y, Li Y, De Lima GM, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, Lotufo PA, Machado VM, Maclachlan JH, Magis-Rodriguez C, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Masci JR, Mashal MT, Mason-Jones AJ, Mayosi BM, Mazorodze TT, Mckay AC, Meaney PA, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mohammad KA, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, Montico M, Moore AR, Mori R, Moturi WN, Mukaigawara M, Murthy KS, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Naldi L, Nangia V, Narayan KM, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nowaseb V, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pervaiz A, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quezada AD, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Razavi H, Reilly RQ, Remuzzi G, Richardus JH, Ronfani L, Roy N, Sabin N, Saeedi MY, Sahraian MA, Samonte GM, Sawhney M, Schneider IJ, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Shivakoti R, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Simard EP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soneji S, Soshnikov SS, Sreeramareddy CT, Stathopoulou VK, Stroumpoulis K, Swaminathan S, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thomson AJ, Thorne-Lyman AL, Towbin JA, Traebert J, Tran BX, Dimbuene ZT, Tsilimbaris M, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Uzun SB, Vallely AJ, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Waller S, Wallin MT, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG,Westerman R,White RA,Wilkinson JD,Williams TN, Woldeyohannes SM, Wong JQ, Xu G, Yang YC, Yano Y, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis M, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zou XN, Lopez AD, Vos T, 2014. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384: 1005-1070.
2. Jenkins HE, Tolman AW, Yuen CM, Parr JB, Keshavjee S, Perez-Velez CM, Pagano M, Becerra MC, Cohen T, 2014. Incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis disease in children: systematic review and global estimates. Lancet 383: 1572-1579.
3. Stop TB Partnership Childhood TB Subgroup World Health Organizaiton, 2006. Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. Chapter 1: introduction and diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10: 1091-1097.
4. Marais BJ, 2011. Childhood tuberculosis: epidemiology and natural history of disease. Indian J Pediatr 78: 321-327.
5. Archibald LK, den Dulk MO, Pallangyo KJ, Reller LB, 1998. Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infections in febrile hospitalized adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 26: 290-296.
6. Gilks CF, Brindle RJ, Mwachari C, Batchelor B, Bwayo J, Kimari J, Arbeit RD, von Reyn CF, 1995. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection among HIV-infected patients in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 8: 195-198.
7. Arthur G, Nduba VN, Kariuki SM, Kimari J, Bhatt SM, Gilks CF, 2001. Trends in bloodstream infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults admitted to a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, during the last decade. Clin Infect Dis 33: 248-256.
8. Bell M, Archibald LK, Nwanyanwu O, Dobbie H, Tokars J, Kazembe PN, Reller LB, Jarvis WR, 2001. Seasonal variation in the etiology of bloodstream infections in a febrile inpatient population in a developing country. Int J Infect Dis 5: 63-69.
9. Crump JA, Ramadhani HO, Morrissey AB, Saganda W, Mwako MS, Yang LY, Chow SC, Njau BN, Mushi GS, Maro VP, Reller LB, Bartlett JA, 2012. Bacteremic disseminated tuberculosis in sub-saharan Africa: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 55: 242-250.
10. Jacob ST, Pavlinac PB, Nakiyingi L, Banura P, Baeten JM, Morgan K, Magaret A, Manabe Y, Reynolds SJ, Liles WC, Wald A, Joloba ML, Mayanja-Kizza H, Scheld WM, 2013. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia in a cohort of HIV-infected patients hospitalized with severe sepsis in Uganda-high frequency, low clinical suspicion [corrected] and derivation of a clinical prediction score. PLoS One 8: e70305.
11. Ssali FN, Kamya MR, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kasasa S, Joloba M, Williams D, Mugerwa RD, Ellner JJ, Johnson JL, 1998. A prospective study of community-acquired bloodstream infections among febrile adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 19: 484-489.
12. Crump JA, Wu X, Kendall MA, Ive PD, Kumwenda JJ, Grinsztejn B, Jentsch U, Swindells S, 2015. Predictors and outcomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia among patients with HIV and tuberculosis co-infection enrolled in the ACTG A5221 STRIDE study. BMC Infect Dis 15: 12.
13. Gray KD, Cunningham CK, Clifton DC, Afwamba IA, Mushi GS, Msuya LJ, Crump JA, Buchanan AM, 2013. Prevalence of mycobacteremia among HIV-infected infants and children in northern Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32: 754-756.
14. Archibald LK, Kazembe PN, Nwanyanwu O, Mwansambo C, Reller LB, Jarvis WR, 2003. Epidemiology of bloodstream infections in a bacille Calmette-Guerin-vaccinated pediatric population in Malawi. J Infect Dis 188: 202-208.
