Effective Density and Volatility of Particles Emitted from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and Implications for Particle Mass Measurement

Aerosol Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 1051-1062

  Momenimovahed, A ^a   Olfert, J S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; DIRECT INJECTION; DYNAMOMETERS; MIXING; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER); SIZE DISTRIBUTION; VEHICLES;

CENTRIFUGAL PARTICLE MASS ANALYZERS; CHASSIS DYNAMOMETERS; EXHAUST PARTICULATES; GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION; MASS CONCENTRATION; STEADY-STATE OPERATING CONDITIONS; TANDEM DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZERS; VEHICLE OPERATIONS;

GASOLINE;

GASOLINE; VOLATILE AGENT;

AEROSOL; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ANALYZER; ARTICLE; CENTRIFUGAL PARTICLE MASS ANALYZER; DENSITY; DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZER; DYNAMOMETER; EXHAUST GAS; GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MOTOR VEHICLE; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STEADY STATE; TEMPERATURE; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 84946720201     PISSN: 02786826     EISSN: 15217388     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1094181     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Albrecht, B. A. (1989). Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness. Science, 245(4923):1227-1230.
2. Awasthi, A., Wu, B. S., Liu, C. N., Chen, C. W., Uang, S. N., and Tsai, C. J. (2013). The Effect of Nanoparticle Morphology on the Measurement Accuracy of Mobility Particle Sizers. Journal of Metrology Society of India, 28(3):205-215.
3. Balasubramanian, S. K., Jittiwat, J., Manikandan, J., Ong, C. N., Yu, L. E., and Ong, W. Y. (2010). Biodistribution of Gold Nanoparticles and Gene Expression Changes in the Liver and Spleen After Intravenous Administration in Rats. Biomaterials, 31:2034-2042.
4. Barone, T. L., Lall, A. A., Storey, J. M. E., Mulholland, G. W., Prikhodko, V. Y., Frankland, J. H., Parks, J. E., and Zachariah, M. R. (2011). Size-Resolved Density Measurements of Particle Emissions from an Advanced Combustion Diesel Engine: Effect of Aggregate Morphology. J. Energy Fuels, 25:1978-1988.
5. Barone, T. L., Storey, J. M. E., Youngquist, A. D., and Szybist, J. P. (2012). An analysis of Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) Soot Morphology. Atmos. Environ., 49:268-274.
6. Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster, P., Kerminen, V. M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S. K., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X.. Y. (2013). Clouds and Aerosols, in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
7. CARB, 2011. Appendix P: LEV III PM technical support document-Development of particulate matter mass standards for future lightduty vehicles. Prepared by California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA. http://www. arb. ca. gov/regact/2012/leviiighg2012/levappp. Pdf. Accessed 28 March 2015.
8. Chase, R. E., Duszkiewicz, G. J., Richert, J. F. O., Lewis, D., Maricq, M. M., and Xu, N. (2004). PM Measurement Artifact: Organic Vapor Deposition on Different Filter Media. SAE Technical Paper No. 2004-01-0967.
9. Chen, L., Braisher, M., Crossley, A., Stone, R., and Richardson, D. (2010). The Influence of Ethanol Blends on Particulate Matter Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Engines. SAE Technical Paper No. 2010-01-0793.
10. Dastanpour, R., and Rogak, S. N. (2014). Observations of a Correlation Between Primary Particle and Aggregate Size for Soot Particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 48:1043-1049.
11. Ehara, K., Hagwood, C., and Coakley, K. J. (1996). Novel method to classify aerosol particles according to their mass-to-charge ratio-Aerosol particle mass analyser. J. Aerosol Sci., 27(2):217-234.
12. Ghazi, R., Tjong, H., Soewono, A., Rogak, S. N., and Olfert, J. S. (2013). Mass, Mobility, Volatility, and Morphology of Soot Particles Generated by a McKenna and Inverted Burner. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 47:395-405.
13. Giordano, M., Espinoza, C., and Asa-Awuku, A. (2015). Experimentally Measured Morphology of Biomass Burning Aerosol and its Impacts on CCN Ability. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15(4):1807-1821.
