Influence of temperature on the emission of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 909-915

  Clausen, Per Axel ^a   Liu, Zhe ^b   Kofoed Sørensen, Vivi ^a   Little, John ^b   Wolkoff, Peder ^a  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT   (Denmark)

^b State University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR FLOW-RATE; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; CHAMBER WALLS; DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; GAS-PHASE CONCENTRATION; GASPHASE; INTERIOR SURFACES; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PVC FLOORING; STEADY-STATE CONCENTRATIONS; SURFACE CONCENTRATION;

ADSORPTION; BUILDING MATERIALS; ESTERS; FLOORS; METHANOL; PLASTICIZERS;

POLYVINYL CHLORIDES;

PHTHALIC ACID BIS(2 ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER; POLYVINYLCHLORIDE;

ADSORPTION; AIRFLOW; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION; FUEL CELL; ORGANIC COMPOUND; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRESSURE EFFECT; STEADY-STATE EQUILIBRIUM; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; VAPOR PRESSURE;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FLOORS AND FLOORCOVERINGS; HOUSING; MODELS, CHEMICAL; POLYVINYL CHLORIDE; TEMPERATURE; TIME; VAPOR PRESSURE; VOLATILIZATION;

EID: 84862961030     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es2035625     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Rudel, R. A.; Perovich, L. J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 170-181
2. Clausen, P. A.; Bille, R. L. L.; Nilsson, T.; Hansen, V.; Svensmark, B.; Bøwadt, S. Simultaneous extraction of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and non-ionic surfactants from house dust. Concentrations in floor dust from 15 Danish schools J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 986, 179-190
3. Rudel, R. A.; Camann, D. E.; Spengler, J. D.; Korn, L. R.; Brody, J. G. Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4543-4553
4. Øie, L.; Hersoug, L.-G.; Madsen, J. Ø. Residential exposure to plasticizers and its possible role in the pathogenesis of asthma Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105, 972-978
5. Bornehag, C.-G.; Sundell, J.; Weschler, C. J.; Sigsgaard, T.; Lundgren, B.; Hasselgren, M.; Hägerhed-Engman, L. The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates inhouse dust: a nested case-control study Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 1393-1397
6. Kolarik, B.; Naydenov, K.; Larsson, M.; Bornehag, C.-G.; Sundell, J. The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among Bulgarian children Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116, 98-103
7. Bornehag, C. G.; Nanberg, E. Phthalate exposure and asthma in children Int. J. Androl. 2010, 33, 333-345
8. Jaakkola, J. J. K.; Knight, T. L. The role of exposure to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products in the development of asthma and allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116, 845-853
9. Nielsen, G. D.; Larsen, S. T.; Olsen, O.; Løvik, M.; Poulsen, L. K.; Glue, C.; Wolkoff, P. Do indoor chemicals promote development of airway allergy? Indoor Air 2007, 17, 236-255
10. Clausen, P. A.; Hansen, V.; Gunnarsen, L.; Afshari, A.; Wolkoff, P. Emission of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from PVC into air and dust. Emission and sorption experiments Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2531-2537
11. Ekelund, M.; Azhdar, B.; Gedde, U. W. Evaporative loss kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from pristine DEHP and plasticized PVC Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2010, 95, 1789-1793
12. Clausen, P. A.; Liu, Z.; Xu, Y.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Little, J. C. Influence of air flow rate on emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring in the emission cell FLEC: Measurements and CFD simulation Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 2760-2766
13. Clausen, P. A.; Xu, Y.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Little, J. C.; Wolkoff, P. The influence of humidity on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from vinyl flooring in the emission cell "FLEC" Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 3217-3224
14. Xu, Y.; Little, J. C. Predicting emissions of SVOCs from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 456-461
15. Kim, J. H.; Kim, S. H.; Lee, C. H.; Nah, J.; Hahn, A. DEHP migration behavior from excessively plasticized PVC sheets Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 345-349
16. Fujii, M.; Shinohara, N.; Lim, A.; Otake, T.; Kumagai, K.; Yanagisawa, Y. A study on emission of phthalate esters from plastic materials using a passive flux sampler Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 5495-5504
17. Ekelund, M.; Azhdar, B.; Hedenqvist, M. S.; Gedde, U. W. Long-term performance of poly(vinyl chloride) cables, Part 2: Migration of plasticizer Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2008, 93, 1704-1710
18. Xu, Y.; Hubal, E. C.; Clausen, P. A.; Little, J. C. Predicting Residential Exposure to Phthalate Plasticizer Emitted from Vinyl Flooring: A Mechanistic Analysis Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 2347-2380
19. Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Clausen, P. A. Preconcentration and analysis of phthalate esters in house dust extracts-The advantages of using thermal desorption and gas chromatography G. I. T. Lab. J. 5 2004, 8, 34-35
20. Wolkoff, P. An emission cell for measurement of volatile organic compounds emitted from building materials for indoor use-The field and laboratory emission cell FLEC Gefahrstoffe-Reinhalt. Luft 1996, 56, 151-157
