Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 541, Issue , 2016, Pages 986-1001

  Gao, Da Wen ^a   Wen, Zhi Dan ^a  

^a HARBIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Biodegradation; Occurrence; Phthalate esters; Wastewater treatment processes

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADATION; BIOLOGICAL WATER TREATMENT; BIOREACTORS; EFFICIENCY; MICROBIOLOGY; MINERALOGY; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; SOIL POLLUTION; SOILS; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WATER; WATER TREATMENT;

AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; ANAEROBIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER; OCCURRENCE; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT (POP); PHTHALATE ESTER; WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS; WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES;

ESTERS;

BIODEGRADATION; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; PHTHALATE; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID; PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PHTHALIC ACID DIBUTYL ESTER; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

ANALYSIS; BIOREMEDIATION; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SEWAGE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; DIBUTYL PHTHALATE; ESTERS; PHTHALIC ACIDS; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84944097238     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.148     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Ahmadi E., Gholami M., Farzadkia M., Nabizadeh R., Azari A. Study of moving bed biofilm reactor in diethyl phthalate and diallyl phthalate removal from synthetic wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 183:129-135. 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.122.
2. Ahuactzin-Perez M., Torres J.L., Rodriguez-Pastrana B.R., Soriano-Santos J., Diaz-Godinez G., Diaz R., et al. Fungal biodegradation of dibutyl phthalate and toxicity of its breakdown products on the basis of fungal and bacterial growth. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 30:2811-2819.
3. Amir S., Hafidi M., Merlina G., Hamdi H., Jouraiphy A., El Gharous M., et al. Fate of phthalic acid esters during composting of both lagooning and activated sludges. Process Biochem. 2005, 40(6):2183-2190. 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.08.012.
4. Andersen H., Siegrist H., Halling-Sorensen B., Ternes T.A. Fate of estrogens in a municipal sewage treatment plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:4021-4026.
5. Annamalai J., Namasivayam V. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: their effects on humans and wildlife. Environ. Int. 2015, 76:78-97. 10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.006.
6. Arukwe A., Eggen T., Moder M. Solid waste deposits as a significant source of contaminants of emerging concern to the aquatic and terrestrial environments - a developing country case study from Owerri, Nigeria. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 438:94-102. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.039.
7. Asakura H., Matsuto T., Tanaka N. Behavior of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in leachate from MSW landfill sites in Japan. Waste Manag. 2004, 24:613-622.
8. Balabanic D., Klemencic A.K. Presence of phthalates, bisphenol a, and nonylphenol in papermill wastewaters in Slovenia and efficiency of aerobic and combined aerobic-anaerobic biological wastewater treatment plants for their removal. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2011, 20:86-92.
9. Balabanic D., Hermosilla D., Merayo N., Klemencic A.K., Blanco A. Comparison of different wastewater treatments for removal of selected endocrine-disruptors from paper mill wastewaters. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2012, 47(10):1350-1363. 10.1080/10934529.2012.672301.
10. Becker K., Seiwert M., Angerer J., Heger W., Koch H.M., Nagorka R., et al. DEHP metabolites in urine of children and DEHP in house dust. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2004, 207(5):409-417. 10.1078/1438-4639-00309.
11. Bergh C., Torgrip R., Emenius G., Ostman C. Organophosphate and phthalate esters in air and settled dust - a multi-location indoor study. Indoor Air 2011, 21:67-76.
12. Boonyaroj V., Chiemchaisri C., Chiemchaisri W., Theepharaksapan S., Yamamoto K. Toxic organic micro-pollutants removal mechanisms in long-term operated membrane bioreactor treating municipal solid waste leachate. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 113:174-180. 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.127.
13. Bornehag C.G., Lundgren B., Weschler C.J., Sigsgaard T., Hagerhed-Engman L., Sundell J. Phthalates in indoor dust and their association with building characteristics. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113(10):1399-1404. 10.1289/Ehp.7809.
14. Brar S.K., Verma M., Tyagi R.D., Valero J.R., Surampalli R.Y. Concurrent degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) during production of Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 171(1-3):1016-1023. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.108.
15. Cai Q.Y., Mo C.H., Lu H.X., Zeng Q.Y., Wu Q.T., Li Y.W. Effect of composting on the removal of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) from sewage sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 126:453-457. 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.039.
16. Cai Q.Y., Mo C.H., Wu Q.T., Katsoyiannis A., Zeng Q.Y. The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in China: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 389(2-3):209-224. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.026.
17. Caldwell J.C. DEHP: genotoxicity and potential carcinogenic mechanisms-a review Mutation Research-reviews In. Mutat. Res. 2012, 751(2):82-157. 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.03.001.
18. Camacho-Munoz D., Martin J., Santos J.L., Alonso E., Aparicio I., De la Torre T., et al. Effectiveness of three configurations of membrane bioreactors on the removal of priority and emergent organic compounds from wastewater: comparison with conventional wastewater treatments. J. Environ. Monit. 2012, 14(5):1428-1436. 10.1039/c2em00007e.
19. Carrara S., Morita D.M., Boscov M.E.G. Biodegradation of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in a typical tropical soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 197:40-48. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.058.
20. Cases V., Alonso V., Argandona V., Rodriguez M., Prats D. Endocrine disrupting compounds: a comparison of removal between conventional activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. Desalination 2011, 272(1-3):240-245. 10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.026.
21. Chang B.V., Liao C.S., Yuan S.Y. Anaerobic degradation of diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from river sediment in Taiwan. Chemosphere 2005, 58(11):1601-1607. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.031.