14. Graves, B., Olfert, J., Patychuk, B., Dastanpour, R., and Rogak, S. (2015). Characterization of Particulate Matter Morphology and Volatility from a Compression-Ignition Natural-Gas Direct-Injection Engine. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 49:589-598.
15. Gu, X., Huang, Z., Cai, J., Gong, J., Wu, X., and Lee, C. (2012). Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with Gasoline-n-butanol Blends in Combination with EGR. Fuel, 93:611-617.
16. Harris, S. J., and Maricq, M. M. (2001). Signature Size Distributions for Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhaust Particulate Matter. Aerosol Sci., 32:749-764.
17. Hassan, M. S., and Lau, R. W. M. (2009). Effect of Particle Shape on Dry Particle Inhalation: Study of Flowability, Aerosolization, and Deposition Properties. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 10(4):1252-1262.
18. He, X., Ratcliff, M. A., and Zigler, B. T. (2012). Effects of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Operating Parameters on Particle Number Emissions. J. Energy Fuels, 26:2014-2027.
19. Hedge, M., Weber, P., Gingrich, J., Alger, T., and Khalek, I. (2011). Effect of EGR on Particle Emissions from a GDI Engine. SAE Technical Paper No. 2011-01-0636.
20. Johnson, T. J., Symonds, J. P. R., and Olfert, J. S. (2013). Mass-Mobility Measurements Using a Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer and Differential Mobility Spectrometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 47:1215-1225.
21. Khalek, I. A., Bougher, T., and Jetter, J. J. (2010). Particle Emissions from a 2009 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Different Commercially Available Fuels. SAE Technical Paper No. 2010-01-2117.
22. Kim, Y. [Yongha], Kim, Y. [Youngjae], Kang, J., Jun, S., Rew, S., and Lee, D. (2013). Fuel Effect on Particle Emissions of a Direct Injection Engine. SAE International Paper 2013-01-1559. Doi: 10. 4271/2013-01-1559
23. Kinney, P. D., Pui, D. Y. H., Mulholland, G. W., and Bryner, N. P. (1991). Use of the Electrical Classification Method to Size 0. 1 mm SRM Particles-A Feasibility Study. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stan. Technol., 96:147-176.
24. Lee, K. O., Seong, H., Sakai, S., Hageman, M., and Rothamer, D. (2013). Detailed Morphological Properties of Nanoparticles from Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Combustion of Ethanol Blends. SAE Technical Paper No. 2013-24-0185.
25. Liu, Z., Swanson, J., Kittelson, D. B., and Pui, D. Y. H. (2012). Comparison of Methods for Online Measurement of Diesel Particulate Matter. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46:6127-6133.
26. Liu, Z. G., Vasys, V. N., Dettmann, M. E., Schauer, J. J., Kittelson, D. B., and Swanson, J. (2009). Comparison of Strategies for the Measurement of Mass Emissions from Diesel Engines Emitting Ultra-Low Levels of Particulate Matter. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43:1142-1152.
27. Mamakos, A. (2011). Feasibility of Introducing Particulate Filters on Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports. Eur. Comm. Report EUR 25297 EN.
28. Maricq, M. M., Podsiadlik, D. H., Brehob, D. D., and Haghgooie, M. (1999). Particulate Emissions from a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) Engine. SAE Technical Paper No. 1999-01-1530.
29. Maricq, M. M., and Xu, N. (2004). The Effective Density and Fractal Dimension of Soot Particles from Premixed Flames and Motor Vehicle Exhaust. J. Aerosol Sci., 35:1251-1274.
30. Mathis, U., Mohr, M., and Forss, A. M. (2005). Comprehensive Particle Characterization of Modern Gasoline and Diesel Passenger Cars at Low Ambient Temperatures. Atmos. Environ., 39:107-117.
31. Momenimovahed, A., Checkel, D., and Olfert, J. (2015). Particle Number Emission Factors and Volatile Fraction of Particles Emitted from On-road Gasoline Direct Injection Passenger Vehicles. Atmos. Environ., 102: 105-111.
32. Ntziachristos, L., Amanatidis, S., Samaras, Z., Giechaskiel, B., and Bergmann, A. (2013). Use of a Catalytic Stripper as an Alternative to the Original PMP Measurement Protocol. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubricants, 6(2):532-541.
33. Olfert, J. S., and Collings, N. (2005). New Method for Particle Mass Classification-the Couette Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer. J. Aerosol Sci., 36:1338-1352.
34. Olfert, J. S., Symonds, J. P. R., and Collings, N. (2007). The Effective Density and Fractal Dimension of Particles Emitted from a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst. J. Aerosol Sci., 38:69-82.
