Aptamer-based hydrogels and their applications

Aptamers Selected by Cell-SELEX for Theranostics

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 163-195

  Lu, Chun Hua ^a   Qi, Xiu Juan ^a   Li, Juan ^a   Yang, Huang Hao ^a  

^a FUZHOU UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Biosensors; Cancer therapy; Colorimetric; Controlled release; Drug delivery; Gel sol transition; Nucleic acids; Polyacrylamide chains; Thrombin; Visual detection

Indexed keywords

EID: 84943383105     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-46226-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (163)

1. Richter A, Paschew G, Klatt S, Lienig J, Arndt KF, Adler HJ (2008) Review on hydrogelbased Ph sensors and microsensors. Sensors 8: 561-581
2. Jeong B, Kim SW, Bae YH (2002) Thermosensitive sol-gel reversible hydrogels. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54: 37-51
3. Ulijn RV, Bibi N, Jayawarna V, Thornton PD, Todd SJ, Mart RJ, Smith AM, Gough JE (2007) Bioresponsive hydrogels. Mater Today 10: 40-48
4. Kulkarni RV, Biswanath SA (2007) Electrically responsive smart hydrogels in drug delivery: a review. J Appl Biomater Biomech 5: 125-139
5. Murata K, Aoki M, Nishi T, Ikeda A, Shinkai S (1991) New cholesterol-based gelators with light-and metal-responsive functions. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 24: 1715-1718
6. Maitra U, Mukhopadhyay S, Sarkar A, Rao P, Indi SS (2001) Hydrophobic pockets in a nonpolymeric aqueous gel: observation of such a gelation process by color change. Angew Chem Int Ed 40: 2281-2283
7. Beck JB, Rowan SJ (2003) Multistimuli, multiresponsive metallo-supramolecular polymers. J Am Chem Soc 125: 13922-13923
8. Zhao Y (2009) Photocontrollable block copolymer micelles: what can we control? J Mater Chem 19: 4887-4895
9. Zhao Y (2012) Light-responsive block copolymer micelles. Macromolecules 45: 3647-3657
10. Sambri L, Cucinotta F, Paoli GD, Stagni S, Cola LD (2010) Ultrasound-promoted hydrogelation of terpyridine derivatives. New J Chem 34: 2093-2096
11. Satarkar NS, Hilt JZ (2008) Magnetic hydrogel nanocomposites for remote controlled pulsatile drug release. J Control Rel 130: 246-251
12. Ozay O, Ekici S, Baran Y, Aktas N, Sahiner N (2009) Removal of toxic metal ions with magnetic hydrogels. Water Res 43: 4403-4411
13. Peppas NA, Bures P, Leobandung W, Ichikawa H (2000) Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 50: 27-46
14. Byrne ME, Park K, Peppas NA (2002) Molecular imprinting within hydrogels. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 54: 149-161
15. Peppas NA, Langer R (2004) Origins and development of biomedical engineering within chemical engineering. AIChE J 50: 536-546
16. Hilt JZ, Byrne ME (2004) Configurational biomimesis in drug delivery: molecular imprinting of biologically significant molecules. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 56: 1599-1620
17. Holtz JH, Asher SA (1997) Polymerized colloidal crystal hydrogel films as intelligent chemical sensing materials. Nature 389: 829-832
18. Holtz JH, Holtz JSW, Munro CH, Asher SA (1998) Intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays: novel chemical sensor materials. Anal Chem 70: 780-791
19. Zhang L, Seitz RW (2002) A pH sensor based on force generated by pH-dependent polymer swelling. Anal Bioanal Chem 373: 555-559
20. CO2 sensor. Sens Actuators, B 91: 378-382
21. Hilt JZ, Gupta AK, Bashir R, Peppas NA (2003) Ultrasensitive biomems sensors based on microcantilevers patterned with environmentally responsive hydrogels. Biomed Microdevices 5: 177-184
22. Xu K, Lee F, Gao SJ, Chung JE, Yano H, Kurisawa M (2013) Injectable hyaluronic acidtyramine hydrogels incorporating interferon-α2a for liver cancer therapy. J Control Release 166: 203-210