22. Chang B.V., Liao G.S., Yuan S.Y. Anaerobic degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in sludge. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2005, 75(4):775-782. 10.1007/s00128-005-0818-5.
23. Chatterjee S., Dutta T.K. Metabolic cooperation of Gordonia sp strain MTCC 4818 and Arthrobacter sp strain WY in the utilization of butyl benzyl phthalate: effect of a novel co-culture in the degradation of a mixture of phthalates. Microbiology 2008, 154:3338-3346. 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021881-0.
24. Chatterjee S., Karlovsky P. Removal of the endocrine disrupter butyl benzyl phthalate from the environment. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 87(1):61-73. 10.1007/s00253-010-2570-y.
25. Chen C.W., Chen C.F., Dong C.D. Distribution of phthalate esters in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Soil Sediment Contam. 2013, 22(2):119-131. 10.1080/15320383.2013.722141.
26. Chen X., Zhang X., Yang Y., Yue D., Xiao L., Yang L. Biodegradation of an endocrine-disrupting chemical di-n-butyl phthalate by newly isolated Camelimonas sp and enzymatic properties of its hydrolase. Biodegradation 2015, 26(2):171-182. 10.1007/s10532-015-9725-6.
27. Cheng H.F., Kumar M., Lin J.G. Degradation kinetics of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and organic matter of sewage sludge during composting. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 154(1-3):55-62. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.105.
28. Cho E., Khim J., Chung S., Seo D., Son Y. Occurrence of micropollutants in four major rivers in Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 491-492:138-147.
29. Clara M., Strenn B., Gans O., Martinez E., Kreuzinger N., Kroiss H. Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Res. 2005, 39(19):4797-4807. 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.015.
30. Clara M., Windhofer G., Hartl W., Braun K., Simon M., Gans O., et al. Occurrence of phthalates in surface runoff, untreated and treated wastewater and fate during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 2010, 78(9):1078-1084. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.052.
31. Clausen P.A., Liu Z., Kofoed-Sorensen V., Little J., Wolkoff P. Influence of temperature on the emission of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46(2):909-915. 10.1021/es2035625.
32. CPSIA United States Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act. Section 108. Washington, DC 2008.
33. Daiem M.M.A., Rivera-Utrilla J., Ocampo-Perez R., Mendez-Diaz J.D., Sanchez-Polo M. Environmental impact of phthalic acid esters and their removal from water and sediments by different technologies - a review. J. Environ. Manag. 2012, 109:164-178. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.014.
34. Dargnat C., Blanchard M., Chevreuil M., Teil M.J. Occurrence of phthalate esters in the Seine River estuary (France). Hydrol. Process. 2009, 23(8):1192-1201. 10.1002/Hyp.7245.
35. Dargnat C., Teil M.J., Chevreuil M., Blanchard M. Phthalate removal throughout wastewater treatment plant case study of Marne Aval station (France). Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407(4):1235-1244. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.027.
36. Deshmukh D.K., Tsai Y.I., Deb M.K., Mkoma S.L. Characterization of dicarboxylates and inorganic ions in urban PM10 aerosols in the eastern central India. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2012, 12(4):592-607. 10.4209/aaqr.2011.10.0160.
37. Dominguez-Morueco N., Gonzalez-Alonso S., Valcarcel Y. Phthalate occurrence in rivers and tap water from central Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 500:139-146. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.098.
38. Erythropel H.C., Maric M., Cooper D.G. Designing green plasticizers: influence of molecular geometry on biodegradation and plasticization properties. Chemosphere 2012, 86(8):759-766. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.054.
39. EU/2005/84/EC European Union Directive on Phthalates in Toys and Childcare Articles. Brussels, Belgium 2005.
40. Fang C.R., Long Y.Y., Shen D.S. Comparison on the removal of phthalic acid diesters in a bioreactor landfill and a conventional landfill. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100(23):5664-5670. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.039.
41. Fang C.R., Yao J., Zheng Y.G., Jiang C.J., Hu L.F., Wu Y.Y., et al. Dibutyl phthalate degradation by Enterobacter sp. T5 isolated from municipal solid waste in landfill bioreactor. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2010, 64(6):442-446. 10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.04.010.
42. Fatoki O.S., Noma A. Solid phase extraction method for selective determination of phthalate esters in the aquatic environment. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2002, 140(1-4):85-98. 10.1023/A:1020134707450.
43. Fauser P., Vikelsoe J., Sorensen P.B., Carlsen L. Phthalates, nonylphenols and LAS in an alternately operated wastewater treatment plant - fate modelling based on measured concentrations in wastewater and sludge. Water Res. 2003, 37(6):1288-1295. 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00482-7.
44. Ferreira I.D., Afonso de Menezes C.B., de Oliveira V.M., Morita D.M. Slurry phase biological treatment of latosol contaminated with phthalates, adipate, and alcohols. J. Environ. Eng. 2015, 141(1). 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000869.
45. Fu P.Q., Kawamura K., Pavuluri C.M., Swaminathan T., Chen J. Molecular characterization of urban organic aerosol in tropical India: contributions of primary emissions and secondary photooxidation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10(6):2663-2689.
46. Fu J., Pan F., Song S., Zhang L.R., Luo Y., Chen W., et al. Biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in sewage sludge by composting with pig manure and rice straw. Environ. Earth Sci. 2013, 68(8):2289-2299. 10.1007/s12665-012-1915-5.
47. Gao D., Li Z., Wen Z., Ren N. Occurrence and fate of phthalate esters in full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving waters along the Songhua River in China. Chemosphere 2014, 95:24-32. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.009.
