Vehicular Emission Ratios of VOCs in a Megacity Impacted by Extensive Ethanol Use: Results of Ambient Measurements in São Paulo, Brazil

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 19, 2015, Pages 11381-11387

  Brito, Joel ^a   Wurm, Florian ^a   Yáñez Serrano, Ana Maria ^b,c   De Assunção, João Vicente ^a   Godoy, José Marcus ^d   Artaxo, Paulo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b National Institute of Research in Amazonia   (Brazil)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^d PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; ACETONE; BENZENE; CARBON; CARBON MONOXIDE; KETONES; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

AMBIENT CONDITIONS; AMBIENT MEASUREMENT; FUEL COMPOSITIONS; LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES; METHYL ETHYL KETONES; METROPOLITAN AREA; TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS; VEHICULAR EMISSION;

ETHANOL;

2 BUTANONE; ACETALDEHYDE; ACETONE; ALCOHOL; BENZENE; CARBON MONOXIDE; FUEL; GASOLINE; METHANOL; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; OZONE; TOLUENE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; AIR POLLUTANT; BIOFUEL; EXHAUST GAS;

BIOFUEL; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ETHANOL; MEGACITY; TRAFFIC EMISSION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ARTICLE; BRAZIL; EUROPE; METEOROLOGY; NORTH AMERICA; TEMPERATURE; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; CITY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EXHAUST GAS; PROCEDURES;

BRAZIL; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; SAO PAULO [BRAZIL];

