Do pharmaceuticals pose a threat to primary producers?

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 45, Issue 23, 2015, Pages 2565-2610

  Guo, Jiahua ^a   Boxall, Alistair ^a   Selby, Katherine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Algae; Environment risk assessment; Pharmaceuticals; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICITY;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; BLUE GREEN ALGAE; EXTERNAL DISTURBANCES; POTENTIAL RISKS; POTENTIAL THREATS; PRIMARY PRODUCERS; RESEARCH QUESTIONS; TRACE AMOUNTS;

ANTIBIOTICS;

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOBESITY AGENT; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIULCER AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; HERBICIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; SPASMOLYTIC AGENT;

ALGA; ANTIBIOTICS; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; CYANOBACTERIUM; DRUG; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; FOOD CHAIN; NONTARGET ORGANISM; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ALGA; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; BACTERIUM; CYANOBACTERIUM; ECOTOXICITY; FOOD CHAIN; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; THREAT;

ALGAE; CHLOROPHYTA;

EID: 84942297097     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: 15476537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061873     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Amin, S. A., Parker, M. S., and Armbrust, E. V. (2012). Interactions between diatoms and bacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76, 667-684.
2. Backhaus, T., Altenburger, R., Boedeker, W., Faust, M., Scholze, M., and Grimme, L. H. (2000). Predictability of the toxicity of a multiple mixture of dissimilarly acting chemicals to Vibrio fischeri. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 2348-2356.
3. Backhaus, T., Porsbring, T., Arrhenius, A., Brosche, S., Johansson, P., and Blanck, H. (2011). Single-substance and mixture toxicity of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products to marine periphyton communities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, 2030-2040.
4. Baptista, M. S., Stoichev, T., Basto, M. C. P., Vasconcelos, V. M., and Vasconcelos, M. T. S. D. (2009). Fate and effects of octylphenol in a Microcystis aeruginosa culture medium. Aquatic Toxicology 92, 59-64.
5. Ben Abdelmelek, S., Greaves, J., Ishida, K. P., Cooper, W. J., and Song, W. (2011). Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products from reverse osmosis retentate using advanced oxidation processes. Environmental Science and Technology 45, 3665-3671.
6. Boutin, C., Strandberg, B., Carpenter, D., Mathiassen, S. K., Thomas, P. J. (2014). Herbicide impact on non-target plant reproduction: What are the toxicological and ecological implications? Environment Pollution 185, 295-306.
7. Boxall, A. B. A. (2004). The environmental side effects of medication-How are human and veterinary medicines in soils and water bodies affecting human and environmental health? Embo Reports 5, 1110-1116.
8. Boxall, A. B. A., Kolpin, D., Halling Sørensen, B., and Tolls, J. (2003). Are veterinary medicines causing environmental risks? Environmental Science and Technology 37, 286A-294A.
9. Boxall, A. B. A., Rudd, M. A., Brooks, B. W., Caldwell, D. J., Choi, K., Hickmann, S., Innes, E., Ostapyk, K., Staveley, J. P., Verslycke, T., Ankley, G. T., Beazley, K. F., Belanger, S. E., Berninger, J. P., Carriquiriborde, P., Coors, A., DeLeo, P. C., Dyer, S. D., Ericson, J. F., Gagne, F., Giesy, J. P., Gouin, T., Hallstrom, L., Karlsson, M. V., Larsson, D. G. J., Lazorchak, J. M., Mastrocco, F., McLaughlin, A., McMaster, M. E., Meyerhoff, R. D., Moore, R., Parrott, J. L., Snape, J. R., Murray-Smith, R., Servos, M. R., Sibley, P. K., Straub, J. O., Szabo, N. D., Topp, E., Tetreault, G. R., Trudeau, V. L., and Van Der Kraak, G. (2012). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions? Environmental Health Perspectives 120, 1221-1229.
10. Brain, R. A., Hanson, M. L., Solomon, K. R., and Brooks, B. W. (2008). Aquatic plants exposed to pharmaceuticals: effects and risks. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 192, 67-115.
11. Brander, S. M., Cole, B. J., and Cherr, G. N. (2012). An approach to detecting estrogenic endocrine disruption via choriogenin expression in an estuarine model fish species. Ecotoxicology 21, 1272-1280.
12. Business Services Organisation. (2011). Prescription cost analysis. Retrieved from http://www. hscbusiness. hscni. net/index. htm
13. Capper, A., Flewelling, L. J., and Arthur, K. (2013). Dietary exposure to harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins in the endangered manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Florida, USA. Harmful Algae 28, 1-9.
14. Carmona, E., Andreu, V., and Pico, Y. (2014). Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: From waste to drinking water, Science of the total environment 484, 53-63.
15. Carrara, C., Ptacek, C. J., Robertson, W. D., Blowes, D. W., Moncur, M. C., and Sverko Backus, S. (2008). Fate of pharmaceutical and trace organic compounds in three septic system plumes, Ontario, Canada. Environmental Science and Technology 42, 2805-2811.
16. Cassani, S., Kovarich, S., Papa, E., Roy, P. P., Wal, L. V. D., and Gramatica, P. (2013). Daphnia and fish toxicity of (benzo)triazoles: Validated QSAR models and interspecies quantitative activity-activity modeling. Journal of Hazardous Materials 258, 50-60.