48. Gasperi J., Garnaud S., Rocher V., Moilleron R. Priority pollutants in wastewater and combined sewer overflow. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 407(1):263-272. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.015.
49. Gavala H.N., Alatriste-Mondragon F., Iranpour R., Ahring B.K. Biodegradation of phthalate esters during the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of sludge. Chemosphere 2003, 52(4):673-682. 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00126-7.
50. Giam C.S., Chan H.S., Neff G.S., Atlas E.L. Phthalate ester plasticizers: a new class of marine pollutant. Science 1978, 199:419-421.
51. Gibson R., Wang M.J., Padgett E., Beck A.J. Analysis of 4-nonylphenols, phthalates, and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and blosolids. Chemosphere 2005, 61(9):1336-1344. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.072.
52. Gledhill W.E., Kaley R.G., Adams W.J., Hicks O., Michael P.R., Saeger V.W., et al. An environmental safety assessment of butyl benzyl phthalate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1980, 14(3):301-305. 10.1021/es60163a001.
53. Gu Z.P., Feng J.L., Han W.L., Wu M.H., Fu J.M., Sheng G.Y. Characteristics of organic matter in PM2.5 from an e-waste dismantling area in Taizhou, China. Chemosphere 2010, 80(7):800-806. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.078.
54. Gu J.G., Han B.P., Duan S.S., Zhao Z.Y., Wang Y.P. Degradation of the endocrine-disrupting dimethyl phthalate carboxylic ester by Sphingomonas yanoikuyae DOS01 isolated from the South China Sea and the biochemical pathway. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2009, 63(4):450-455. 10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.12.004.
55. Gu J.D., Wang Y., Yin B., Hong Y.G., Yan Y. Degradation of dimethyl carboxylic phthalate ester by Burkholderia cepacia DA2 isolated from marine sediment of South China Sea. Ecotoxicology 2008, 17(8):845-852. 10.1007/s10646-008-0247-4.
56. Haarstad K., Bavor H.J., Maehlum T. Organic and metallic pollutants in water treatment and natural wetlands: a review. Water Sci. Technol. 2012, 65(1):76-99. 10.2166/wst.2011.831.
57. He R., Tian B.H., Zhang Q.Q., Zhang H.T. Effect of Fenton oxidation on biodegradability, biotoxicity and dissolved organic matter distribution of concentrated landfill leachate derived from a membrane process. Waste Manag. 2015, 38:232-239.
58. Horn O., Nalli S., Cooper D., Nicell J. Plasticizer metabolites in the environment. Water Res. 2004, 38(17):3693-3698. 10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.012.
59. HPA Hazardous Products Act 2010, Phthalates Regulations, Ottawa.
60. Hu X.Y., Wen B., Shan X.Q. Survey of phthalate pollution in arable soils in China. J. Environ. Monit. 2003, 5(4):649-653. 10.1039/b304669a.
61. Huang M.H., Li Y.M., Gu G.W. The effects of hydraulic retention time and sludge retention time on the fate of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in a laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic activated sludge system. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99(17):8107-8111. 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.031.
62. Huang M.Z., Ma Y.W., Wang Y., Wan J.Q., Zhang H.P. The fate of di-n-butyl phthalate in a laboratory-scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic wastewater treatment process. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101(20):7767-7772. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.028.
63. Huang P.C., Tien C.J., Sun Y.M., Hsieh C.Y., Lee C.C. Occurrence of phthalates in sediment and biota: relationship to aquatic factors and the biota-sediment accumulation factor. Chemosphere 2008, 73(4):539-544.
64. Huang D.Y., Zhou S.G., Hong W., Feng W.F., Tao L. Pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters emitted from plastic wastes recycling granulation plants in Xingtan Town, South China. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 71:327-334.
65. Hwang S.S., Choi H.T., Song H.G. Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting phthalates by Pleurotus ostreatus. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 18(4):767-772.
66. Hwang S.S., Kim H.Y., Ka J.O., Song H.G. Changes in the activities of enzymes involved in the degradation butylbenzyl phthalate by Pleurotus ostreatus. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 22(2):239-243. 10.4014/jmb.1107.07050.
67. Iran B.C., Teil M.J., Blanchard M., Alliot F., Chevreuil M. BPA and phthalate fate in a sewage network and an elementary river of France. Influence of hydroclimatic conditions. Chemosphere 2015, 119:43-51. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.036.
68. Jackson M.A., Labeda D.P., Becker L.A. Isolation for bacteria and fungi for the hydrolysis of phthalate and terephthalate esters. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1996, 16(5):301-304. 10.1007/bf01570038.
69. Jin D.C., Bai Z.H., Chang D.D., Hoefel D., Jin B., Wang P., et al. Biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate by an isolated Gordonia sp. strain QH-11: genetic identification and degradation kinetics. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 221:80-85. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.010.
70. Jin D.C., Liang R.X., Dai Q.Y., Zhang R.Y., Wu X.L., Chao W.L. Biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate by Rhodococcus sp. JDC-11 and molecular detection of 3,4-phthalate dioxygenase gene. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 20(10):1440-1445. 10.4014/jmb.1004.04034.
71. Jonsson S., Boren H. Analysis of mono- and diesters of o-phthalic acid by solid-phase extractions with polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based polymers. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 963(1-2):393-400. 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00647-7.