23. Beebe DJ, Moore JS, Bauer JM, Yu Q, Liu RH, Devadoss C, Jo BH (2000) Functional hydrogel structures for autonomous flow control inside microfluidic channels. Nature 404: 588-590
24. Kapur TA, Shoichet MSJ (2004) Immobilized concentration gradients of nerve growth factor guide neurite outgrowth. Biomed Mater Res A 68A: 235-243
25. Kim D, Beebe D (2007) Hydrogel-based reconfigurable components for microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 7: 193-198
26. Schmidt S, Zeiser M, Hellweg T, Duschl C, Fery A, Möhwald H (2010) Adhesion and mechanical properties of PNIPAM microgel films and their potential use as switchable cell culture substrates. Adv Funct Mater 20: 3235-3243
27. McCain ML, Agarwal A, Nesmith HW, Nesmith AP, Parker KK (2014) Micromolded gelatin hydrogels for extended culture of engineered cardiac tissues. Biomaterials 35: 5462-5471
28. Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, Mooney DJ (1999) Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials 20: 45-53
29. Lee KY, Mooney D (2001) Hydrogels for tissue engineering. J Chem Rev 101: 1869-1879
30. +-crosslinked DNA hydrogels. Chem Commun 50: 4065-4068
31. Nagahara S (1996) A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel formation via hybridization of oligonucleotides derivatized in water-soluble vinyl polymers. Polym Gels Networks 4: 111-127
32. Miyata T, Asami N, Uragami T (1999) A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel. Nature 399: 766-799
33. Wang C, Stewart RJ, Kopecek J (1999) Hybrid hydrogels assembled from synthetic polymers and coiled-coil protein domains. Nature 397: 417-420
34. Liu J (2011) Oligonucleotide-functionalized hydrogels as stimuli responsive materials and biosensors. Soft Matter 7: 6757-6767
35. Peng L, Wu C, You M, Han D, Chen Y, Fu T, Ye M, Tan W (2013) Engineering and applications of DNA-grafting polymer materials. Chem Sci 4: 1928-1938
36. Khimji I, Kelly EY, Helwa Y, Hoang M, Liu J (2013) Visual optical biosensors based on DNA-functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogels. Methods 64: 292-298
37. Xiong X, Wu C, Zhou C, Zhu G, Chen Z, Tan W (2013) Responsive DNA-based hydrogels and their applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 34: 1271-1283
38. Yang D, Hartman MR, Derrien TL, Hamada S, An D, Yancey KG, Cheng R, Ma M, Luo D (2014) DNA materials: bridging nanotechnology and biotechnology. Acc Chem Res 47: 1902-1911
39. Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids-A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 737-738
40. Sinden RR, Pearson CE, Potaman VN, Ussery DW (1998) DNA: structure and function. Adv Gen Biol 5A: 1-141
41. Hannon MJ (2007) Supramolecular DNA recognition. Chem Soc Rev 36: 280-295
42. Stulz E, Clever G, Shionoya M, Mao C (2011) DNA in a modern world. Chem Soc Rev 40: 5633-5635
43. Storhoff JJ, Mirkin CA (1999) Programmed materials synthesis with DNA. Chem Rev 99: 1849-1862
44. Sen D, Gilbert W (1988) Formation of parallel four-stranded complexes by guanine-rich motifs in DNA and its implications for meiosis. Nature 334: 364-366
45. Miyake Y, Togashi H, Tashiro M, Yamaguchi H, Oda S, Kudo M, Tanaka Y, Kondo Y, Sawa R, Fujimoto T, Machinami T, Ono A (2006) MercuryII-mediated formation of Thymine-HgII-Thymine base pairs in DNA duplexes. J Am Chem Soc 128: 2172-2173
46. 2+-modulated G-quadruplex-based DNAzymes. Anal Chem 81: 2144-2149
47. Zhu Z, Su Y, Li J, Li D, Zhang J, Song S, Zhao Y, Li G, Fan C (2009) Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for mercury(II) ions by using a mercury-specific oligonucleotide probe and gold nanoparticle-based amplification. Anal Chem 81: 7660-7666
48. Park KS, Jung C, Park HG (2010) "Illusionary" polymerase activity triggered by metal ions: use for molecular logic-gate operations. Angew Chem Int Ed 49: 9757-9760
