Neural Crest Cells

Handbook of Stem Cells

Volumn 1, Issue , 2004, Pages 219-232

  Trainor, Paul A ^a   Krumlauf, Robb ^a   Bronner Fraser, Marianne ^b  

^a STOWERS INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84944389070     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012436643-5/50028-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Bronner-Fraser M., Fraser S. Cell lineage analysis reveals multipotency of some avian neural crest cells. Nature 1988, 335:161-164.
2. Artinger K.B., Bronner-Fraser M. Delayed formation of the floor plate after ablation of the avian notochord. Neuron 1993, 11:1147-1161.
3. Fraser S.E., Bronner-Fraser M. Migrating neural crest cells in the trunk of the avian embryo are multipotent. Development 1991, 112:913-920.
4. Shah N.M., Anderson D.J. Integration of multiple instructive cues by neural crest stem cells reveals cell-intrinsic biases in relative growth factor responsiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:11,369-11,374.
5. Ruffins S., Artinger K.B., Bronner-Fraser M. Early migrating neural crest cells can form ventral neural tube derivatives when challenged by transplantation. Dev. Biol. 1998, 203:295-304.
6. Sharma K., Korade Z., Frank E. Late-migrating neuroepithelial cells from the spinal cord differentiate into sensory ganglion cells and melanocytes. Neuron 1995, 14:143-152.
7. Korade Z., Frank E. Restriction in cell fates of developing spinal cord cells transplanted to neural crest pathways. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:7638-7648.
8. Nieto M.A., Sargent M.G., Wilkinson D.G., Cooke J. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by slug, a zinc finger gene. Science 1994, 264:835-839.
9. Sasai N., Mizuseki K., Sasai Y. Requirement of Foxd3-class signaling for neural crest determination in Xenopus. Development 2001, 128:2525-2536.
10. Spokony R.F., Aoki Y., Saint-Germain N., Magner-Fink E., Saint-Jeannet J.P. The transcription factor Sox9 is required for cranial neural crest development in Xenopus. Development 2002, 129:421-432.
11. LaBonne C., Bronner-Fraser M. Induction and patterning of the neural crest, a stem cell-like precursor population. J. Neurobiol. 1998, 36:175-189.
12. Gammill L.S., Bronner-Fraser M. Genomic analysis of neural crest induction. Development 2002, 129:5731-5741.
13. Rollhäuser-ter-Horst J. Artificial neural crest formation in amphibia. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 1979, 157:113-120.
14. Moury J.D., Jacobson A.G. Neural fold formation at newly created boundaries between neural plate and epidermis in the axolotl. Dev. Biol. 1989, 133:44-57.
15. Selleck M.A., Bronner-Fraser M. Origins of the avian neural crest: the role of neural plate-epidermal interactions. Development 1995, 121:525-538.
16. Basch M.L., Selleck M.A., Bronner-Fraser M. Timing and competence of neural crest formation. Dev. Neurosci. 2000, 22:217-227.
17. Dickinson M.E., Selleck M.A., McMahon A.P., Bronner-Fraser M. Dorsalization of the neural tube by the non-neural ectoderm. Development 1995, 121:2099-2106.
18. Liem K.F., Tremml G., Jessell T.M. A role for the roof plate and its resident TGFβ-related proteins in neuronal patterning in the dorsal spinal cord. Cell 1997, 91:127-138.
19. Barembaum M., Moreno T.A., LaBonne C., Sechrist J., Bronner-Fraser M. Noelin-1 is a secreted glycoprotein involved in generation of the neural crest. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000, 2:219-225.
20. Basler K., Edlund T., Jessell T.M., Yamada T. Control of cell pattern in the neural tube: regulation of cell differentiation by Dorsalin-1, a novel TGF beta family member. Cell 1993, 73:687-702.
21. Garcia-Castro M.I., Marcelle C., Bronner-Fraser M. Ectodermal Wnt function as a neural crest inducer. Science 2002, 13:13.
22. Watanabe Y., Le Douarin N.M. A role for Bmp4 in the development of subcutaneous cartilage. Mech. Dev. 1996, 57:69-78.