72. Jonsson S., Ejlertsson M., Ledin A., Mersiowsky I., Svensson B.H. Mono- and diesters from o-phthalic acid in leachates from different European landfills. Water Res. 2003, 37(3):609-617. 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00304-4.
73. Kadlec R.H., Zmarthie L.A. Wetland treatment of leachate from a closed landfill. Ecol. Eng. 2010, 36:946-957.
74. Kalmykova Y., Moona N., Strömvall A.-M., Björklund K. Sorption and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, bisphenol a and phthalates in landfill leachate using sand, activated carbon and peat filters. Water Res. 2014, 56:246-257.
75. Kickham P., et al. Relationship between biodegradation and sorption of phthalate esters and their metabolites in natural sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31(8):1730-1737.
76. Kleerebezem R., Pol L.W.H., Lettinga G. Anaerobic biodegradability of phthalic acid isomers and related compounds. Biodegradation 1999, 10(1):63-73. 10.1023/A:1008321015498.
77. Kleerebezem R., Pol L.W.H., Lettinga G. Anaerobic degradation of phthalate isomers by methanogenic consortia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65(3):1152-1160.
78. Kleerebezem R., Pol L.W.H., Lettinga G. Energetics of product formation during anaerobic degradation of phthalate isomers and benzoate. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 1999, 29(3):273-282. 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00618.x.
79. Kong S.F., Ji Y.Q., Liu L.L., Chen L., Zhao X.Y., Wang J.J., et al. Diversities of phthalate esters in suburban agricultural soils and wasteland soil appeared with urbanization in China. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 170:161-168. 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.017.
80. Kong S.F., Ji Y.Q., Liu L.L., Chen L., Zhao X.Y., Wang J.J., et al. Spatial and temporal variation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 and the influence of ambient temperature in Tianjin, China. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 74:199-208. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.053.
81. Li C., Tian X.L., Chen Z.S., Yu D., Deng J.Y., Xu H. Biodegradation of an endocrine-disrupting chemical di-n-butyl phthalate by Serratia marcescens C9 isolated from activated sludge. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2012, 6(11):2686-2693. 10.5897/ajmr11.1177.
82. Li J., Wang G., Aggarwal S.G., Huang Y., Ren Y., Zhou B., et al. Comparison of abundances, compositions and sources of elements, inorganic ions and organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols from Xi'an and New Delhi, two megacities in China and India. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 476:485-495. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.011.
83. Liang W., Deng J.Q., Zhan F.C., Wu Z.B. Effects of constructed wetland system on the removal of dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Microbiol. Res. 2009, 164(2):206-211. 10.1016/j.micres.2006.11.013.
84. Liang D.W., Zhang T., Fang H.H.P. Anaerobic degradation of dimethyl phthalate in wastewater in a UASB reactor. Water Res. 2007, 41(13):2879-2884. 10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.043.
85. Liang D.W., Zhang T., Fang H.H.P., He J.Z. Phthalates biodegradation in the environment. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 80(2):183-198. 10.1007/s00253-008-1548-5.
86. Liao C.S., Chen L.C., Chen B.S., Lin S.H. Bioremediation of endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate ester by Deinococcus radiodurans and Pseudomonas stutzeri. Chemosphere 2010, 78(3):342-346. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.020.
87. Liao C., Yang P., Xie Z.W., Zhao Y.Z., Cheng X.Y., Zhang Y., et al. Application of GC-triple quadrupole MS in the quantitative confirmation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in soil. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2010, 48(3):161-166.
88. Lin Z.A., Zhang J.H., Cui H.M., Zhang L., Chen G.N. Determination of phthalate esters in soil by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography coupled with accelerated solvent extraction. J. Sep. Sci. 2010, 33(23-24):3717-3725. 10.1002/jssc.201000520.
89. 2-dependent anaerobic biotransformation of phthalic acid isomers in sediment slurries. Chemosphere 2003, 52(6):951-958. 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00326-6.
90. Liu H., Liang H.C., Liang Y., Zhang D., Wang C., Cai H.S., et al. Distribution of phthalate esters in alluvial sediment: a case study at JiangHan Plain Central China. Chemosphere 2010, 78(4):382-388. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.009.
91. Liu H., Liang Y., Zhang D., Wang C., Liang H.C., Cai H.S. Impact of MSW landfill on the environmental contamination of phthalate esters. Waste Manag. 2010, 30(8-9):1569-1576. 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.040.
92. Liu W.X., Chen J.L., Hu J., Ling X., Tao S. Multi-residues of organic pollutants in surface sediments from littoral areas of the Yellow Sea, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2008, 56(6):1091-1103. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.021.
93. Liu Y., Chen Z.L., Shen J.M. Occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from typical water sources in Northeast China. J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2013, 1-8. 10.1155/2013/419349.
94. Liu Z.H., Kanjo Y., Mizutani S. Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment - physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:731-748.
95. 2 atmosphere. Chemosphere 2005, 59(1):91-98. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.074.
96. Liu W.L., Shen C.F., Zhang Z., Zhang C.B. Distribution of phthalate esters in soil of E-waste recycling sites from Taizhou City in China. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 82(6):665-667. 10.1007/s00128-009-9699-3.
97. Lu Y., Tang F., Wang Y., Zhao J.H., Zeng X., Luo Q.F., et al. Biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate by Rhodococcus sp. L4 isolated from activated sludge. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 168(2-3):938-943. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.126.
98. Luo Z.H., Pang K.L., Gu J.D., Chow R.K.K., Vrijmoed L.L.P. Degradability of the three dimethyl phthalate isomer esters (DMPEs) by a Fusarium species isolated from mangrove sediment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2009, 58(5):765-768. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.03.005.
