The Origin of Noble Gases and Major Volatiles in the Terrestrial Planets

Treatise on Geochemistry

Volumn 4-9, Issue , 2003, Pages 319-347

  Porcelli, D ^a   Pepin, R O ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EARTH ATMOSPHERE; PLANETS;

ACCRETING MATERIALS; COMPLEX PROCESSES; COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH; EARLY EARTH; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; PLANET FORMATION; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; SOLAR NEBULA; SOLID EARTH; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS;

INERT GASES;

EID: 84942435892     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/04045-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (205)

1. Abe Y., Matsui T. Early evolution of the Earth: accretion, atmosphere formation, and thermal history. J. Geophys. Res. 1986, 91:E291-E302.
2. Ahrens T.J. Earth accretion. Origin of the Earth 1990, 211-227. Oxford University Press. H.E. Newsom, J.H. Jones (Eds.).
3. Ahrens T.J. Impact erosion of terrestrial planetary atmospheres. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1993, 21:525-555.
4. Ahrens T.J., O'Keefe J.D., Lange M.A. Formation of atmospheres during accretion of the terrestrial planets. Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres 1989, 328-385. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S.K. Atreya, J.B. Pollack, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
5. Allègre C.J., Manhès G., Lewin E. Chemical composition of the Earth and the volatility control on planetary genetics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 185:49-69.
6. Ayres T.R. Evolution of the solar ionizing flux. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:1641-1651.
7. Ballentine C.J., Burnard P.G. Production, release, and transport of noble gases in the continental crust. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:481-538.
8. Ballentine C.J., Porcelli D., Wieler R. Technical comment on Trieloff et al. (2000). Science 2001, 291:2269a.
9. 16O ratio in the hydronium ion and in neutral water from in situ ion measurements in Comet Halley. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100:5827-5834.
10. Bar-Nun A., Herman G., Laufer D., Rappaport M.L. Trapping and release of gases by water ice and implications for icy bodies. Icarus 1985, 63:317-332.
11. Basford J.R., Dragon J.C., Pepin R.O., Coscio M.R., Murthy V.R. Krypton and xenon in lunar fines. Proc. 4th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1973, 1915-1955.
12. Becker R.H. Nitrogen on the Moon. Science 2000, 290:110-111.
13. Begemann F., Weber H.W., Hintenberger H. On the primordial abundance of argon-40. Astrophys. J. 1976, 203:L155-L157.
14. Benkert J.-P., Baur H., Signer P., Wieler R. He, Ne, and Ar from solar wind and solar energetic particles in lunar ilmenites and pyroxenes. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:13147-13162.
15. Benz W., Cameron A.G.W. Terrestrial effects of the giant impact. Origin of the Earth 1990, 61-67. Oxford University Press. H.E. Newsom, J.H. Jones (Eds.).
16. Bernatowicz T.J., Podosek F.A. Adsorption and isotopic fractionation of Xe. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:1503-1507.
17. Bernatowicz T.J., Podosek F.A., Honda M., Kramer F.E. The atmospheric inventory of xenon and noble gases in shales: the plastic bag experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89:4597-4611.
18. Bernatowicz T.J., Kennedy B.M., Podosek F.A. Xe in glacial ice and the atmospheric inventory of noble gases. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49:2561-2564.
19. Black D.C. On the origins of trapped helium, neon, and argon isotopic variations in meteorites: II. Carbonaceous meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1972, 36:377-394.
20. Bockelée-Morvan D., Gautier D., Lis D.C., Young K., Keene J., Phillips T., Owen T., Crovisier J., Goldsmith P.F., Bergin E.A., Despois D., Wootten A. Deuterated water in Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and its implications for the origin of comets. Icarus 1998, 133:147-162.
21. 38Ar ratio. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:1653-1661.
22. Brazzle R.H., Pravdivtseva O.V., Meshik A.P., Hohenberg C.M. Verification and interpretation of the I-Xe chronometer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:739-760.
23. Burnard P.G., Graham D., Turner G. Vesicle specific noble gas analyses of popping rock: implications for primordial noble gases in Earth. Science 1997, 276:568-571.