23. Selleck M.A., Garcia-Castro M.I., Artinger K.B., Bronner-Fraser M. Effects of Shh and Noggin on neural crest formation demonstrate that BMP is required in the neural tube but not ectoderm. Development 1998, 125:4919-4930.
24. Monsoro-Burq A.H., Fletcher R.B., Harland R.M. Neural crest induction by paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos requires FGF signals. Development 2003, 130:3111-3124.
25. Mayor R., Morgan R., Sargent M.G. Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. Development 1995, 121:767-777.
26. Mayor R., Guerrero N., Martinez C. Role of FGF and noggin in neural crest induction. Dev. Biol. 1997, 189:1-12.
27. Godsave S.F., Durston A.J. Neural induction and patterning in embryos deficient in FGF signaling. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 1997, 41:57-65.
28. Amaya E., Musci T.J., Kirschner M.W. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor disrupts mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 1991, 66:257-270.
29. LaBonne C., Bronner-Fraser M. Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model. Development 1998, 125:2403-2414.
30. Saint-Jeannet J.P., He X., Varmus H.E., Dawid I.B. Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt1 and Wnt3a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:13,713-13,718.
31. Hunt P., Wilkinson D., Krumlauf R. Patterning the vertebrate head: murine Hox 2 genes mark distinct subpopulations of premigratory and migrating neural crest. Development 1991, 112:43-51.
32. Hunt P., Gulisano M., Cook M., Sham M., Faiella A., Wilkinson D., Boncinelli E., Krumlauf R. A distinct Hox code for the branchial region of the head. Nature 1991, 353:861-864.
33. McGinnis W., Krumlauf R. Homeobox genes and axial patterning. Cell 1992, 68:283-302.
34. Krumlauf R. Hox genes in vertebrate development. Cell 1994, 78:191-201.
35. Krumlauf R. Hox genes and pattern formation in the branchial region of the vertebrate head. Trends Genet. 1993, 9:106-112.
36. Trainor P.A., Krumlauf R. Hox genes, neural crest cells and branchial arch patterning. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2001, 13:698-705.
37. Maconochie M.K., Nonchev S., Morrison A., Krumlauf R. Paralogous Hox genes: Function and regulation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1996, 30:529-556.
38. Lumsden A., Krumlauf R. Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis. Science 1996, 274:1109-1115.
39. Trainor P.A., Sobieszczuk D., Wilkinson D., Krumlauf R. Signaling between the hindbrain and paraxial tissues dictates neural crest migration pathways. Development 2002, 129:433-442.
40. Sechrist J., Serbedzija G.N., Scherson T., Fraser S.E., Bronner-Fraser M. Segmental migration of the hindbrain neural crest does not arise from its segmental generation. Development 1993, 118(3):691-703.
41. Köntges G., Lumsden A. Rhombencephalic neural crest segmentation is preserved throughout craniofacial ontogeny. Development 1996, 122:3229-3242.
42. Le Douarin N., Kalcheim C. The Neural Crest 1999, Cambridge University Press, Oxford. 2nd ed.
43. Graham A., Heyman I., Lumsden A. Even-numbered rhombomeres control the apoptotic elimination of neural crest cells from odd-numbered rhombomeres in the chick hindbrain. Development 1993, 119:233-245.
44. Graham A., Francis-West P., Brickell P., Lumsden A. The signaling molecule Bmp4 mediates apoptosis in the rhombencephalic neural crest. Nature 1994, 372:684-686.
45. Golding J.P., Dixon M., Gassmann M. Cues from neuroepithelium and surface ectoderm maintain neural crest-free regions within cranial mesenchyme of the developing chick. Development 2002, 129:1095-1105.
46. Farlie P.G., Kerr R., Thomas P., Symes T., Minichiello J., Hearn C.J., Newgreen D. A paraxial exclusion zone creates patterned cranial neural crest cell outgrowth adjacent to rhombomeres 3 and 5. Dev. Biol. 1999, 213:70-84.
