Epidemiology of bloodstream infections in a bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated pediatric population in Malawi

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 188, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 202-208

  Archibald, Lennox K ^a,e   Kazembe, Peter N ^c   Nwanyanwu, Okey ^d,f   Mwansambo, Charles ^c   Reller, L Barth ^b   Jarvis, William R ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Lilongwe Central Hospital   (Malawi)

^d U States Agy for Intl Development   (Malawi)

^e Regeneration Technologies Inc   (United States)

^f US Agy for Intl Devmt/Mozambique   (Mozambique)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ALGORITHM; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BCG VACCINATION; BLOOD CULTURE; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; MALNUTRITION; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALMONELLA; SEPSIS;

ADOLESCENT; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; BACTEREMIA; BCG VACCINE; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; FUNGEMIA; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INFANT; MALARIA; MALAWI; MALE; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; NUTRITION DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SEPSIS;

EID: 0041814655     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/376507     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Walsh AL, Phiri AJ, Graham SM, Molyneux EM, Molyneux ME. Bacteremia in febrile Malawian children: clinical and microbiologic features. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:312-8.
2. Mulholland EK, Ogunlesi OO, Adegbola RA, et al. Etiology of serious infections in young Gambian infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18(Suppl): S35-41.
3. WHO Young Infants Study Group. Clinical prediction of serious bacterial infections in young infants in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18(Suppl):S23-31.
4. Westwood AT, Eley BS, Gilbert RD, Hanslo D. Bacterial infection in children with HIV: a prospective study from Cape Town, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 2000; 20:193-8.
5. Nathoo KJ, Chigonde S, Nhembe M, Ali MH, Mason PR. Community-acquired bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Harare, Zimbabwe. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:1092-7.
6. Berkowitz FE. Bacteremia in hospitalized black South African children: a one-year study emphasizing nosocomial bacteremia and bacteremia in severely malnourished children. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138:551-6.
7. Alausa KO, Montefiore D, Sogbetun AO, et al. Septicaemia in the tropics: a prospective epidemiological study of 146 patients with a high case fatality rate. Scand J Infect Dis 1977; 9:181-5.
8. Archibald LK, den Dulk MO, Pallangvo KJ, Reller LB. Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infections in febrile hospitalized adults in Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:290-6.
9. Archibald LK, McDonald LC, Nwanyanwu O, et al. A hospital-based prevalence survey of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Malawi: implications for diagnosis and therapy. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:1414-20.
10. Bell M, Archibald LK, Nwanyanwu O, et al. Seasonal variation in the etiology of bloodstream infections in a febrile inpatient population in a developing country. Int J Infect Dis 2001; 5:63-9.
11. Ssali FN, Kamya MR, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. A prospective study of community-acquired bloodstream infections among febrile adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 19:484-9.
12. Archibald LK, Dobbie H, Kazembe P, et al. Utility of paired BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC blood culture vials for the detection of bacteremia, mycobacteremia, and fungemia. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1960-2.
13. Archibald LK, McDonald LC, Addison RM, et al. Comparison of BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC and WAMPOLE ISOLATOR 10 (lysis-centrifugation) systems for detection of bacteremia, mycobacteremia, and fungemia in a developing country. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2994-7.
14. Archibald LK, Nwanyanwu O, Kazembe PN, et al. Detection of bloodstream pathogens in a bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated pediatric population in Malawi: a pilot study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:234-8.
15. Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Murphy JR, Lichtenstein KA. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures: a comprehensive analysis of 500 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. I. Laboratory and epidemiologic observations. Rev Infect Dis 1983; 5:35-53.
16. Dean AG, Dean JA, Colulombier D, et al. Epi Info (version 6.03): a word processing, database, and statistics program for epidemiology on microcomputers. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995.
17. SAS Institute. SAS statistical software for personal computers, Cary, NC: SAS Institute, 2002.
18. Cohn DL. Use of the bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination for the prevention of tuberculosis: renewed interest in an old vaccine. Am J Med Sci 1997; 313:372-6.
19. Talbot EA, Perkins MD, Silva SF, Frothingham R. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin disease after vaccination: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1139-46.
20. Rosenfeldt V, Paerregaard A, Valerius NH. Disseminated infection with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in a child with advanced HIV disease. Scand J Infect Dis 1997; 29:526-7.
21. Raton JA, Pocheville I, Vicente JM, et al. Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection in an HIV-infected child: a case with cutaneous lesions. Pediatr Dermatol 1997; 14:365-8.
22. Edwards KM, Kernodle DS. Possible hazards of routine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunization in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:836-8.
23. Waddell RD, Lishimpi K, von Reyn CF, et al. Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) among HIV-positive children and adults in Zambia. Dartmouth/UCLMS/UNZA Collaborative Study Group. AIDS 2001; 15:55-60.
24. Besnard M, Sauvion S, Offredo C, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12:993-7.
25. Gonzalez B, Moreno S, Burdach R, et al. Clinical presentation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infections in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8:201-6.
26. Centers for Disease Control. BCG vaccination and pediatric HIV infection - Rwanda, 1988-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991; 40:833-6.
27. World Health Organization (WHO). Expanded program on immunization. Childhood tuberculosis and BCG vaccine. Geneva: WHO, 1989.
28. Musoke RN, Revathi G. Emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms in a neonatal unit and the therapeutic implications. J Trop Pediatr 2000; 46:86-91.
29. Lepage P, Bogaerts J, Van Goethem C, et al. Community-acquired bacteremia in African children. Lancet 1987; 1:1458-61.
30. O'Dempsey TJ, McArdle TF, Lloyd-Evans N, et al. Importance of enteric bacteria as a cause of pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia among children in a rural community in The Gambia, West Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:122-8.
31. Graham SM, Walsh AL, Molyneux EM, Phiri AJ, Molyneux ME. Clinical presentation of non-typhoidal salmonella bacteremia in Malawian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94:310-4.
32. Wolf BH, Ikeogu MO, Vos ET. Effect of nutritional and HIV status on bacteremia in Zimbabwean children who died at home. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154:299-303.
33. Reed RP, Wegerhoff FO, Rothberg AD. Bacteraemia in malnourished rural African children. Ann Trop Paediatr 1996; 16:61-8.