15. Waddell RD, Lishimpi K, von Reyn CF, Chintu C, Baboo KS, Kreiswirth B, Talbot EA, Karagas MR, Dartmouth UUCSG, 2001. Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) among HIV-positive children and adults in Zambia. AIDS 15: 55-60.
16. National AIDS, Control Programme STI (NASCOP), 2014. Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012: Final Report. Nairobi, Kenya: NASCOP.
17. van't Hoog AH, Laserson KF, Githui WA, Meme HK, Agaya JA, Odeny LO, Muchiri BG, Marston BJ, DeCock KM, Borgdorff MW, 2011. High prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and inadequate case finding in rural western Kenya. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183: 1245-1253.
18. Lee LH, LeVea CM, Graman PS, 1998. Congenital tuberculosis in a neonatal intensive care unit: case report, epidemiological investigation, and management of exposures. Clin Infect Dis 27: 474-477.
19. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Indexfor-Age: Methods and Development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 312. Available at: http://www. who. int/child growth/publications/en/).
20. Onchiri FM, Pavlinac PB, Singa BO, Naulikha JM, Odundo EA, Farquhar C, Richardson BA, John-Stewart G, Walson JL, 2015. Low bacteremia prevalence among febrile children in areas of differing malaria transmission in rural Kenya: a crosssectional study. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc (Published online ahead of print). doi:10. 1093/jpids/piv043.
21. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2013. Nyanza Province Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, Final Report. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
22. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Tuberculosis in Specific Populations-Children. Available at: http://www. cdc . gov/tb/topic/populations/tbinchildren/default. htm.
23. Isaacman DJ, Karasic RB, Reynolds EA, Kost SI, 1996. Effect of number of blood cultures and volume of blood on detection of bacteremia in children. J Pediatr 128: 190-195.
24. Cockerill FR 3rd, Wilson JW, Vetter EA, Goodman KM, Torgerson CA, Harmsen WS, Schleck CD, Ilstrup DM, Washington JA 2nd, Wilson WR, 2004. Optimal testing parameters for blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis 38: 1724-1730.
25. Heysell SK, Thomas TA, Gandhi NR, Moll AP, Eksteen FJ, Coovadia Y, Roux L, Babaria P, Lalloo U, Friedland G, Shah S, 2010. Blood cultures for the diagnosis of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients from rural South Africa: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 10: 344.
26. Bacha HA, Cimerman S, de Souza SA, Hadad DJ, Mendes CM, 2004. Prevalence of mycobacteremia in patients with AIDS and persistant fever. Braz J Infect Dis 8: 290-295.
27. Graham SM, Ahmed T, Amanullah F, Browning R, Cardenas V, Casenghi M, Cuevas LE, Gale M, Gie RP, Grzemska M, Handelsman E, Hatherill M, Hesseling AC, Jean-Philippe P, Kampmann B, Kabra SK, Lienhardt C, Lighter-Fisher J, Madhi S, Makhene M, Marais BJ, McNeeley DF, Menzies H, Mitchell C, Modi S, Mofenson L, Musoke P, Nachman S, Powell C, Rigaud M, Rouzier V, Starke JR, Swaminathan S, Wingfield C, 2012. Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostics in children: 1 Proposed clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis disease. Consensus from an expert panel. J Infect Dis 205 (Suppl 2): S199-S208.
28. Dubey A, Gwal R, Agrawal S, 2013. Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection in blood using multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 17: 1341-1345.
29. Rebollo MJ, San Juan Garrido R, Folgueira D, Palenque E, Diaz-Pedroche C, Lumbreras C, Aguado JM, 2006. Blood and urine samples as useful sources for the direct detection of tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 56: 141-146.
30. Feasey NA, Banada PP, Howson W, Sloan DJ, Mdolo A, Boehme C, Chipungu GA, Allain TJ, Heyderman RS, Corbett EL, Alland D, 2013. Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF for detection of tuberculosis from blood samples of HIVinfected adults confirms Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia as an indicator of poor prognosis. J Clin Microbiol 51: 2311-2316.
31. Colditz GA, Berkey CS, Mosteller F, Brewer TF, Wilson ME, Burdick E, Fineberg HV, 1995. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 96: 29-35.
32. Rodrigues LC, Diwan VK, Wheeler JG, 1993. Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 22: 1154-1158.
33. Cohn DL, 1997. Use of the bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination for the prevention of tuberculosis: renewed interest in an old vaccine. Am J Med Sci 313: 372-376.
34. Trunz BB, Fine P, Dye C, 2006. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet 367: 1173-1180.
35. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Lombard C, Enarson DA, Beyers N, 2006. A refined symptom-based approach to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics 118: e1350-e1359.
36. Mwinga A, 2005. Challenges and hope for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in infants and young children. Lancet 365: 97-98.
37. Dodd PJ, Gardiner E, Coghlan R, Seddon JA, 2014. Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2: e453-e459.