49. Collie GW, Parkinson GN (2011) The application of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes to therapeutic medicines. Chem Soc Rev 40: 5867-5892
50. Wang F, Lu CH, Willner I (2014) From cascaded catalytic nucleic acids to enzyme-DNA nanostructures: controlling reactivity, sensing, logic operations, and assembly of complex structures. Chem Rev 114: 2881-2941
51. Xing Y, Cheng E, Yang Y, Chen P, Zhang T, Sun Y, Yang Z, Liu D (2011) Self-assembled DNA hydrogels with designable thermal and enzymatic responsiveness. Adv Mater 23: 1117-1121
52. Guo W, Orbach R, Mironi-Harpaz I, Seliktar D, Willner I (2013) Fluorescent DNA hydrogels composed of nucleic acid-stabilized silver nanoclusters. Small 9: 3748-3752
53. Um SH, Lee JB, Park N, Kwon SY, Umbach CC, Luo D (2006) Enzyme-catalysed assembly of DNA hydrogel. Nat Mater 5: 797-801
54. Cheng E, Xing Y, Chen P, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zhou D, Xu L, Fan Q, Liu D (2009) A pHtriggered, fast-responding DNA hydrogel. Angew Chem Int Ed 48: 7660-7663
55. Lu CH, Qi XJ, Orbach R, Yang HH, Mironi-Harpaz I, Seliktar D, Willner I (2013) Switchable catalytic acrylamide hydrogels crosslinked by Hemin/G-quadruplexes. Nano Lett 13: 1298-1302
56. Baeissa A, Dave N, Smith BD, Liu J (2010) DNA-functionalized monolithic hydrogels and gold nanoparticles for colorimetric DNA detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2: 3594-3600
57. Dave N, Chan MY, Huang PJJ, Smith BD, Liu J (2010) Regenerable DNA-functionalized hydrogels for ultrasensitive instrument-free mercury(II) detection and removal in water. J Am Chem Soc 132: 12668-12673
58. 2+ detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3: 733-739
59. Liedl T, Dietz H, Yurke B, Simmel F (2007) Controlled trapping and release of quantum dots in a DNA-switchable hydrogel. Small 3: 1688-1693
60. Guo W, Lu CH, Qi XJ, Orbach R, Fadeev M, Yang HH, Willner I (2014) Switchable bifunctional stimuli-triggered poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/DNA hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed 53: 10134-10138
61. Peng L, You M, Yuan Q, Wu C, Han D, Chen Y, Zhong Z, Xue J, Tan W (2012) Macroscopic volume change of dynamic hydrogels induced by reversible DNA hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 134: 12302-12307
62. Zhu Z, Wu C, Liu H, Zou Y, Zhang X, Kang H, Yang CJ, Tan W (2010) An aptamer crosslinked hydrogel as a colorimetric platform for visual detection. Angew Chem Int Ed 49: 1052-1056
63. Zhou L, Chen C, Ren J, Qu X (2014) Towards intelligent bioreactor systems: triggering the release and mixing of compounds based on DNA-functionalized hybrid hydrogel. Chem Commun 50: 10255-10257
64. Lin H, Zou Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Zhang WY, Zhuang Z, Jenkins G, Yang CJ (2011) DNAzyme crosslinked hydrogel: a new platform for visual detection of metal ions. Chem Commun 47: 9312-9314
65. Lee JB, Peng S, Yang D, Roh YH, Funabashi H, Park N, Rice EJ, Chen L, Long R, Wu M, Luo D (2012) A mechanical metamaterial made from a DNA hydrogel. Nat Nanotechnol 7: 816-820
66. Ellington AD, Szostak JW (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature 346: 818-822
67. Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249: 505-510
68. Sassanfar M, Szostak JW (1993) An RNA motif that binds ATP. Nature 364: 550-553
69. Geiger A, Burgstaller P, Von der Eltz H, Roeder A, Famulok M (1996) RNA aptamers that bind L-arginine with sub-micromolar dissociation constants and high enantioselectivity. Nucleic Acids Res 24: 1029-1036
70. Jenison RD, Gill SC, Pardi A, Polisky B (1994) High-resolution molecular discrimination by RNA. Science 263: 1425-1429