99. Ma T.T., Christie P., Luo Y.M., Teng Y. Phthalate esters contamination in soil and plants on agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site. Environ. Geochem. Health 2013, 35(4):465-476. 10.1007/s10653-012-9508-5.
100. Machate T., Noll H., Behrens H., Kettrup A. Degradation of phenanthrene and hydraulic characteristics in a constructed wetland. Water Res. 1997, 31(3):554-560. 10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00260-6.
101. Mackintosh C.E., Maldonado J.A., Ikonomou M.G., Gobas F.A.P.C. Sorption of phthalate esters and PCBs in a marine ecosystem. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(11):3481-3488. 10.1021/Es0519637.
102. Marttinen S.K., Kettunen R.H., Rintala J.A. Occurrence and removal of organic pollutants in sewages and landfill leachates. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 301(1-3):1-12. 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00302-9.
103. Matamoros V., Garcia J., Bayona J.M. Organic micropollutant removal in a full-scale surface flow constructed wetland fed with secondary effluent. Water Res. 2008, 42(3):653-660. 10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.016.
104. Meng X.Z., Wang Y., Xiang N., Chen L., Liu Z.G., Wu B., et al. Flow of sewage sludge-borne phthalate esters (PAEs) from human release to human intake: implication for risk assessment of sludge applied to soil. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 476:242-249. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.007.
105. Mo C.H., Cai Q.Y., Li Y.H., Zeng Q.Y. Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in the fertilizers, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 152(3):1208-1213. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.105.
106. Nagorka R., Conrad A., Scheller C., Sussenbach B., Moriske H.J. Plasticizers and flame retardants in household dust - part 1: phthalates. Gefahrstoffe - Reinhalt. Luft 2010, 70(3):70-76.
107. Naito W., Gamo Y., Yoshida K. Screening-level risk assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate for aquatic organisms using monitoring data in Japan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2006, 115:451-471.
108. Navacharoen A., Vangnai A.S. Biodegradation of diethyl phthalate by an organic-solvent-tolerant Bacillus subtilis strain 3C3 and effect of phthalate ester coexistence. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2011, 65(6):818-826. 10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.05.005.
109. Net S., Rabodonirina S., Ben Sghaier R., Dumoulin D., Chbib C., Tlili I., et al. Distribution of phthalates, pesticides and drug residues in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases from transboundary rivers (France-Belgium). Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 521:152-159.
110. Net S., Sempere R., Delmont A., Paluselli A., Ouddane B. Occurrence, fate, behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49:4019-4035.
111. Net S., Dumoulin D., El-Osmani R., Rabodonirina S., Ouddane B. Case study of PAHs, Me-PAHs, PCBs, phthalates and pesticides contamination in the Somme River water, France. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2014, 8(4):1159-1170.
112. Nghiem L.D., Tadkaew N., Sivakumar M. Removal of trace organic contaminants by submerged membrane bioreactors. Desalination 2009, 236(1-3):127-134. 10.1016/j.desal.2007.10.059.
113. Nozawa T., Maruyama Y. Anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and other aromatic-compounds by a denitrifying bacterium. J. Bacteriol. 1988, 170(12):5778-5784.
114. O'Connor O.A., Rivera M.D., Young L.Y. Toxicity and biodegradation of phthalic acid esters under methanogenic conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1989, 8(7):569-576. 10.1002/etc.5620080704.
115. Ohtani H., Miura I., Ichikawa Y. Effects of dibutyl phthalate as an environmental endocrine disrupter on gonadal sex differentiation of genetic males of the frog Rana rugosa. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108:1189-1193.
116. Pakou C., Kornaros M., Stamatelatou K., Lyberatos G. On the fate of LAS, NPEOs and DEHP in municipal sewage sludge during composting. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100(4):1634-1642. 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.025.
117. Park M.A., Hwang K.A., Lee H.R., Yi B.R., Jeung E.B., Choi K.C. Cell growth of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells is promoted by di-n-butyl phthalate and hexabromocyclododecane via upregulation of the cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 genes. Mol. Med. Rep. 2012, 5(3):761-766. 10.3892/mmr.2011.712.
118. Peijnenburg W.J.G.M., Struijs J. Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of the Netherlands. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2006, 63(2):204-215. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.07.023.
119. Peng X.W., Li X.G. Compound-specific isotope analysis for aerobic biodegradation of phthalate acid esters. Talanta 2012, 97:445-449. 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.060.
120. Peng X.W., Feng L.J., Li X.G. Pathway of diethyl phthalate photolysis in sea-water determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compound-specific isotope analysis. Chemosphere 2013, 90(2):220-226. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.045.
121. Pham T.T.H., Tyagi R.D., Brar S.K., Surampalli R.Y. Effect of ultrasonication and Fenton oxidation on biodegradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in wastewater sludge. Chemosphere 2011, 82(6):923-928. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.035.
122. Pina B., Cespedes R., Lacorte S., Raldua D., Ginebreda A., Barcelo D. Distribution of endocrine disruptors in the Llobregat River basin (Catalonia, NE Spain). Chemosphere 2005, 61(11):1710-1719. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.082.
123. Pirsaheb M., Mesdaghinia A.R., Shahtaheri S.J., Zinatizadeh A.A. Kinetic evaluation and process performance of a fixed film bioreactor removing phthalic acid and dimethyl phthalate. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 167(1-3):500-506. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.003.