24. Busemann H., Baur H., Wieler R. Primordial noble gases in "phase Q" in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites studied by closed-system stepped etching. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 2000, 35:949-973.
25. Caffee M.W., Hudson G.U., Velsko C., Huss G.R., Alexander E.C., Chivas A.R. Primordial noble cases from Earth's mantle: identification of a primitive volatile component. Science 1999, 285:2115-2118.
26. Cameron A.G.W. Origin of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets. Icarus 1983, 56:195-201.
27. Cameron A.G.W., Ward W.R. The origin of the Moon. Lunar Sci. 1976, VII:120-122.
28. Carr M.H. Mars: a water-rich planet?. Icarus 1986, 68:187-216.
29. Carr M.H. Retention of an atmosphere on early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:21897-21909.
30. 15N determinations. Chem. Geol. 1998, 147:147-159.
31. 13C-N concentrations in diamonds. Earth Planet. Sci Lett. 2001, 185:85-98.
32. Chen G.Q., Ahrens T.J. Erosion of terrestrial planet atmosphere by surface motion after a large impact. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 1997, 100:21-26.
33. Chou C.-L. Fractionation of siderophile elements in the Earth's upper mantle. Proc. 9th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1978, 219-230.
34. Chyba C.F. Impact delivery and erosion of planetary oceans in the early inner solar system. Nature 1990, 343:129-133.
35. Chyba C.F. Terrestrial mantle siderophiles and the lunar impact record. Icarus 1991, 92:217-235.
36. Connerney J.E.P., Acuña M.H., Wasilewski P.J., Ness N.F., Rème H., Mazelle C., Vignes D., Lin R.P., Mitchell D.L., Cloutier P.A. Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of Mars. Science 1999, 284:794-798.
37. Dauphas N., Robert F., Marty B. The late asteroidal and cometary bombardment of Earth as recorded in water deuterium to protium ratio. Icarus 2000, 148:508-512.
38. Deloule E., Albarède F., Sheppard S.M.F. Hydrogen isotope heterogeneities in the mantle from ion probe analysis of amphiboles from ultramafic rocks. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1991, 105:543-553.
39. Delsemme A.H. The deuterium enrichment observed in recent comets is consistent with the cometary origin of seawater. Planet. Space Sci. 1999, 47:125-131.
40. Déruelle B., Dreibus G., Jambon A. Iodine abundances in oceanic basalts: implications for Earth dynamics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 108:217-227.
41. Donahue T.M. Evolution of water reservoirs on Mars from D/H ratios in the atmosphere and crust. Nature 1995, 374:432-434.
42. Donahue T.M., Russell C.T. The Venus atmosphere and ionosphere and their interaction with the solar wind: an overview. Venus II 1997, 3-31. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S.W. Bougher, D.M. Hunten, R.J. Phillips (Eds.).
43. Donahue T.M., Hoffman J.H., Hodges R.R. Krypton and xenon in the atmosphere of Venus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1981, 8:513-516.
44. Donahue T.M., Hoffman J.H., Hodges R.R., Watson A.J. Venus was wet: a measurement of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen. Science 1982, 216:630-633.
45. Dreibus G., Wänke H. Volatiles on Earth and Mars: a comparison. Icarus 1987, 71:225-240.
46. Eberhardt P., Geiss H., Graf H., Grögler N., Mendia M.D., Mörgeli M., Schwaller H., Stettler A. Trapped solar wind gases in Apollo 12 lunar fines 12001 and Apollo 11 breccia 10046. Proc. 3rd Lunar Sci. Conf. 1972, 2:1821-1856.
47. Eugster O., Eberhardt P., Geiss J. The isotopic composition of krypton in unequilibrated and gas rich chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1967, 2:385-393.
48. Feigelson E.D., Kriss G.A. Soft X-ray observations of pre-main-sequence stars in the Chamaeleon dark cloud. Astrophys. J. 1989, 338:262-276.
49. Fox J.L. The production and escape of nitrogen atoms on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:3297-3310.