71. Haller AA, Sarnow P (1997) In vitro selection of a 7-methyl-guanosine binding RNA that inhibits translation of capped mRNA molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8521-8526
72. Mannironi C, DiNardo A, Fruscoloni P, Tocchini-Valentini GP (1997) In vitro selection of dopamine RNA ligands. Biochemistry 36: 9726-9734
73. Rajendran M, Ellington AD (2002) Selecting nucleic acids for biosensor applications. Comb Chem High Throughput Screening 5: 263-270
74. Shangguan D, Li Y, Tang ZW, Cao ZHC, Chen HW, Mallikaratchy P, Sefah K, Yang CYJ, Tan WH (2006) Aptamers evolved from live cells as effective molecular probes for cancer study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 11838-11843
75. Tang ZW, Shangguan D, Wang KM, Shi H, Sefah K, Mallikratchy P, Chen HW, Li Y, Tan WH (2007) Selection of aptamers for molecular recognition and characterization of cancer cells. Anal Chem 79: 4900-4907
76. Rajendran M, Ellington AD (2008) Selection of fluorescent aptamer beacons that light up in the presence of zinc. Anal Bioanal Chem 390: 1067-1075
77. Cho EJ, Lee JW, Ellington AD (2009) Applications of aptamers as sensors. Annu Rev Anal Chem 2: 241-264
78. Keefe AD, Pai S, Ellington A (2010) Aptamers as therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9: 537-550
79. Liss M, Petersen B, Wolf H, Prohaska E (2002) An aptamer-based quartz crystal protein biosensor. Anal Chem 74: 4488-4495
80. Minunni M, Tombelli S, Gullotto A, Luzi E, Mascini M (2004) Development of biosensors with aptamers as bio-recognition element: the case of HIV-1 Tat protein. Biosens Bioelectron 20: 1149-1156
81. Schlensog MD, Gronewold TMA, Tewes M, Famulok M, Quandt E (2004) A Love-wave biosensor using nucleic acids as ligands. Sens Actuators, B 101: 308-315
82. Xu DK, Xu DW, Yu XB, Liu ZH, He W, Ma ZQ (2005) Label-free electrochemical detection for aptamer-based array electrodes. Anal Chem 77: 5107-5113
83. Ferapontova EE, Olsen EM, Gothelf KV (2008) An RNA aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of theophylline in serum. J Am Chem Soc 130: 4256-4258
84. Lu Y, Li X, Zhang L, Yu P, Su L, Mao L (2008) Aptamer-based electrochemical sensors with aptamer-complementary DNA oligonucleotides as probe. Anal Chem 80: 1883-1890
85. Pan CF, Guo ML, Nie Z, Xiao XL, Yao SZ (2009) Aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for label-free recognition and detection of cancer Cells. Electroanalysis 21: 1321-1326
86. Lee M, Walt DR (2000) A fiber-optic microarray biosensor using aptamers as receptors. Anal Biochem 282: 142-146
87. McCauley TG, Hamaguchi N, Stanton M (2003) Aptamer-based biosensor arrays for detection and quantification of biological macromolecules. Anal Biochem 319: 244-250
88. Kirby R, Cho EJ, Gehrke B, Bayer T, Park YS, Neikirk DP, McDevitt JT, Ellington AD (2004) Aptamer-based sensor arrays for the detection and quantitation of proteins. Anal Chem 76: 4066-4075
89. Kang HZ, Trondoli AC, Zhu GZ, Chen Y, Chang YJ, Liu HP, Huang YF, Zhang XL, Tan WH (2011) Near-infrared light-responsive core-shell nanogels for targeted drug delivery. ACS Nano 5: 5094-5099
90. Wu C, Han D, Chen T, Peng L, Zhu G, You M, Qiu L, Sefah K, Zhang X, Tan W (2013) Building a multifunctional aptamer-based DNA nanoassembly for targeted cancer therapy. J Am Chem Soc 135: 18644-18650
91. Yang H, Liu H, Kang H, Tan W (2008) Engineering target-responsive hydrogels based on aptamer-target interactions. J Am Chem Soc 130: 6320-6321
92. Yin BC, Ye BC, Wang H, Zhu Z, Tan W (2012) Colorimetric logic gates based on aptamercrosslinked hydrogels. Chem Commun 48: 1248-1250
93. Zhang L, Lei J, Liu L, Li C, Ju H (2013) Self-assembled DNA hydrogel as switchable material for aptamer-based fluorescent detection of protein. Anal Chem 85: 11077-11082