47. Golding J., Trainor P., Krumlauf R., Gassman M. Defects in pathfinding by cranial neural crest cells in mice lacking the neuregulin receptor Erbb4. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000, 2:103-109.
48. Ellies D.L., Church V., Francis-West P., Lumsden A. The Wnt antagonist cSFRP2 modulates programmed cell death in the developing hindbrain. Development 2000, 127:5285-5295.
49. Ellies D.L., Tucker A.S., Lumsden A. Apoptosis of premigratory neural crest cells in rhombomeres 3 and 5: consequences for patterning of the branchial region. Dev. Biol. 2002, 251:118-128.
50. Smith A., Robinson V., Patel K., Wilkinson D.G. The EphA4 and EphB1 receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrin-B2 ligand regulate targeted migration of branchial neural crest cells. Curr. Biol. 1997, 7:561-570.
51. Maconochie M., Krishnamurthy R., Nonchev S., Meier P., Manzanares M., Mitchell P., Krumlauf R. Regulation of Hoxa2 in cranial neural crest cells involves members of the Ap2 family. Development 1999, 126:1483-1494.
52. Gendron-Maguire M., Mallo M., Zhang M., Gridley T. Hoxa2 mutant mice exhibit homeotic transformation of skeletal elements derived from cranial neural crest. Cell 1993, 75:1317-1331.
53. Gavalas A., Davenne M., Lumsden A., Chambon P., Rijli F. Role of Hoxa2 in axon pathfinding and rostral hindbrain patterning. Development 1997, 124:3693-3702.
54. Rijli F.M., Mark M., Lakkaraju S., Dierich A., Dolle P., Chambon P. A homeotic transformation is generated in the rostral branchial region of the head by disruption of Hoxa-2, which acts as a selector gene. Cell 1993, 75:1333-1349.
55. Hunter M.P., Prince V.E. Zebra fish Hox paralogue group 2 genes function redundantly as selector genes to pattern the second pharyngeal arch. Dev. Biol. 2002, 247:367-389.
56. Pasqualetti M., Ori M., Nardi I., Rijli F.M. Ectopic Hoxa2 induction after neural crest migration results in homeosis of jaw elements in Xenopus. Development 2000, 127:5367-5378.
57. Grammatopoulos G.A., Bell E., Toole L., Lumsden A., Tucker A.S. Homeotic transformation of branchial arch identity after Hoxa2 overexpression. Development 2000, 127:5355-5365.
58. Couly G., Grapin-Botton A., Coltey P., Ruhin B., Le Douarin N.M. Determination of the identity of the derivatives of the cephalic neural crest: incompatibility between Hox gene expression and lower jaw development. Development 1998, 128:3445-3459.
59. Rijli F., Gavalas A., Chambon P. Segmentation and specification in the branchial region of the head: the role of Hox selector genes. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 1998, 42:393-401.
60. Kessel M., Gruss P. Homeotic transformations of murine prevertebrae and concomitant alteration of Hox codes induced by retinoic acid. Cell 1991, 67:89-104.
61. Wilkinson D.G., Bhatt S., Cook M., Boncinelli E., Krumlauf R. Segmental expression of Hox-2 homeobox-containing genes in the developing mouse hindbrain. Nature 1989, 341:405-409.
62. Goddard J., Rossel M., Manley N., Capecchi M. Mice with targeted disruption of Hoxb1 fail to form the motor nucleus of the VIIth nerve. Development 1996, 122:3217-3228.
63. Studer M., Lumsden A., Ariza-McNaughton L., Bradley A., Krumlauf R. Altered segmental identity and abnormal migration of motor neurons in mice lacking Hoxb1. Nature 1996, 384:630-635.
64. Studer M., Gavalas A., Marshall H., Ariza-McNaughton L., Rijli F., Chambon P., Krumlauf R. Genetic interaction between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 reveal new roles in regulation of early hindbrain patterning. Development 1998, 125:1025-1036.
65. Chisaka O., Musci T., Capecchi M. Developmental defects of the ear, cranial nerves and hindbrain resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene Hox-1.6. Nature 1992, 355:516-520.