50. Frick U., Mack R., Chang S. Noble gas trapping and fractionation during synthesis of carbonaceous matter. Proc. 10th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1979, 1961-1973.
51. Frick U., Becker R.H., Pepin R.O. Solar wind record in the lunar regolith: nitrogen and noble gases. Proc. 18th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1988, 87-120.
52. Garrison D.H., Bogard D.D. Isotopic composition of trapped and cosmogenic noble gases in several Martian meteorites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 1998, 33:721-736.
53. Geiss J., Gloeckler G. Abundances of deuterium and helium in the protosolar cloud. Space Sci. Rev. 1998, 84:239-250.
54. Gierasch P.J., Toon O.B. Atmospheric pressure variation and the climate of Mars. J. Atmos. Sci. 1973, 30:1502-1508.
55. Goreva J.S., Leshin L.A., Guan Y. Ion microprobe measurements of carbon isotopes in Martian phosphates: insights into the Martian mantle. Lunar Planet. Sci. 2003, XXXIV. #1987.
56. Grady M.M., Wright I.P., Carr L.P., Pillinger C.T. Compositional differences in enstatite chondrites based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope measurements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:2799-2813.
57. Graham D.W. Noble gases in MORB and OIB: observational constraints for the characterization of mantle source reservoirs. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:247-318.
58. 2 gone?. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 1992, 24:1015-1016.
59. 2 on Mars. Icarus 1994, 109:102-120.
60. Hagee B., Bernatowicz T.J., Podosek F.A., Johnson M.L., Burnett D.S., Tatsumoto M. Actinide abundances in ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:2847-2858.
61. Halliday A., Porcelli D. In search of lost planets-the paleocosmochemistry of the inner solar system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 192:545-559.
62. Harrison D., Burnard P., Turner G. Noble gas behaviour and composition in the mantle: constraints from the Iceland Plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 171:199-207.
63. Hartmann W.K., Davis D.R. Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin. Icarus 1975, 24:504-515.
64. Hashizume K., Chaussidon M., Marty B., Robert F. Solar wind record on the Moon: deciphering presolar from planetary nitrogen. Science 2000, 290:1142-1145.
65. Hauri E. SIMS analysis of volatiles in silicate glasses: 2. Isotopes and abundances in Hawaiian melt inclusions. Chem. Geol. 2002, 183:115-141.
66. Hayashi C., Nakazawa K., Mizuno H. Earth's melting due to the blanketing effect of the primordial dense atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1979, 43:22-28.
67. Helffrich G.R., Wood B.J. The Earth's mantle. Nature 2001, 412:501-507.
68. Hoffman J.H., Hodges R.R., Donahue T.M., McElroy M.B. Composition of the Venus lower atmosphere from the Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85:7882-7890.
69. Hohenberg C.M., Podosek F.A., Reynolds J.H. Xenon-iodine dating: sharp isochronism in chondrites. Science 1967, 156:233-236.
70. Honda M., McDougall I., Patterson D.B., Doulgeris A., Clague D.A. Possible solar noble-gas component in Hawaiian basalts. Nature 1991, 349:149-151.
71. Honda M., McDougall I., Patterson D.B., Doulgeris A., Clague D.A. Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii-a solar component in the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:859-874.
72. 244Pu as inferred from the St. Severin chondrite. Proc. 19th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1989, 547-557.
73. Hunten D.M. Capture of Phobos and Deimos by protoatmospheric drag. Icarus 1979, 37:113-123.
74. Hunten D.M., Pepin R.O., Walker J.C.G. Mass fractionation in hydrodynamic escape. Icarus 1987, 69:532-549.
75. Hunten D.M., Pepin R.O., Owen T.C. Planetary atmospheres. Meteorites and the Early Solar System 1988, 565-591. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. J.F. Kerridge, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
76. Hunten D.M., Donahue T.M., Walker J.C.G., Kasting J.F. Escape of atmospheres and loss of water. Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres 1989, 386-422. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S.K. Atreya, J.B. Pollack, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
77. Hutchins K.S., Jakosky B.M. Evolution of Martian atmospheric argon: implications for sources of volatiles. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:14933-14949.