35. Park, K., Cao, F., Kittelson, D. B., and McMurry, P. H. (2003). Relationship Between Particle Mass and Mobility for Diesel Exhaust Particles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37:577-583.
36. Park, K., Kittelson, D. B., and McMurry, P. H. (2003). A Closure Study of Aerosol Mass Concentration Measurements: Comparison of Values Obtained with Filters and by Direct Measurements of Mass Distributions. Atmos. Environ., 37:1223-1230.
37. Price, P., Stone, R., OudeNijeweme, D., and Chen, X. (2007). Cold Start Particulate Emissions from a Second Generation DI Gasoline Engine. SAE Technical Paper No. 2007-01-1931.
38. Quiros, D. C., Hu, S., Hu, S., Lee, E. S., Sardar, S., Wang, X., Olfert, J. S., Jung, H. S., Zhu, Y., and Huai, T. (2015). Particle Effective Density and Mass During Steady-State Operation of GDI, PFI, and Diesel Passenger Cars. J. Aerosol Sci., 83:39-54.
39. Rader, D. J., and McMurry, P. H. (1986). Application of the Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to Studies of Droplet Growth or Evaporation. J. Aerosol Sci., 17(5):771-787.
40. Rissler, J., Messing, M. E., Malik, A. I., Nilsson, P. T., Nordin, E. Z., Bohgard, M., Sanati, M., and Pagels, J. H. (2013). Effective Density Characterization of Soot Agglomerates from Various Sources and Comparison to Aggregation Theory. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 47:792-805.
41. Ristimaki, J., Vaaraslahti, K., Lappi, M., and Keskinen, J. (2007). Hydrocarbon Condensation in Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(18):6397-6402.
42. Sakurai, H., Park, K., McMurry, P. H., Zarling, D. D., Kittelson, D. B., and Ziemann, P. J. (2003). Size-dependent Mixing Characteristics of Volatile and Nonvolatile Components in Diesel Exhaust Aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37:5487-5495.
43. Scarnato, B. V., Vahidinia, S., Richard, D. T., and Kirchstetter, T. W. (2013). Effects of Internal Mixing and Aggregate Morphology on Optical Properties of Black Carbon Using a Discrete Dipole Approximation Model. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13:5089-5101.
44. Seong, H., Choi, S., and Lee, K. (2014). Examination of Nanoparticles from Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) Engines Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Int. J. Autom. Technol., 15(2):175-181.
45. Seong, H., Lee, K.. and Choi, S. (2014). Effects of Engine Operating Parameters on Morphology of Particulates from a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine. SAE Technical Paper No. 2013-01-2574.
46. Stone, R. (2012). Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan, Warrendale, PA.
47. Storey, J. M., Barone, T., Norman, K., and Lewis, S. (2010). Ethanol Blend Effects On Direct Injection Spark-Ignition Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions. SAE Technical Paper No. 2010-01-2129.
48. Storey, J. M., Lewis, S., Szybist, J., Thomas, J., Barone, T., Eibl, M., Nafziger, E., and Kaul, B. (2014). Novel Characterization of GDI Engine Exhaust for Gasoline and Mid-Level Gasoline-Alcohol Blends. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., 7(2):571-579.
49. Symonds, J. (2010). Calibration of Fast Response Differential Mobility Spectrometers, in Conference on Metrology of Airborne Nanoparticles, Standardisation and Applications, June 8-10. National Physics Laboratory, London, UK. http://www. npl. co. uk/upload/pdf/ 20100608-mansasymonds. Pdf, Retrieved Jan 23/2015.
50. Symonds, J. P. R., Price, P., Williams, P. I., and Stone, R. (2008). Density of Particles Emitted from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine. Eur. Aerosol Conf., 2008, Zurich, Switzerland.
51. Symonds, J. P. R., Reavell, K. St. J., Olfert, J. S., Campbell, B. W., and Swift, S. J. (2007). Diesel Soot Mass Calculation in Real-time with a Differential Mobility Spectrometer. J. Aerosol Sci., 38:52-68.
52. Virtanen, A., Ristimaki, J., Marjamaki, M., Vaaraslahti K., Keskinen, J., and Lappi, M. (2002). Effective Density of Diesel Exhaust Particles as a Function of Size. SAE Technical Paper No. 2002-01-0056.
53. Zhang, Z., Wanga, T., Jia, M., Wei, Q., Meng, X., and Shu, G. (2014). Combustion and Particle Number Emissions of a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Operating on Ethanol/Gasoline and n-butanol/gasoline Blends with Exhaust Gas Recirculation. Fuel, 130:177-188.
54. Zhao, F., Lai, M. C., and Harrington, D. L. (1999). Automotive Spark Ignited Direct-injection Gasoline Engines. Progr. Energy Combust. Sci., 25:437-562.