66. Lufkin T., Dierich A., LeMeur M., Mark M., Chambon P. Disruption of the Hox-1.6 homeobox gene results in defects in a region corresponding to its rostral domain of expression. Cell 1991, 66:1105-1119.
67. Mark M., Lufkin T., Vonesch J.L., Ruberte E., Olivo J.C., Dollé P., Gorry P., Lumsden A., Chambon P. Two rhombomeres are altered in Hoxa1 mutant mice. Development 1993, 119:319-338.
68. Gavalas A., Trainor P., Ariza-McNaughton L., Krumlauf R. Synergy between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1: the relationship between arch patterning and the generation of cranial neural crest. Development 2001, 128:3017-3027.
69. Rossel M., Capecchi M. Mice mutant for both Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 show extensive remodeling of the hindbrain and defects in craniofacial development. Development 1999, 126:5027-5040.
70. Gavalas A., Studer M., Lumsden A., Rijli F., Krumlauf R., Chambon P. Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergize in patterning the hindbrain, cranial nerves and second pharyngeal arch. Development 1998, 125:1123-1136.
71. Veitch E., Begbie J., Schilling T.F., Smith M.M., Graham A. Pharyngeal arch patterning in the absence of neural crest. Curr. Biol. 1999, 9:1481-1484.
72. Noden D. The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective, and muscle tissues. Dev. Biol. 1983, 96:144-165.
73. Zhang J., Hagopian-Donaldson S., Serbedzija G., Elsemore J., Plehn-Dujowich D., McMahon A.P., Flavell R.A., Williams T. Neural tube, skeletal and body wall defects in mice lacking transcription factor Ap2. Nature 1996, 381:238-241.
74. Mitchell P.J., Timmons P.M., Hébert J.M., Rigby P.W.J., Tjian R. Transcription factor Ap2 is expressed in neural crest cell lineages during mouse embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 1991, 5:105-119.
75. Schorle H., Meier P., Buchert M., Jaenisch R., Mitchell P.J. Transcription factor AP-2 is essential for cranial closure and craniofacial development. Nature 1996, 381:235-238.
76. Trainor P., Krumlauf R. Patterning the cranial neural crest: Hindbrain segmentation and Hox gene plasticity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 1:116-124.
77. Tümpel S., Maconochie M., Wiedemann L.M., Krumlauf R. Conservation and diversity in the cis-regulatory networks that integrate information controlling expression of Hoxa2 in hindbrain and cranial neural crest cells in vertebrates. Dev. Biol. 2002, 246:45-56.
78. Couly G.F., Grapin-Bottom A., Coltey P., Le Douarin N.M. The regeneration of the cephalic neural crest, a problem revisited: the regenerating cells originate from the contralateral or from the anterior and posterior neural folds. Development 1996, 122:3393-3407.
79. Diaz C., Glover J. Appropriate pattern formation following regulative regeneration in the hindbrain neural tube. Development 1996, 122:3095-3105.
80. Gould A., Itasaki N., Krumlauf R. Initiation of rhombomeric Hoxb4 expression requires induction by somites and a retinoid pathway. Neuron 1998, 21:39-51.
81. Grapin-Botton A., Bonnin M.A., Ariza-McNaughton L., Krumlauf R., LeDouarin N.M. Plasticity of transposed rhombomeres: Hox gene induction is correlated with phenotypic modifications. Development 1995, 121:2707-2721.
82. Grapin-Botton A., Bonnin M.A., Le Douarin N. Hox gene induction in the neural tube depends on three parameters: competence, signal supply and paralogue group. Development 1997, 124:849-859.
83. Guthrie S., Muchamore I., Kuroiwa A., Marshall H., Krumlauf R., Lumsden A. Neuroectodermal autonomy of Hox-2.9 expression revealed by rhombomere transpositions. Nature 1992, 356:157-159.
84. Hunt P., Clarke J.D.W., Buxton P., Ferretti P., Thorogood P. Stability and plasticity of neural crest patterning and branchial arch Hox code after extensive cephalic crest rotation. Dev. Biol. 1998, 198:82-104.