21. Wolkoff, P.; Clausen, P. A.; Nielsen, P. A.; Gustafsson, H.; Jonsson, B.; Rasmusen, E. Field and Laboratory Emission Cell: FLEC. In: IAQ 91 Healthy Buildings; Geshwiler, M.; Montgomery, L.; Moran, M., Ed.; American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE): Atlanta, 1991; pp 160-165.
22. Clausen, P. A.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V. Sampling and analysis of SVOCs and POMs in indoor air. In Organic Indoor Air Pollutants; Salthammer, T.; Uhde, E., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, 2009; pp 19.
23. Zhu, Q.; Kato, S.; Murakami, S.; Ito, K. 3D-CFD analysis of diffusion and emission of VOCs in a FLEC cavity Indoor Air 2007, 17, 178-188
24. Zhang, Y.; Luo, X.; Wang, X.; Qian, K.; Zhao, R. Influence of temperature on formaldehyde emission parameters of dry building materials Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 3203-3216
25. Small, P. A.; Small, K. W.; Cowley, P. The vapour pressures of some high boiling esters Trans. Faraday Soc. 1948, 44, 810-816
26. Werner, A. C. Vapor pressures of phthalate esters Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1952, 44, 2736-2740
27. Quackenbos, H. M. Plasticizers in vinyl chloride resins Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1954, 46, 1335-1349
28. Ray, A. K.; Davis, E. J.; Ravindran, P. Determination of ultra-low vapor pressures by submicron droplet evaporation J. Chem. Phys. 1979, 71, 582-587
29. Dobbs, A. J.; Cull, M. R. Volatilisation of chemicals-Relative loss rates and the estimation of vapour pressures Environ. Pollut., Ser. B 1982, 3, 289-298
30. Hinckley, D. A.; Bidleman, T. F.; Foreman, W. T.; Tuschall, J. R. Determination of vapor pressures for nonpolar and semipolar organic compounds from gas chromatograhic retention data J. Chem. Eng. Data 1990, 35, 232-237
31. Tang, I. N.; Munkelwitz, H. R. Determination of vapor pressure from droplet evaporation kinetics J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1991, 141, 109-118
32. Price, D. M. Vapor pressure determination by thermogravimetry Thermochim. Acta 2001, 367-368, 253-262
33. Clausen, P. A.; Hansen, V.; Gunnarsen, L.; Afshari, A.; Wolkoff, P. Emission of Phthalates from PVC flooring in two very different test chambers. In: Indoor Air 2002-Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate; Levin, H., Ed.; Indoor Air 2002: Monterey, California; USA, 2002; Vol. 2, pp 932-937.
34. Xu, Y.; Cohen Hubal, E. A.; Little, J. C. Predicting residential exposure to phthalate plasticizer emitted from vinyl flooring: sensitivity, uncertainty, and implications for biomonitoring Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118, 253-258
35. Liu, Z.; Xu, Y.; Little, J. C. Characterizing emissions of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from vinyl flooring in a specially-designed chamber. In Indoor Air 2011-Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate; Indoor Air 2011: Austin, Texas, 2011.
36. Xu, Y.; Park, J.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Clausen, P. A.; Little, J. C. Characterizing emission of phthalate plasticizer from vinyl flooring in a specially-designed chamber Epidemiology 2008, 19, S294-S295
37. 3 test cabinet. 2000;VDA 276
38. Schripp, T.; Nactwey, B.; Toelke, J.; Salthammer, T.; Uhde, E.; Wensing, M.; Bahadir, M. A microscale device for measuring emissions from materials for indoor use Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 387, 1907-1919
39. Oja, Vahur; Suuberg, Eric M. Vapor liquid equilibrium in polycyclic aromatic compound mixtures and in coal tars. In Heavy Hydrocarbon Resources; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2005; pp 113.
40. Burks, G. A.; Harmon, T. C. Volatilization of solid-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from model mixtures and lampblack-contaminated soils J. Chem. Eng. Data 2001, 46, 944-949
41. Goldfarb, J. L.; Suuberg, E. M. Raoult's Law and its application to sublimation vapor pressures of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Environ. Eng. Sci. 2008, 25, 1429-1438
42. Hawkes, S. J. Raoult's Law is a deception. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 204 -null.
43. Nicholson, J. W. The Chemistry of Polymers; The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 2006.
44. Humphreys, M. A.; Nicol, J. F.; Raja, I. A. Field studies of indoor thermal comfort and the progress of the adaptive approach Adv. Building Energy Res. 2007, 1, 55-88
45. Hunt, D. R. G.; Gidman, M. I. A national field survey of house temperatures* Build. Environ. 1982, 17, 107-124
46. Nicol, F.; Roaf, S. Pioneering new indoor temperature standards: the Pakistan project Energy Build. 1996, 23, 169-174
47. Raja, I. A.; Nicol, J. F.; McCartney, K. J.; Humphreys, M. A. Thermal comfort: Use of controls in naturally ventilated buildings Energy Build. 2001, 33, 235-244
48. Rousseau, M.; Manning, M.; Said, M. N.; Cornick, S. M.; Swinton, M. C. Characterization of indoor hygrothermal conditions in houses in different northern climates. In: Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X International Conference; Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X International Conference; Clearwater, Florida, 2007; vol. pp. 1-14.
49. McLaren, C.; Null, J.; Quinn, J. Heat stress from enclosed vehicles: moderate ambient temperatures cause significant temperature rise in enclosed vehicles Pediatrics 2005, 116, e109-e112
50. Little, J. C.;; Weschler, C. J.;; Nazaroff, W. W.;; Liu, Z.;; Cohen Hubal, E. A. Semivolatile organic compounds in the indoor environment-Toward rapidly characterizing exposure and risk (In preparation).