78. Hutchins K.S., Jakosky B.M., Luhmann J.G. Impact of a paleomagnetic field on sputtering loss of Martian atmospheric argon and neon. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:9183-9189.
79. Jacobsen S., Harper C.J. Accretion and early differentiation history of the Earth based on extinct radionuclides. Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code 1996, 47-74. American Geophysical Union, Geophys. Monogr. 95. A. Basu, S.R. Hart (Eds.).
80. Jakosky B.M., Jones J.H. The history of Martian volatiles. Rev. Geophys. 1997, 35:1-16.
81. Jakosky B.M., Pepin R.O., Johnson R.E., Fox J.L. Mars atmospheric loss and isotopic fractionation by solar-wind-induced sputtering and photochemical escape. Icarus 1994, 111:271-288.
82. Javoy M. The birth of the Earth's atmosphere: the behaviour and fate of its major elements. Chem. Geol. 1998, 147:11-25.
83. Javoy M., Pineau F. The volatile record of a popping rock from the mid-Atlantic ridge at 14°N: chemical and isotopic composition of gases trapped in the vesicles. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1991, 107:598-611.
84. Javoy M., Pineau F., Delorme H. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the mantle. Chem. Geol. 1986, 57:41-62.
85. Kallenbach R., Geiss J., Ipavich F.M., Gloeckler G., Bochsler P., Gliem F., Hefti S., Hilchenbach M., Hovestadt D. Isotopic composition of solar wind nitrogen: first in situ determination with the CELIAS/MTOF spectrometer on board SOHO. Astrophys. J. 1998, 507:L185-L188.
86. Kerridge J.F. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in carbonaceous chondrites: abundances and isotopic compositions in bulk samples. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49:1707-1714.
87. Kleine T., Münker C., Mezger K., Palme H. Rapid accretion and early core formation on asteroids and the terrestrial planets from Hf-W chronometry. Nature 2002, 418:952-955.
88. Krummenacher D., Merrihue C.M., Pepin R.O., Reynolds J.H. Meteoritic krypton and barium versus the general isotopic anomalies in xenon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1962, 26:231-249.
89. Kung C.-C., Clayton R.N. Nitrogen abundances and isotopic compositions in stony meteorites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1978, 38:21-435.
90. Kunz J. Is there solar argon in the Earth's mantle?. Nature 1999, 399:649-650.
91. Kunz J., Staudacher T., Allègre C.J. Plutonium-fission xenon found in Earth's mantle. Science 1998, 280:877-880.
92. 2O. Icarus 1999, 140:446-450.
93. Lécuyer C., Simon L., Guyot F. Comparison of carbon, nitrogen, and water budgets on Venus and the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 181:33-40.
94. + pickup ions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1992, 19:2151-2154.
95. Lunine J.I., Stevenson D.J. Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer solar system. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 1985, 58:493-531.
96. Lux G. The behavior of noble gases in silicate liquids: solution, diffusion, bubbles, and surface effects, with applications to natural samples. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:1549-1560.
97. Magaritz M., Taylor H.P. Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope studies of the Franciscan formation, Coast Ranges, California. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:215-234.
98. 4He in Jupiter's atmosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 1998, 84:251-263.
99. Marti K. Isotopic composition of trapped krypton and xenon in chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1967, 3:243-248.
100. 2-Ar correlation in oceanic basalts. Nature 1995, 377:326-329.
101. Marty B., Humbert F. Nitrogen and argon isotopes in oceanic basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 152:101-112.
102. Marty B., Marti K. Signatures of early differentiation on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 196:251-263.
103. Marty B., Zimmermann L. Volatiles (He, C, N, Ar) in mid-ocean ridge basalts: assessment of shallow-level fractionation and characterization of source composition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:3619-3633.
104. Mason E.A., Marrero T.R. The diffusion of atoms and molecules. Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 1970, 6:155-232.