85. Hunt P., Ferretti P., Krumlauf R., Thorogood P. Restoration of normal Hox code and branchial arch morphogenesis after extensive deletion of hindbrain neural crest. Dev. Biol. 1995, 168:584-597.
86. Itasaki N., Sharpe J., Morrison A., Krumlauf R. Reprogramming Hox expression in the vertebrate hindbrain: influence of paraxial mesoderm and rhombomere transposition. Neuron 1996, 16:487-500.
87. Kulesa P., Bronner-Fraser M., Fraser S. In ovo time-lapse analysis after dorsal neural tube ablation shows rerouting of chick hindbrain neural crest. Development 2000, 127:2843-2852.
88. Kuratani S.C., Eichele G. Rhombomere transposition repatterns the segmental organization of cranial nerves and reveals cell-autonomous expression of a homeodomain protein. Development 1993, 117:105-117.
89. Yntema C., Hammond W. Depletions and abnormalities in the cervical sympathetic system of the chick following extirpation of the neural crest. J. Exp. Zool. 1945, 100:237-263.
90. Simon H., Hornbruch A., Lumsden A. Independent assignment of antero-posterior and dorso-ventral positional values in the developing chick hindbrain. Curr. Biol. 1995, 5:205-214.
91. Schilling T. Plasticity of zebra fish Hox expression in the hindbrain and cranial neural crest hindbrain. Dev. Biol. 2001, 231:201-216.
92. Scherson T., Serbedzija G., Fraser S., Bronner-Fraser M. Regulative capacity of the cranial neural tube and neural crest. Development 1993, 118:1049-1061.
93. Saldivar J.R., Sechrist J.W., Krull C.E., Ruffin S., Bronner-Fraser M. Dorsal hindbrain ablation results in the rerouting of neural crest migration and the changes in gene expression, but normal hyoid development. Development 1997, 124:2729-2739.
94. Saldivar J., Krull C., Krumlauf R., Ariza-McNaughton L., Bronner-Fraser M. Rhombomere of origin determines autonomous versus environmentally regulated expression of Hoxa3 in the avian embryo. Development 1996, 122:895-904.
95. McKee G., Ferguson M. The effects of mesencephalic neural crest cell extirpation on the development of chicken embryos. J. of Anat. 1984, 139:491-512.
96. Trainor P., Krumlauf R. Plasticity in mouse neural crest cells reveals a new patterning role for cranial mesoderm. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000, 2:96-102.
97. Prince V., Lumsden A. Hoxa-2 expression in normal and transposed rhombomeres: independent regulation in the neural tube and neural crest. Development 1994, 120:911-923.
98. Crossley P.H., Martinez S., Martin G.R. Midbrain development induced by Fgf8 in the chick embryo. Nature 1996, 380:66-68.
99. Irving C., Mason I. Regeneration of isthmic tissue is the result of a specific and direct interaction between rhombomere 1 and midbrain. Development 1999, 126:3981-3989.
100. Irving C., Mason I. Signaling by Fgf8 from the isthmus patterns the anterior hindbrain and establishes the anterior limit of Hox gene expression. Development 2000, 127:177-186.
101. Martinez S., Marin F., Nieto M.A., Puelles L. Induction of ectopic engrailed expression and fate change in avian rhombomeres: intersegmental boundaries as barriers. Mech. of Dev. 1995, 51:289-303.
102. Trainor P.A., Ariza-McNaughton L., Krumlauf R. Role of the isthmus and FGFs in resolving the paradox of neural crest plasticity and prepatterning. Science 2002, 295:1288-1291.
103. Schneider R.A., Helms J.A. The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology. Science 2003, 299:565-568.
104. Anderson D.J. Stem cells and pattern formation in the nervous system: the possible versus the actual. Neuron 2001, 30:19-35.
105. Morrison S.J., Shah N.M., Anderson D.J. Regulatory mechanisms in stem cell biology. Cell 1997, 88:287-298.
106. Artavanis-Tsakonas S., Rand M.D., Lake R.J. Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. Science 1999, 284:770-776.