124. Planello R., Herrero O., Martinez-Guitarte J.L., Morcillo G. Comparative effects of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the aquatic larvae of Chironomus riparius based on gene expression assays related to the endocrine system, the stress response and ribosomes. Aquat. Toxicol. 2011, 105(1-2):62-70. 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.05.011.
125. Plaza-Bolanos P., Padilla-Sanchez J.A., Garrido-Frenich A., Romero-Gonzalez R., Martinez-Vidal J.L. Evaluation of soil contamination in intensive agricultural areas by pesticides and organic pollutants: south-eastern Spain as a case study. J. Environ. Monit. 2012, 14(4):1182-1189. 10.1039/C2em10993j.
126. Pradeep S., Benjamin S. Mycelial fungi completely remediate di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, the hazardous plasticizer in PVC blood storage bag. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 235:69-77. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.064.
127. Qiu Y.L., Sekiguchi Y., Hanada S., Imachi H., Tseng I.C., Cheng S.S., et al. Pelotomaculum terephthalicum sp. nov. and Pelotomaculum isophthalicum sp. nov.: two anaerobic bacteria that degrade phthalate isomers in syntrophic association with hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Arch. Microbiol. 2006, 185(3):172-182. 10.1007/s00203-005-0081-5.
128. Reyes-Contreras C., Matamoros V., Ruiz I., Soto M., Bayona J.M. Evaluation of PPCPs removal in a combined anaerobic digester-constructed wetland pilot plant treating urban wastewater. Chemosphere 2011, 84(9):1200-1207. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.003.
129. Ritsema R., Cofino W.P., Frintrop P.C.M., Brinkman U.A.T. Trace-level analysis of phthalate esters in surface water and suspended particulate matter by means of capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass-selective detection. Chemosphere 1989, 18(11-12):2161-2175.
130. Roslev P., Vorkamp K., Aarup J., Frederiksen K., Nielsen P.H. Degradation of phthalate esters in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. Water Res. 2007, 41(5):969-976. 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.049.
131. Rowsell V.F., Tangney P., Hunt C., Voulvoulis N. Estimating levels of micropollutants in municipal wastewater. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2010, 206(1-4):357-368. 10.1007/s11270-009-0112-y.
132. Rushdi A.I., DouAbul A.A.Z., Simoneit B.R.T., El-Mubarak A.H., Al-Mutlaq K.F., Qurban M.A.B., et al. Nonpolar lipid tracers in sediments from the Shatt al-Arab River of Iraq and the northwestern Arabian Gulf. Arab. J. Geosci. 2014, 7(12):5495-5508. 10.1007/s12517-013-1208-7.
133. Sakiti S.A., Boontanon S.K., Boontanon N. Removal of Di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalates by membrane bioreactor. J. Environ. Prot. 2013, 4:380-384.
134. Salapasidou M., Samara C., Voutsa D. Endocrine disrupting compounds in the atmosphere of the urban area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45(22):3720-3729. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.025.
135. Salgueiro-Gonzalez N., Lopez de Alda M.J., Muniategui-Lorenzo S., Prada-Rodriguez D., Barcelo D. Analysis and occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in airborne particles. Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. 2015, 66:45-52. 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.006.
136. dos Santos F.L., Campos B., de Araújo M., Goreti Rodrigues Vale M., Caramão E.B. Application of activated carbon in the characterization of nitrogen compounds and phthalates in a landfill leachate. Microchem. J. 2004, 78:61-64.
137. Sarkar J., Chowdhury P.P., Dutta T.K. Complete degradation of di-n-octyl phthalate by Gordonia sp. strain Dop5. Chemosphere 2013, 90(10):2571-2577. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.101.
138. Sediment Management Standards Washington State Department of Ecology, US 1991.
139. Selvaraj K.K., Sundaramoorthy G., Ravichandran P.K., Girijan G.K., Sampath S., Ramaswamy B.R. Phthalate esters in water and sediments of the Kaveri River, India: environmental levels and ecotoxicological evaluations. Environ. Geochem. Health 2015, 37(1):83-96. 10.1007/s10653-014-9632-5.
140. Shailaja S., Mohan S.V., Krishna M.R., Sarma P.N. Degradation of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in bioslurry phase reactor and identification of metabolites by HPLC and MS. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2008, 62(2):143-152. 10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.01.002.
141. Shelton D.R., Boyd S.A., Tiedje J.M. Anaerobic biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in sludge. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1984, 18:93-97.
142. Sibali L.L., Okonkwo J.O., McCrindle R.I. Determination of selected phthalate esters compounds in water and sediments by capillary gas chromatography and flame ionization detector. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2013, 48(11):1365-1377. 10.1080/10934529.2013.781884.
143. Srivastava A., Sharma V.P., Tripathi R., Kumar R., Patel D.K., Mathur P.K. Occurrence of phthalic acid esters in Gomti River Sediment, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010, 169(1-4):397-406. 10.1007/s10661-009-1182-4.
144. Staples C.A., Peterson D.R., Parkerton T.F., Adams W.J. The environmental fate of phthalate esters: a literature review. Chemosphere 1997, 35(4):667-749. 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00195-1.
145. Staples C.A. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (Phthalates Esters) 2003, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberge-New York.
146. Stasinakis A.S., PetalaS A.V., Mainais D., Thomaidis N.S. Application of the OECD 301F respirometric test for the biodegradability assessment of various potential endocrine disrupting chemicals. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99(9):3458-3467. 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.002.
147. Sugatt R.H., O'Grady D.P., Banerjee S. Toxicity of organic mixtures saturated in water to Daphnia magna effect of compositional changes. Chemosphere 1984, 13:11-18.