105. Mathew K.J., Marti K. Early evolution of Martian volatiles: nitrogen and noble gas components in ALH84001 and Chassigny. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:1401-1422.
106. Mathew K.J., Kim J.S., Marti K. Martian atmospheric and indigenous components of xenon and nitrogen in the Shergotty, Nakhla, and Chassigny group meteorites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 1998, 33:655-664.
107. Matsuda J., Matsubara K. Noble gases in silica and their implication for the terrestrial "missing" Xe. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1989, 16:81-84.
108. Mazor E., Heymann D., Anders E. Noble gases in carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1970, 34:781-824.
109. McElroy M.B., Prather M.J. Noble gases in the terrestrial planets. Nature 1981, 293:535-539.
110. 2O ratio in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). Science 1998, 279:842-844.
111. Melosh H.J., Vickery A.M. Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of Mars. Nature 1989, 338:487-489.
112. Mizuno H., Wetherill G.W. Grain abundance in the primordial atmosphere of the Earth. Icarus 1984, 59:74-86.
113. Mizuno H., Nakazawa K., Hayashi C. Dissolution of the primordial rare gases into the molten Earth's material. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1980, 50:202-210.
114. Morbidelli A., Chambers J., Lunine J.I., Petit J.M., Robert F., Valsecchi G.B., Cyr K.E. Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 2000, 35:1309-1320.
115. Newsom H.E. Composition of the solar system, planets, meteorites, and major terrestrial reservoirs. Global Earth Physics, A Handbook of Physical Constants 1995, 159-189. American Geophysical Union. T.J. Ahrens (Ed.).
116. Niedermann S., Bach W., Erzinger J. Noble gas evidence for a lower mantle component in MORBs from the southern East Pacific Rise: decoupling of helium and neon isotope systematics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:2697-2715.
117. Nier A.O., McElroy M.B. Composition and structure of Mars' upper atmosphere: results from the neutral mass spectrometers on Viking 1 and 2. J. Geophys. Res. 1977, 82:4341-4349.
118. Notesco G., Laufer D., Bar-Nun A., Owen T. An experimental study of isotopic enrichments in Ar, Kr, and Xe when trapped in water ice. Icarus 1999, 142:298-300.
119. Ott U. Noble gases in SNC meteorites: Shergotty, Nakhla, Chassigny. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:1937-1948.
120. Owen T., Bar-Nun A. Comets, impacts, and atmospheres. Icarus 1995, 116:215-226.
121. Owen T., Bar-Nun A. Comets, impacts, and atmospheres: II. Isotopes and noble gases. Volatiles in the Earth and Solar System 1995, 123-138. American Institute of Physics Press, New York, AIP Conf. Proc. 341. K.A. Farley (Ed.).
122. Owen T., Biemann K., Rushneck D.R., Biller J.E., Howarth D.W., Lafleur A.L. The composition of the atmosphere at the surface of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1977, 82:4635-4639.
123. Owen T., Maillard J.P., Debergh C., Lutz B. Deuterium on Mars: the abundance of HDO and the value of D/H. Science 1988, 240:1767-1770.
124. Owen T., Bar-Nun A., Kleinfeld I. Comets in the Post-Halley Era. Noble gases in terrestrial planets: evidence for cometary impacts? 1991, vol. 1:429-437. Kluwer. R.L. Newburn, M. Neugebauer, J. Rahe (Eds.).
125. Owen T., Bar-Nun A., Kleinfeld I. Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars. Nature 1992, 358:43-46.
126. Owen T., Mahaffy P.R., Niemann H.B., Atreya S., Wong M. Proto-solar nitrogen. Astrophys. J. 2001, 553:L77-L79.
127. Ozima M., Igarashi G. Terrestrial noble gases: constraints and implications on atmospheric evolution. Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres 1989, 306-327. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S.K. Atreya, J.B. Pollack, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
128. Ozima M., Nakazawa K. Origin of rare gases in the Earth. Nature 1980, 284:313-316.
129. Ozima M., Podosek F.A. Noble Gas Geochemistry 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 2nd edn.
130. Ozima M., Zahnle K. Mantle degassing and atmospheric evolution: noble gas view. Geochem. J. 1993, 27:185-200.
131. Palma R.L., Becker R.H., Pepin R.O., Schlutter D.J. Irradiation records in regolith materials: II. Solar-wind and solar-energetic-particle components in helium, neon, and argon extracted from single lunar mineral grains and from the Kapoeta howardite by stepwise pulse-heating. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:2929-2958.