94. Liu J, Liu H, Kang H, Donovan M, Zhu Z, Tan W (2012) Aptamer-incorporated hydrogels for visual detection, controlled drug release, and targeted cancer therapy. Anal Bioanal Chem 402: 187-194
95. Yan L, Zhu Z, Zou Y, Huang Y, Liu D, Jia S, Xu D, Wu M, Zhou Y, Zhou S, Yang CJ (2013) Target-responsive "sweet" hydrogel with glucometer readout for portable and quantitative detection of non-glucose targets. J Am Chem Soc 135: 3748-3751
96. Zhu Z, Guan Z, Jia S, Lei Z, Lin S, Zhang H, Ma Y, Tian Z, Yang CJ (2014) Au@Pt nanoparticle encapsulated target-responsive hydrogel with volumetric bar-chart chip readout for quantitative point-of-care testing. Angew Chem Int Ed 53: 12503-12507
97. Soontornworajit B, Zhou J, Shaw MT, Fan TH, Wang Y (2010) Hydrogel functionalization with DNA aptamers for sustained PDGF-BB release. Chem Commun 46: 1857-1859
98. Soontornworajit B, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Wang Y (2010) Aptamer-functionalized in situ injectable hydrogel for controlled protein release. Biomacromolecules 11: 2724-2730
99. Soontornworajit B, Zhou J, Wang Y (2010) A hybrid particle-hydrogel composite for oligonucleotide-mediated pulsatile protein release. Soft Matter 6: 4255-4261
100. Battig MR, Soontornworajit B, Wang Y (2012) Programmable release of multiple protein drugs from aptamer-functionalized hydrogels via nucleic acid hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 134: 12410-12413
101. Battig MR, Huang Y, Chen N, Wang Y (2014) Aptamer-functionalized superporous hydrogels for sequestration and release of growth factors regulated via molecular recognition. Biomaterials 35: 8040-8048
102. Nielsen LJ, Olsen LF, Ozalp VC (2010) Aptamers embedded in polyacrylamide nanoparticles: a tool for in vivo metabolite sensing. ACS Nano 4: 4361-4370
103. Pavlov V, Xiao Y, Shlyahovsky B, Willner I (2004) Aptamer-functionalized Au nanoparticles for the amplified optical detection of thrombin. J Am Chem Soc 126: 11768-11769
104. Huang CC, Huang YF, Cao Z, Tan W, Chang HT (2005) Aptamer-modified gold nanoparticles for colorimetric determination of platelet-derived growth factors and their receptors. Anal Chem 77: 5735-5741
105. Liu JW, Lu Y (2006) Fast colorimetric sensing of adenosine and cocaine based on a general sensor design involving aptamers and nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 45: 90-94
106. Liu J, Lu Y (2006) Smart nanomaterials responsive to multiple chemical stimuli with controllable cooperativity. Adv Mater 18: 1667-1671
107. Liu JW, Lee JH, Lu Y (2007) Quantum dot encoding of aptamer-linked nanostructures for one-pot simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Anal Chem 79: 4120-4125
108. Yigit MV, Mazumdar D, Kim HK, Lee JH, Odintsov B, Lu Y (2007) Smart "turn-on" magnetic resonance contrast agents based on aptamer-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. ChemBioChem 8: 1675-1678
109. Lin DC, Yurke B, Langrana NA (2004) Mechanical properties of a reversible, DNAcrosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogel. J Biomech Eng 126: 104-110
110. Murakami Y, Maeda M (2005) Hybrid hydrogels to which single-stranded (ss) DNA probe is incorporated can recognize specific ssDNA. Macromolecules 38: 1535-1537
111. Wei B, Cheng I, Luo KQ, Mi Y (2008) Capture and release of protein by a reversible DNAinduced sol-gel transition system. Angew Chem Int Ed 47: 331-333
112. Tang H, Duan X, Feng X, Liu L, Wang S, Li Y, Zhu D (2009) Fluorescent DNA-poly (phenylenevinylene) hybrid hydrogels for monitoring drug release. Chem Commun 6: 641-643
113. Roh YH, Ruiz RCH, Peng S, Lee JB, Luo D (2011) Engineering DNA-based functional materials. Chem Soc Rev 40: 5730-5744
114. Okay O (2011) DNA hydrogels: new functional soft materials. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 49: 551-556