148. Sun J.Q., Huang J., Zhang A.P., Liu W.P., Cheng W.W. Occurrence of phthalate esters in sediments in Qiantang River, China and inference with urbanization and river flow regime. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 248:142-149. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.057.
149. Suzuki T., Yaguchi K., Suzuki S., Suga T. Monitoring of phthalic acid monoesters in river water by solid-phase extraction and GC-MS determination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35(18):3757-3763. 10.1021/Es001860i.
150. Svenson A., Allard A.S., Ek M. Removal of estrogenicity in Swedish municipal sewage treatment plants. Water Res. 2003, 37:4433-4443.
151. Swati M., Rema T., Joseph K. Hazardous organic compounds in urban municipal solid waste from a developing country. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 160:213-219.
152. Tadkaew N., Sivakumar M., Khan S.J., McDonald J.A., Nghiem L.D. Effect of mixed liquor pH on the removal of trace organic contaminants in a membrane bioreactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101(5):1494-1500. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.082.
153. Teil M.J., Blanchard M., Chevreuil M. Atmospheric fate of phthalate esters in an urban area (Paris-France). Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 354(2-3):212-213. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.083.
154. Teil M.J., Blanchard M., Dargnat C., Larcher-Tiphagne K., Chevreuil M. Occurrence of phthalate diesters in rivers of the Paris district (France). Hydrol. Process. 2007, 21(18):2515-2525. 10.1002/hyp.6484.
155. Teil M.J., Tlili K., Blanchard M., Labadie P., Alliot F., Chevreuil M. Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Phthalates in Roach from the Seine River Basin (France): Impact of Densely Urbanized Areas. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014, 66(1):41-57.
156. Thuren A., Larsson P. Phthalate-esters in the Swedish atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24(4):554-559. 10.1021/es00074a015.
157. Tran T.M., Kannan K. Occurrence of phthalate diesters in particulate and vapor phases in indoor air and implications for human exposure in Albany, New York, USA. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015, 68:489-499.
158. Trzcinski A.P., Ofoegbu N., Stuckey D.C. Anaerobic toxicity assay of plasticisers. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2012, 47(8):1082-1086. 10.1080/10934529.2012.668029.
159. Vamsee-Krishna C., Phale P.S. Bacterial degradation of phthalate isomers and their esters. Indian J. Microbiol. 2008, 48(1):19-34. 10.1007/s12088-008-0003-8.
160. Van Wezel A.P., Van Vlaardingen P., Posthumus R., Crommentuijn G.H., Sijm D.T.H.M. Environmental risk limits for two phthalates, with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2000, 46:305-321.
161. Vikelsoe J., Thomsen M., Carlsen L. Phthalates and nonylphenols in profiles of differently dressed soils. Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 296(1-3):105-116. 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00063-3.
162. Voss C., Zerban H., Bannasch P., Berger M.R. Lifelong exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate induces tumors in liver and testes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology 2005, 206(3):359-371. 10.1016/j.tox.2004.07.016.
163. Wang A., Chi J. Phthalic acid esters in the rhizosphere sediments of emergent plants from two shallow lakes. J. Soils Sediments 2012, 12(7):1189-1196. 10.1007/s11368-012-0541-x.
164. Wang P., Wang S.L., Fan C.Q. Atmospheric distribution of particulate- and gas-phase phthalic esters (PAEs) in a Metropolitan City, Nanjing, East China. Chemosphere 2008, 72(10):1567-1572. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.032.
165. Wang F., Xia X.H., Sha Y.J. Distribution of phthalic acid esters in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 154(1-3):317-324. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.028.
166. Wang J.L., Chen L.J., Shi H.C., Qian Y. Microbial degradation of phthalic acid esters under anaerobic digestion of sludge. Chemosphere 2000, 41(8):1245-1248.
167. Wang X.L., Lin Q.X., Wang J., Lu X.G., Wang G.P. Effect of wetland reclamation and tillage conversion on accumulation and distribution of phthalate esters residues in soils. Ecol. Eng. 2013, 51:10-15. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.079.
168. Wang J.L., Liu P., Qian Y. Microbial degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate. Chemosphere 1995, 31:4051-4056.
169. Wang Y.Y., Miao B., Hou D.M., Wu X.L., Peng B. Biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate and expression of the 3,4-phthalate dioxygenase gene in Arthrobacter sp. ZH(2) strain. Process Biochem. 2012, 47(6):936-940. 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.02.027.
170. Wang X.K., Tao W., Xu Y., Feng J.T., Wang F.H. Indoor phthalate concentration and exposure in residential and office buildings in Xi'an, China. Atmos. Environ. 2014, 87:146-152.
171. Wang W.X., Zhang Y.L., Wang S.L., Fan C.B.Q., Xu H. Distributions of phthalic esters carried by total suspended particulates in Nanjing, China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2012, 184(11):6789-6798. 10.1007/s10661-011-2458-z.
172. Watson J.T., Reed S.C., Kadlec R.H., Knight R.L., Whitehouse A.E. Performance Expectations and Loading Rates for Constructed Wetlands 1989, Industrial and Agricultural Lewis Publishers, Chelsea Michigan.
173. Wen Z.D., Gao D.W., Li Z., Ren N.Q. Effects of humic acid on phthalate adsorption to vermiculite. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 223:298-303.
174. Wen Z.D., Gao D.W., Wu W.M. Biodegradation and kinetic analysis of phthalates by an Arthrobacter strain isolated from constructed wetland soil. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 98:4683-4690. 10.1007/s00253-014-5568-z.