132. Pavlov A.A., Pavlov A.K., Kasting J.F. Irradiated interplanetary dust particles as a possible solution for the deuterium/hydrogen paradox of Earth's oceans. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:30725-30728.
133. Pepin R.O. On the relationship between early solar activity and the evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres. The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems 1989, 55-74. Cambridge University Press, Space Tel Sci. Inst. Symp. Series #3. H.A. Weaver, L. Danly (Eds.).
134. Pepin R.O. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles. Icarus 1991, 92:2-79.
135. Pepin R.O. Evolution of the martian atmosphere. Icarus 1994, 111:289-304.
136. Pepin R.O. Evolution of Earth's noble gases: consequences of assuming hydrodynamic loss driven by giant impact. Icarus 1997, 126:148-156.
137. Pepin R.O. Isotopic evidence for a solar argon component in the Earth's mantle. Nature 1998, 394:664-667.
138. Pepin R.O. On the isotopic composition of primordial xenon in terrestrial planet atmospheres. Space Sci. Rev. 2000, 92:371-395.
139. Pepin R.O. On noble gas processing in the solar accretion disk. Space Sci. Rev. 2003, 106:211-230.
140. Pepin R.O., Phinney D. The formation interval of the Earth. Lunar Sci. 1976, VII:682-684.
141. Pepin R.O., Porcelli D. Origin of noble gases in the terrestrial planets. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:191-246.
142. Pepin R.O., Becker R.H., Rider P.E. Xenon and krypton isotopes in extraterrestrial regolith soils and in the solar wind. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4997-5022.
143. Pepin R.O., Becker R.H., Schlutter D.J. Irradiation records in regolith materials: I. Isotopic compositions of solar-wind neon and argon in single lunar mineral grains. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:2145-2162.
144. 36Ar, Kr, and Xe in terrestrial materials. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1972, 16:413-420.
145. 2 well gas revisited. J. Geophys. Res. 1978, 83:2313-2319.
146. Podosek F.A., Cassen P. Theoretical, observational, and isotopic estimates of the lifetime of the solar nebula. Meteoritics 1994, 29:6-25.
147. Podosek F.A., Woolum D.S., Cassen P., Nichols R.H. Solar gases in the Earth by solar wind irradiation?. 10th Annual Goldschmidt Conf. Oxford 2000.
148. Porcelli D., Ballentine C.J. Models for the distribution of terrestrial noble gases and the evolution of the atmosphere. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:411-480.
149. Porcelli D., Halliday A.N. The core as a possible source of mantle helium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 192:45-56.
150. Porcelli D., Pepin R.O. Rare gas constraints on early Earth history. Origin of the Earth and Moon 2000, 435-458. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. R.M. Canup, K. Righter (Eds.).
151. Porcelli D., Wasserburg G.J. Mass transfer of xenon through a steady-state upper mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1991-2007.
152. Porcelli D., Wasserburg G.J. Mass transfer of helium, argon, and xenon through a steady-state upper mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4921-4937.
153. Porcelli D.R., Woolum D., Cassen P. Deep Earth rare gases: initial inventories, capture from the solar nebula, and losses during Moon formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 193:237-251.
154. Prinn R.G., Fegley B. Solar nebula chemistry: origin of planetary, satellite, and cometary volatiles. Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres 1989, 435-458. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S.K. Atreya, J.B. Pollack, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
155. Safronov V.S. The heating of the Earth during its formation. Icarus 1978, 33:1-12.
156. Sarda P., Staudacher T., Allègre C.J. Neon isotopes in submarine basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 91:73-88.