AIR POLLUTANTS; BENZENE; BIOFUELS; BRAZIL; CARBON MONOXIDE; CITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ETHANOL; GASOLINE; TOLUENE; VEHICLE EMISSIONS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84943377837     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03281     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Brito, J.; Rizzo, L. V.; Herckes, P.; Vasconcellos, P. C.; Caumo, S. E. S.; Fornaro, a.; Ynoue, R. Y.; Artaxo, P.; Andrade, M. F. Physical-chemical characterisation of the particulate matter inside two road tunnels in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 12199-12213 10.5194/acp-13-12199-2013
2. Sao Paulo State Environmental Agency-CETESB. Annual Report of Air Quality in the Sao Paulo State, 2014.
3. de Abrantes, R.; De Assunção, J. a. V.; Pesquero, C. R.; Bruns, R. E.; Nóbrega, R. P. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from gasohol and ethanol vehicles Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 648-654 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.014
4. Ferreira da Silva, M.; de Assunção, J. a. V.; de Fátima Andrade, M.; Pesquero, C. R. Characterization of metal and trace element contents of particulate matter (PM10) emitted by vehicles running on Brazilian fuels-hydrated ethanol and gasoline with 22% of anhydrous ethanol J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2010, 73, 901-909 10.1080/15287391003744849
5. Kirstine, W. V.; Galbally, I. E. The global atmospheric budget of ethanol revisited Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 545-555 10.5194/acp-12-545-2012
6. Salvo, A.; Geiger, F. M. Reduction in local ozone levels in urban São Paulo due to a shift from ethanol to gasoline use Nat. Geosci. 2014, 7, 450-458 10.1038/ngeo2144
7. Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum Natural Gas and Biofuels. Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels Statistical Yearbook, 2014.
8. Almeida, G. P.; Brito, J.; Morales, C. a.; Andrade, M. F.; Artaxo, P. Measured and modelled cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration in São Paulo, Brazil: The importance of aerosol size-resolved chemical composition on CCN concentration prediction Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 7559-7572 10.5194/acp-14-7559-2014
9. Atkinson, R. Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 2063-2101 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00460-4
10. Singh, H. B.; Kanakidou, M.; Crutzen, P. J.; Jacob, D. J. High concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the global troposphere Nature 1995, 378, 50-54 10.1038/378050a0
11. Allan, J. D.; Morgan, W. T.; Darbyshire, E.; Flynn, M. J.; Williams, P. I.; Oram, D. E.; Artaxo, P.; Brito, J.; Lee, J. D.; Coe, H. Airborne observations of IEPOX-derived isoprene SOA in the Amazon during SAMBBA Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 11393-11407 10.5194/acp-14-11393-2014
12. Jimenez, J. L. et al. Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere Science (Washington, DC, U. S.) 2009, 326, 1525-9 10.1126/science.1180353
13. Xu, L. et al. Effects of anthropogenic emissions on aerosol formation from isoprene and monoterpenes in the southeastern United States Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112, 37-42 10.1073/pnas.1417609112
14. Durbin, T. D.; Miller, J. W.; Younglove, T.; Huai, T.; Cocker, K. Effects of fuel ethanol content and volatility on regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions for the latest technology gasoline vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 4059-4064 10.1021/es061776o
15. Hochhauser, A. M.; Schleyer, C. H. Summary of Research on the Use of Intermediate Ethanol Blends in On-Road Vehicles Energy Fuels 2014, 28, 3236-3247 10.1021/ef5004232
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Assessing the Effect of Five Gasoline Properties on Exhaust Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles Certified to Tier 2 Standards: Final Report on Program Design and Data Collection, (EPAct/V2/E-89, EPA-420-R-13-004), 2013.
17. Woutersen, R.; Appelman, L.; Garderen-Hoetmer, A. V.; Feron, V. Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. III. Carcinogenicity study Toxicology 1986, 41, 213-231 10.1016/0300-483X(86)90201-5
18. Yanowitz, J.; Knoll, K.; Kemper, J.; Luecke, J.; McCormick, R. L. Impact of adaptation on flex-fuel vehicle emissions when fueled with E40 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 2990-7 10.1021/es304552b
19. Dean, B. J. Recent findings on the genetic toxicology of benzene, toluene, xylenes and phenols Mutat. Res., Rev. Genet. Toxicol. 1985, 154, 153-181 10.1016/0165-1110(85)90016-8
20. Li, K.; Wang, W.; Ge, M.; Li, J.; Wang, D. Optical properties of secondary organic aerosols generated by photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4. 10.1038/srep04922
21. Tessum, C. W.; Marshall, J. D.; Hill, J. D. A spatially and temporally explicit life cycle inventory of air pollutants from gasoline and ethanol in the United States Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 11408-17 10.1021/es3010514
22. CETESB, CETESB annual report; 2013.
23. Brito, J.; Zahn, A. An unheated permeation device for calibrating atmospheric VOC measurements Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2011, 4, 2143-2152 10.5194/amt-4-2143-2011
24. Jost, C. Calibration with permeation devices: is there a pressure dependence of the permeation rates? Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3535-3538 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.03.003
25. de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C. Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earth's atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2007, 26, 223-57 10.1002/mas.20119
26. Taipale, R.; Ruuskanen, T. M.; Rinne, J.; Kajos, M. K.; Hakola, H.; Pohja, T.; Kulmala, M. Technical Note: Quantitative long-term measurements of VOC concentrations by PTR-MS; measurement, calibration, and volume mixing ratio calculation methods Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 6681-6698 10.5194/acp-8-6681-2008
27. Valach, a. C.; Langford, B.; Nemitz, E.; MacKenzie, a. R.; Hewitt, C. N. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds at kerbside and background sites in central London Atmos. Environ. 2014, 95, 456-467 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.052
28. Shirley, T. R.; Brune, W. H.; Ren, X.; Mao, J.; Lesher, R.; Cardenas, B.; Volkamer, R.; Molina, L. T.; Molina, M. J.; Lamb, B.; Velasco, E.; Jobson, T.; Alexander, M. Atmospheric oxidation in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during April 2003 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6, 2753-2765 10.5194/acp-6-2753-2006
29. Zhang, Q. J. et al. Formation of organic aerosol in the Paris region during the MEGAPOLI summer campaign: evaluation of the volatility-basis-set approach within the CHIMERE model Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 5767-5790 10.5194/acp-13-5767-2013
30. Mao, J.; Ren, X.; Chen, S.; Brune, W. H.; Chen, Z.; Martinez, M.; Harder, H.; Lefer, B.; Rappengluck, B.; Flynn, J.; Leuchner, M. Atmospheric oxidation capacity in the summer of Houston 2006: Comparison with summer measurements in other metropolitan studies Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 4107-4115 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.013
31. Ren, X.; Harder, H.; Martinez, M.; Lesher, R. L.; Oliger, A.; Shirley, T.; Adams, J.; Simpas, J. B.; Brune, W. H. {HOx} concentrations and {OH} reactivity observations in New York City during PMTACS-NY2001 Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 3627-3637 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00460-6
32. Pérez-Martínez, P.; Miranda, R.; Nogueira, T.; Guardani, M.; Fornaro, A.; Ynoue, R.; Andrade, M. Emission factors of air pollutants from vehicles measured inside road tunnels in São Paulo: case study comparison Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 11, 2155-2168 10.1007/s13762-014-0562-7
33. Warneke, C.; McKeen, S. A.; de Gouw, J. A.; Goldan, P. D.; Kuster, W. C.; Holloway, J. S.; Williams, E. J.; Lerner, B. M.; Parrish, D. D.; Trainer, M.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Kato, S.; Atlas, E. L.; Baker, A.; Blake, D. R. Determination of urban volatile organic compound emission ratios and comparison with an emissions database. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112, D10S47.
34. Borbon, A. et al. Emission ratios of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in northern mid-latitude megacities: Observations versus emission inventories in Los Angeles and Paris Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2013, 118, 2041-2057 10.1002/jgrd.50059
35. Chew, A. A.; Atkinson, R. OH radical formation yields from the gas-phase reactions of O3 with alkenes and monoterpenes J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101, 28649 10.1029/96JD02722
36. Bon, D. M. et al. Measurements of volatile organic compounds at a suburban ground site (T1) in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: measurement comparison, emission ratios, and source attribution Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 2399-2421 10.5194/acp-11-2399-2011
37. Baker, A. K.; Beyersdorf, A. J.; Doezema, L. a.; Katzenstein, A.; Meinardi, S.; Simpson, I. J.; Blake, D. R.; Sherwood Rowland, F. Measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 170-182 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.007
38. Apel, E. C. et al. Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City Metropolitan area Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 2353-2375 10.5194/acp-10-2353-2010
39. Yáñez Serrano, A. M.; Nölscher, A. C.; Williams, J.; Wolff, S.; Alves, E.; Martins, G. A.; Bourtsoukidis, E.; Brito, J.; Jardine, K.; Artaxo, P.; Kesselmeier, J. Diel and seasonal changes of biogenic volatile organic compounds within and above an Amazonian rainforest Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015, 15, 3359-3378 10.5194/acp-15-3359-2015
40. Stroud, C. A. et al. Isoprene and its oxidation products, methacrolein and methylvinyl ketone, at an urban forested site during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106, 8035-8046 10.1029/2000JD900628