175. Weschler C.J., Salthammer T., Fromme H. Partitioning of phthalates among the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust in indoor environments. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42(7):1449-1460. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.014.
176. WHO (World Health Organization) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 2004, Geneva. 3rd ed.
177. Wu X.L., Liang R.X., Dai Q.Y., Jin D.C., Wang Y.Y., Chao W.L. Complete degradation of di-n-octyl phthalate by biochemical cooperation between Gordonia sp. strain JDC-2 and Arthrobacter sp. strain JDC-32 isolated from activated sludge. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 176(1-3):262-268. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.022.
178. Wu Q., Liu H., Ye L.S., Li P., Wang Y.H. Biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate esters by Bacillus sp SASHJ under simulated shallow aquifer condition. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2013, 76:102-107. 10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.06.013.
179. Wu X.L., Wang Y.Y., Dai Q.Y., Liang R.X., Jin D.C. Isolation and characterization of four di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)-degrading Gordonia sp. strains and cloning the 3,4-phthalate dioxygenase gene. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 27(11):2611-2617. 10.1007/s11274-011-0734-2.
180. Wu X.L., Wang Y.Y., Liang R.X., Dai Q.Y. Degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate by newly isolated Ochrobactrum sp. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 85(3):235-237. 10.1007/s00128-010-0070-5.
181. Wu D.L., Xia F.Y., Wang C.H., Zheng P. Research on the relationship between quantitative structure and anaerobic biodegradability for phthalic acid ester compounds. J. Sichuan Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 2005, 42:1206-1209.
182. Xia F.Y., Wu D.L., Zheng P., Wu C.H. Anaerobic degradation process of phthalic acid esters. J. Zhejiang Univ. Agric. Life Sci. 2006, 32:444-448.
183. Xia X.H., Yang L.Y., Bu Q.W., Liu R.M. Levels, distribution, and health risk of phthalate esters in urban soils of Beijing, China. J. Environ. Qual. 2011, 40(5):1643-1651. 10.2134/jeq2011.0032.
184. Xia F.Y., Zheng P., Zhou Q., Feng X. Aerobic die-away degradation of phthalic acid esters. Acta Eng. Solaris Sin. 2002, 23:472-476.
185. Xia F.Y., Zheng P., Zhou Q., Feng X. Relationship between quantitative structure and biodegradability for phthalic acid ester compounds. J. Zhejiang Univ. 2004, 30:141-146.
186. Xie Z.Y., Ebinghaus R., Temme C., Caba A., Ruck W. Atmospheric concentrations and air-sea exchanges of phthalates in the North Sea (German Bight). Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39(18):3209-3219. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.021.
187. Xie Z.Y., Ebinghaus R., Temme C., Lohmann R., Caba A., Ruck W. Occurrence and air-sea exchange of phthalates in the Arctic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41(13):4555-4560. 10.1021/es0630240.
188. Xu G., Li F.H., Wang Q.H. Occurrence and degradation characteristics of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in typical agricultural soils of China. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 393(2-3):333-340. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.001.
189. Yang X., Zhang C., He Z., Hu X.J., Guo J., Zhong Q., et al. Isolation and characterization of two n-butyl benzyl phthalate degrading bacteria. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2013, 76:8-11. 10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.06.005.
190. Yuan S.Y., Huang I.C., Chang B.V. Biodegradation of dibutyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and microbial community changes in mangrove sediment. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 184(1-3):826-831. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.116.
191. Yuan S.Y., Liu C., Liao C.S., Chang B.V. Occurrence and microbial degradation of phthalate esters in Taiwan river sediments. Chemosphere 2002, 49(10):1295-1299. 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00495-2.
192. Zeng F., Lin Y.J., Cui K.Y., Wen J.X., Ma Y.Q., Chen H.L., et al. Atmospheric deposition of phthalate esters in a subtropical city. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44(6):834-840. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.11.029.
193. Zeng P., Moy B.Y.P., Song Y.H., Tay J.H. Biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate by Sphingomonas sp. isolated from phthalic-acid-degrading aerobic granules. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 80(5):899-905. 10.1007/s00253-008-1632-x.
194. Zeng F., Wen J.X., Cui K.Y., Wu L.N., Liu M., Li Y.J., et al. Seasonal distribution of phthalate esters in surface water of the urban lakes in the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 169(1-3):719-725. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.006.
195. Zhang C.X., Wang Y.X. Removal of dissolved organic matter and phthalic acid esters from landfill leachate through a complexation-flocculation process. Waste Manag. 2009, 29(1):110-116. 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.023.
196. Zhao W.Y., Wu Z.B., Zhou Q.H., Cheng S.P., Fui G.P., He F. Removal of dibutyl phthalate by a staged, vertical-flow constructed wetland. Wetlands 2004, 24(1):202-206.
197. Zheng X.X., Zhang B.T., Teng Y.G. Distribution of phthalate acid esters in lakes of Beijing and its relationship with anthropogenic activities. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 476:107-113.
198. Zhou J., Cai Z.H., Xing K.Z. Potential mechanisms of phthalate ester embryotoxicity in the abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159(5):1114-1122. 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.016.
199. Zhou Q.H., Wu Z.B., Cheng S.P., He F., Fu G.P. Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2005, 37(8):1454-1459. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.01.003.
200. Zolfaghari M., Drogui P., Seyhi B., Brar S.K., Buelna G., Dube R. Occurrence, fate and effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in wastewater treatment plants: a review. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 194:281-293.