107. Noden D.M. Patterns and organization of craniofacial skeletogenic and myogenic mesenchyme: a perspective. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1982, 101:167-203.
108. Stemple D.L., Anderson D.J. Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest. Cell 1992, 71:973-985.
109. Shah N.M., Groves A.K., Anderson D.J. Alternative neural crest cell fates are instructively promoted by TGFβ superfamily members. Cell 1996, 85:331-343.
110. Shah N.M., Marchionni M.A., Isaacs I., Stroobant P., Anderson D.J. Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to a glial fate. Cell 1994, 77:349-360.
111. Pusch C., Hustert E., Pfeifer D., Sudbeck P., Kist R., Roe B., Wang Z., Balling R., Blin N., Scherer G. The SOX10/Sox10 gene from human and mouse: sequence, expression, and transactivation by the encoded HMG domain transcription factor. Hum. Genet. 1998, 103:115-123.
112. Kim J., Lo L., Dormand E., Anderson D.J. SOX10 maintains multipotency and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural crest stem cells. Neuron 2003, 38:17-31.
113. Paratore C., Eichenberger C., Suter U., Sommer L. Sox10 haploinsufficiency affects maintenance of progenitor cells in a mouse model of Hirschsprung disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2002, 11:3075-3085.
114. Wilson M., Koopman P. Matching SOX: partner proteins and co-factors of the SOX family of transcriptional regulators. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2002, 12:441-446.
115. Zappone M.V., Galli R., Catena R., Meani N., De Biasi S., Mattei E., Tiveron C., Vescovi A.L., Lovell-Badge R., Ottolenghi S., Nicolis S.K. Sox2 regulatory sequences direct expression of a (beta)-geo transgene to telencephalic neural stem cells and precursors of the mouse embryo, revealing regionalization of gene expression in CNS stem cells. Development 2000, 127:2367-2382.
116. Rex M., Orme A., Uwanogho D., Tointon K., Wigmore P.M., Sharpe P.T., Scotting P.J. Dynamic expression of chicken Sox2 and Sox3 genes in ectoderm induced to form neural tissue. Dev. Dyn. 1997, 209:323-332.
117. Sasai Y. Roles of Sox factors in neural determination: Conserved signaling in evolution?. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2001, 45:321-326.
118. Remboutsika, M., and Lovell-Badge, R. (Personal communication).
119. Trainor, P.A., Remboutsika, M., and Lovell-Badge, R. (Personal communication).
120. Sharpe, P. (Personal communication).
121. Palmer T.D., Markakis E.A., Willhoite A.R., Safar F., Gage F.H. Fibroblast growth factor-2 activates a latent neurogenic program in neural stem cells from diverse regions of the adult CNS. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:8487-8497.
122. Bjornson C.R., Rietze R.L., Reynolds B.A., Magli M.C., Vescovi A.L. Turning brain into blood: a hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo. Science 1999, 283:534-537.
123. Galli R., Borello U., Gritti A., Minasi M.G., Bjornson C., Coletta M., Mora M., De Angelis M.G., Fiocco R., Cossu G., Vescovi A.L. Skeletal myogenic potential of human and mouse neural stem cells. Nat. Neurosci. 2000, 3:986-991.
124. Clarke D.L., Johansson C.B., Wilbertz J., Veress B., Nilsson E., Karlstrom H., Lendahl U., Frisen J. Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells. Science 2000, 288:1660-1663.
125. Matsui Y., Zsebo K., Hogan B.L. Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from murine primordial germ cells in culture. Cell 1992, 70:841-847.
126. Donovan P.J. Growth factor regulation of mouse primordial germ cell development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 1994, 29:189-225.
127. Dupin E., Real C., Glavieux-Pardanaud C., Vaigot P., Le Douarin N.M. Reversal of developmental restrictions in neural crest lineages: transition from Schwann cells to glial-melanocytic precursors in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:5229-5233.
128. Dupin E., Glavieux C., Vaigot P., Le Douarin N.M. Endothelin 3 induces the reversion of melanocytes to glia through a neural crest-derived glial-melanocytic progenitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:7882-7887.