115. Tokarev I, Minko S (2009) Stimuli-responsive hydrogel thin films. Soft Matter 5: 511-524
116. Wang X, Wang X (2013) Aptamer-functionalized hydrogel diffraction gratings for the human thrombin detection. Chem Commun 49: 5957-5959
117. Wang R, Li Y (2013) Hydrogel based QCM aptasensor for detection of avian influenza virus. Biosens Bioelectron 42: 148-155
118. Ye BF, Zhao YJ, Cheng Y, Li TT, Xie ZY, Zhao XW, Gu ZZ (2012) Colorimetric photonic hydrogel aptasensor for the screening of heavy metal ions. Nanoscale 4: 5998-6003
119. Lopez C (2003) Materials aspects of photonic crystals. Adv Mater 15: 1679-1704
120. Kamenjicki M, Kesavamoorthy R, Asher SA (2004) Photonic crystal devices. Ionics 10: 233-236
121. Li M, He F, Liao Q, Liu J, Xu L, Jiang L, Song Y, Wang S, Zhu D (2008) Ultrasensitive DNA detection using photonic crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed 47: 7258-7262
122. 2 photonic crystal particles. Anal Chem 81: 2618-2625
123. Ge JP, He L, Hu YX, Yin YD (2011) Magnetically induced colloidal assembly into fieldresponsive photonic structures. Nanoscale 3: 177-183
124. Bai W, Gariano NA, Spivak DA (2013) Macromolecular amplification of binding response in superaptamer hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 135: 6977-6984
125. Bai W, Spivak DA (2014) A double-imprinted diffraction-grating sensor based on a virusresponsive super-aptamer hydrogel derived from an impure extract. Angew Chem Int Ed 53: 2095-2098
126. Ono A, Togashi H (2004) Highly selective oligonucleotide-based sensor for mercury(ii) in aqueous solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed 43: 4300-4302
127. II-mediated T-T base pairs in a DNA duplex. J Am Chem Soc 129: 244-245
128. 2+ in aqueous solution with mercury-specific DNA and SYBR Green I. Chem Commun 39: 4759-4761
129. Jacobi ZE, Li L, Liu J (2012) Visual detection of lead(II) using a label-free DNA-based sensor and its immobilization within a monolithic hydrogel. Analyst 137: 704-709
130. Helwa Y, Dave N, Froidevaux R, Samadi A, Liu J (2012) Aptamer-functionalized hydrogel microparticles for fast visual detection of mercury(II) and adenosine. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4: 2228-2233
131. Rupcich N, Nutiu R, Li Y, Brennan JD (2005) Entrapment of fluorescent signaling DNA aptamers in sol-gel-derived silica. Anal Chem 77: 4300-4307
132. Hui CY, Li Y, Brennan JD (2014) Fluorescence analysis of the properties of structureswitching DNA aptamers entrapped in sol-gel-derived silica materials. Chem Mater 26: 1896-1904
133. Siegel RA, Firestone BA (1988) pH-Dependent equilibrium swelling properties of hydrophobic polyelectrolyte copolymer gels. Macromolecules 21: 3254-3259
134. Yoshida R, Uchida K, Kaneko Y, Sakai K, Kikuchi A, Sakurai Y, Okano T (1995) Combtype grafted hydrogels with rapid deswelling response to temperature changes. Nature 374: 240-242
135. Osada Y, Okuzaki H, Hori H (1992) A polymer gel with electrically driven motility. Nature 355: 242-244
136. Kokufata E, Zhang YQ, Tanaka T (1991) Saccharide-sensitive phase transition of a lectinloaded gel. Nature 351: 302-304
137. Mao C, Sun W, Shen Z, Seeman NC (1999) A nanomechanical device based on the B-Z transition of DNA. Nature 397: 144-146
138. Yurke B, Turberfield AJ, Mills AP, Simmel FC, Neumann JL (2000) A DNA-fuelled molecular machine made of DNA. Nature 406: 605-608
139. Yan H, Zhang X, Shen Z, Seeman NC (2002) A robust DNA mechanical device controlled by hybridization topology. Nature 415: 62-65
140. Feng L, Park SH, Reif JH, Yan H (2003) A two-state DNA lattice switched by DNA nanoactuator. Angew Chem Int Ed 42: 4342-4346
141. He X, Wei B, Mi Y (2010) Aptamer based reversible DNA induced hydrogel system for molecular recognition and separation. Chem Commun 46: 6308-6310