157. Sasaki S. Off-disk penetration of ancient solar wind. Icarus 1991, 91:29-38.
158. Sasaki S. Presence of a primary solar-type atmosphere around the Earth: evidence of dissolved noble gas. Planet. Space Sci. 1999, 47:1423-1431.
159. 2-He atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 89:323-334.
160. Sasaki S., Nakazawa K. Did a primary solar-type atmosphere exist around the proto-Earth?. Icarus 1990, 85:21-42.
161. Simon T., Herbig G., Boesgaard A.M. The evolution of chromospheric activity and the spin-down of solar-type stars. Astrophys. J. 1985, 293:551-574.
162. Strom S.E., Strom K.M., Edwards S. Energetic winds and circumstellar disks associated with low mass young stellar objects. Galactic and Extragalactic Star Formation 1988, 53-68. NATO Advanced Study Institute, Reidel. R. Pudritz (Ed.).
163. Swindle T.D. Martian noble gases. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:171-190.
164. Swindle T.D., Jones J.H. The xenon isotopic composition of the primordial Martian atmosphere: contributions from solar and fission components. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:1671-1678.
165. Swindle T.D., Caffee M.W., Hohenberg C.M. Xenon and other noble gases in shergottites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:1001-1015.
166. Tolstikhin I.N., O'Nions R.K. The Earth's missing xenon: a combination of early degassing and of rare gas loss from the atmosphere. Chem. Geol. 1994, 115:1-6.
167. Tolstikhin I.N., Marty B. The evolution of terrestrial volatiles: a view from helium, neon, argon, and nitrogen isotope modelling. Chem. Geol. 1998, 147:27-52.
168. Tonks W.B., Melosh H.J. The physics of crystal settling and suspension in a turbulent magma ocean. Origin of the Earth 1990, 151-171. Oxford University Press. H.E. Newsom, J.H. Jones (Eds.).
169. Torgersen T. Terrestrial helium degassing fluxes and the atmospheric helium budget: implications with respect to the degassing processes of continental crust. Chem. Geol. (Isot. Geosci. Sect.) 1989, 79:1-14.
170. Trieloff M., Kunz J., Clague D.A., Harrison D., Allègre C.J. The nature of pristine noble gases in mantle plumes. Science 2000, 288:1036-1038.
171. Trieloff M., Kunz J., Clague D.A., Harrison D., Allègre C.J. Reply to comment on noble gases in mantle plumes. Science 2001, 291:2269a.
172. Trieloff M., Kunz J., Allègre C.J. Noble gas systematics of the Réunion mantle plume source and the origin of primordial noble gases in Earth's mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 200:297-313.
173. Trull T., Nadeau S., Pineau F., Polvé M., Javoy M. C-He systematics in hotspot xenoliths-implications for mantle carbon contents and carbon recycling. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 118:43-64.
174. Tyburczy J.A., Frisch B., Ahrens T.J. Shock-induced volatile loss from a carbonaceous chondrite: implications for planetary accretion. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1986, 80:201-207.
175. Valbracht P.J., Staudacher T., Malahoff A., Allègre C.J. Noble gas systematics of deep rift zone glasses from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 150:399-411.
176. Vickery A.M., Melosh H.J. Atmospheric erosion and impactor retention in large impacts with application to mass extinctions. Global Catastrophes in Earth History 1990, 289-300. Geological Society of America Special Paper. V.L. Sharpton, P.D. Ward (Eds.).
177. von Zahn U., Kumar S., Niemann H., Prinn R. Composition of the Venus atmosphere. Venus 1983, 299-430. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. D. Hunten, L. Colin, T. Donahue, V. Moroz (Eds.).
178. Wacker J.F. Laboratory simulation of meteoritic noble gases: III. Sorption of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon on carbon: elemental fractionation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1989, 53:1421-1433.
179. Wacker J.F., Anders E. Trapping of xenon in ice: implications for the origin of the Earth's noble gases. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1984, 48:2373-2380.