142. Zhang Z, Chen N, Li S, Battig MR, Wang Y (2012) Programmable hydrogels for controlled cell catch and release using hybridized aptamers and complementary sequences. J Am Chem Soc 134: 15716-15719
143. Zhang ZL, Li S, Chen N, Yang C, Wang Y (2013) Programmable display of DNA-protein chimeras for controlling cell-hydrogel interactions via reversible intermolecular hybridization. Biomacromolecules 14: 1174-1180
144. Li S, Chen N, Zhang Z, Wang Y (2013) Endonuclease-responsive aptamer-functionalized hydrogel coating for sequential catch and release of cancer cells. Biomaterials 34: 460-469
145. Chen N, Zhang Z, Soontornworajit B, Zhou J, Wang Y (2012) Cell adhesion on an artificial extracellular matrix using aptamer-functionalized PEG hydrogels. Biomaterials 33: 1353-1362
146. Langer R (1998) Drug delivery and targeting. Nature 392: 5-10
147. Putney SD, Burke PA (1998) Improving protein therapeutics with sustained-release formulations. Nat Biotechnol 16: 153-157
148. Hoare TR, Kohane DS (2008) Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges. Polymer 49: 1993-2007
149. Jia XQ, Kiick KL (2009) Hybrid multicomponent hydrogels for tissue engineering. Macromol Biosci 9: 140-156
150. Bussemer T, Otto I, Bodmeier R (2001) Pulsatile drug-delivery systems. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 18: 433-458
151. Richards Grayson AC, Choi IS, Tyler BM, Wang PP, Brem H, Cima MJ, Langer R (2003) Multi-pulse drug delivery from a resorbable polymeric microchip device. Nat Mater 2: 767-772
152. De Geest BG, De Koker S, Immesoete K, Demeester J, De Smedt SC, Hennink WE (2008) Self-exploding beads releasing microcarriers. Adv Mater 20: 3687-3691
153. Hoffman AS (2002) Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 54: 3-12
154. Stuart MAC, Huck WTS, Genzer J, Muller M, Ober C, Stamm M, Sukhorukov GB, Szleifer I, Tsukruk VV, Urban M, Winnik F, Zauscher S, Luzinov I, Minko S (2010) Emerging applications of stimuli responsive polymer materials. Nat Mater 9: 101-113
155. Bashir R, Hilt JZ, Elibol O, Gupta A, Peppas NA (2002) Micromechanical cantilever as an ultrasensitive pH microsensor. Appl Phys Lett 81: 3091-3093
156. Yavuz MS, Cheng YY, Chen JY, Cobley CM, Zhang Q, Rycenga M, Xie JW, Kim C, Song KH, Schwartz AG, Wang LHV, Xia YN (2009) Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light. Nat Mater 8: 935-939
157. Satarkar NS, Biswal D, Hilt JZ (2010) Hydrogel nanocomposites: a review of applications as remote controlled biomaterials. Soft Matter 6: 2364-2371
158. Kang HZ, Liu HP, Zhang XL, Yan JL, Zhu Z, Peng L, Yang HH, Kim YM, Tan WH (2011) Photoresponsive DNA-cross-linked hydrogels for controllable release and cancer therapy. Langmuir 27: 399-408
159. Sasaki K, Shi ZY, Kopelman R, Masuhara H (1996) Three-dimensional pH microprobing with an optically-manipulated fluorescent particle. Chem Lett 25: 141-142
160. Clark HA, Barker SLR, Brasuel M, Miller MT, Monson E, Parus S, Shi ZY, Song A, Thorsrud B, Kopelman R, Ade A, Meixner W, Athey B, Hoyer M, Hill D, Lightle R, Philbert MA (1998) Subcellular optochemical nanobiosensors: probes encapsulated by biologically localised embedding (PEBBLEs). Sens Actuators, B 51: 12-16
161. Bermejo C, Ewald JC, Lanquar V, Jones AM, Frommer WB (2011) In vivo biochemistry: quantifying ion andmetabolite levels in individual cells or cultures of yeast. BiochemJ 438: 1-10
162. Buck SM, Xu H, Brasuel M, Philbert MA, Kopelman R (2004) Nanoscale probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding (PEBBLEs) for ion sensing and imaging in live cells. Talanta 63: 41-59
163. Clark HA, Kopelman R, Tjalkens R, Philbert MA (1999) Optical nanosensors for chemical analysis inside single living cells. 2. Sensors for pH and calcium and the intracellular application of PEBBLE sensors. Anal Chem 71: 4837-4843