180. Walter F.M., Barry D.C. Pre- and main sequence evolution of solar activity. The Sun in Time 1991, 633-657. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. C.P. Sonett, M.S. Giampapa, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
181. Walter F.M., Brown A., Mathieu R.D., Myers P.C., Vrba F.J. X-ray sources in regions of star formation: III. Naked T Tauri stars associated with the Taurus-Auriga complex. Astron. J. 1988, 96:297-325.
182. Wänke H., Dreibus G. Chemical composition and accretion history of terrestrial planets. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1988, A325:545-557.
183. Wänke H., Dreibus G., Jagoutz E. Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth. Archaean Geochemistry 1984, 1-24. Springer. A. Kröner, G.N. Hanson, A.M. Goodwin (Eds.).
184. Watson L., Hutcheon I.D., Epstein S., Stolper E. Water on Mars: clues from deuterium/hydrogen and water contents of hydrous phases in SNC meteorites. Science 1994, 265:86-90.
185. Wetherill G.W. Radiometric chronology of the early solar system. Ann. Rev. Nuclear Sci. 1975, 25:283-328.
186. 36Ar on Venus. Icarus 1981, 46:70-80.
187. Wetherill G.W. Accumulation of the terrestrial planets and implications concerning lunar origin. Origin of the Moon 1986, 519-550. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. W.K. Hartmann, R.J. Phillips, G.J. Taylor (Eds.).
188. Wetherill G.W. Formation of the Earth. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1990, 18:205-256.
189. Wetherill G. W. (1990b) Calculation of mass and velocity distributions of terrestrial and lunar impactors by use of theory of planetary accumulation. In Abstracts for the International Workshop on Meteorite Impact on the Early Earth, LPI Contr. No. 746, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 54-55.
190. Wetherill G.W., Stewart G.R. Formation of planetary embryos: effects of fragmentation, low relative velocity, and independent variation of eccentricity and inclination. Icarus 1993, 106:190-209.
191. Wieler R. "Q-gases" as "local" primordial noble gas component in primitive meteorites. Noble Gas Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry 1994, 31-41. Terra Scientific Publishing. J. Matsuda (Ed.).
192. Wieler R. The solar noble gas record in lunar samples and meteorites. Space Sci. Rev. 1998, 85:303-314.
193. Wieler R. Noble gases in the solar system. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:21-70.
194. Wieler R., Baur H. Krypton and xenon from the solar wind and solar energetic particles in two linear ilmenites of different antiquity. Meteoritics 1994, 29:570-580.
195. Wlotzka F. Nitrogen. Handbook of Geochemistry 1972, Springer, Berlin. K.H. Wedepohl (Ed.).
196. Wood B.J. Carbon in the core. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 117:593-607.
197. Woolum D. S., Cassen P., Porcelli D., and Wasserburg G. J. (1999) Incorporation of solar noble gases from a nebula-derived atmosphere during magma ocean cooling. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXX, #1518 (CD-ROM). Lunar and Planetary Institute.
198. Yang J., Anders E. Sorption of noble gases by solids, with reference to meteorites: III. Sulfides, spinels, and other substances: on the origin of planetary gases. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1982, 46:877-892.
199. Yin Q., Jacobsen S.B., Yamashita K., Blichert-Toft J., Télouk P., Albarède F. A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites. Nature 2002, 418:949-952.
200. Zahnle K.J. Xenological constraints on the impact erosion of the early martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:10899-10913.
201. Zahnle K.J., Kasting J.F. Mass fractionation during transonic escape and implications for loss of water from Mars and Venus. Icarus 1986, 68:462-480.
202. Zahnle K.J., Kasting J.F., Pollack J.B. Mass fractionation of noble gases in diffusion-limited hydrodynamic hydrogen escape. Icarus 1990, 84:502-527.
203. Zahnle K.J., Pollack J.B., Kasting J.F. Xenon fractionation in porous planetesimals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:2577-2586.
204. Zhang M.H.G., Luhmann J.G., Bougher S.W., Nagy A.F. The ancient oxygen exosphere of Mars: implications for atmospheric evolution. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:10915-10923.
205. Zhang Y., Zindler A. Noble gas constraints on the evolution of Earth's atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:13719-13737.