17. Chen, J. Q., and Guo, R. X. (2012). Access the toxic effect of the antibiotic cefradine and its UV light degradation products on two freshwater algae. Journal of Hazardous Materials 209, 520-523.
18. Cleuvers, M. (2003). Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects. Toxicology Letters 142, 185-194.
19. Cleuvers, M. (2005). Initial risk assessment for three beta-blockers found in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 59, 199-205.
20. Collado, N., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Gros, M., Rubirola, A., Barcelo, D., Comas, J., Rodriguez-Roda, I., and Buttiglieri, G. (2014). Pharmaceuticals occurrence in a WWTP with significant industrial contribution and its input into the river system. Environmental Pollution 185, 202-212.
21. Corcoran, J., Winter, M. J., and Tyler, C. R. (2010). Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a critical review of the evidence for health effects in fish. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 40, 287-304.
22. Conn, K. E., Lowe, K. S., Drewes, J. E., Hoppe-Jones, C., and Tucholke, M. B. (2010). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and consumer product chemicals in raw wastewater and septic tank effluent from single-family homes. Environmental Engineering Science 27, 347-356.
23. Croft, M. T., Lawrence, A. D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M. J., and Smith, A. G. (2005). Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature 438, 90-93.
24. Cuthbert, R., Green, R. E., Prakash, V., Saini, M., and Taggart, M. A. (2012). The impact and role of NSAIDs on vulture populations in the Indian subcontinent. Toxicology Letters 211, S31-S31.
25. DeLorenzo, M. E., and Fleming, J. (2008). Individual and mixture effects of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54, 203-210.
26. Duggar, B. M. (2006). Aureomycin: a product of the continuing search for new antibiotics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1241, 188-181.
27. Drugbank. (2013). Open data drug & drug target database. Retrieved from http://www. drugbank. ca/drugs/DB01076
28. Environment Agency. (2013). Monitoring of pesticides and trace organics in water (1992-2008). Retrieved from http://www. geostore. com/environment-agency/ WebStore?xml=environment-agency/xml/dataLayers MPTOW. xml
29. Escher, B. I., Baumgartner, R., Koller, M., Treyer, K., Lienert, J., and McArdell, C. S. (2011). Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Water Research 45, 75-92.
30. European Medicines Agency. (2006). Guideline on the environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for human use. Committee for medicinal products for human use (CHMP). Retrieved from http://www. ema. europa. eu/docs/en GB/document library/Scientific guideline/2009/10/WC500003978. pdf
31. European Medicines Agency. (2008). Revised guideline on environmental impact assessment for veterinary medicinal products. Committee for medicinal products for veterinary use (CVMP). Retrieved from http://www. ema. europa. eu/docs/en GB/document library/Scientific guideline/2009/10/WC500004386. pdf
32. FASS. (2012). Environmental informations for pharmaceuticals. Sweden. Retrieved from http://www. fass. se
33. Ferrari, B., Paxeus, N., Lo Giudice, R., Pollio, A., and Garric, J. (2003). Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters: study of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 55, 359-370.
34. Fire, S. E., Wang, Z., Byrd, M., Whitehead, H. R., Paternoster, J., and Morton, S. L. (2011). Co-occurrence of multiple classes of harmful algal toxins in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranding during an unusual mortality event in Texas, USA. Harmful Algae 10, 330-336.
35. Gangl, D., Zedler, J. A. Z., Wlodarczyk, A., Jensen, P. E., Purton, S., and Robinson, C. (2014). Expression and membrane-targeting of an active plant cytochrome P450 in the chloroplast of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Phytochemistry, 110, 1-7.
36. Goncalves, F. C. S., Nunes, B. A., de Melo Henriques-Almeida, J. M., and Guilhermino, L. (2007). Acute toxicity of oxytetracycline and florfenicol to the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii and to the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67, 452-458.
37. Gottschall, N., Topp, E., Metcalfe, C., Edwards, M., Payne, M., Kleywegt, S., Russell, P., and Lapen, D. R. (2012). Pharmaceutical and personal care products in groundwater, subsurface drainage, soil, and wheat grain, following a high single application of municipal biosolids to a field. Chemosphere 87, 194-203.
38. Gunnarsson, L., Jauhiainen, A., Kristiansson, E., Nerman, O., and Larsson, D. G. J. (2008). Evolotionary conservation of human drug targets in organisms used for environmental risk assessments. Environment Science and Technology 42, 5807-5813.
39. Halling-Sorensen, B. (2000). Algal toxicity of antibacterial agents used in intensive farming. Chemosphere 40, 731-739.
40. Halling-Sorensen, B., Nielsen, S. N., Lanzky, P. F., Ingerslev, F., Lutzhoft, H. C. H., and Jorgensen, S. E. (1998). Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-A review. Chemosphere 36, 357-394.
41. Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Parrella, A., Previtera, L., and Rubino, M. (2005a). Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products. Science of the Total Environment 348, 93-101.
42. Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Pascarella, L., and Parrella, A. (2005b). Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms. Science of the Total Environment 346, 87-98.
43. Jenkins, S. M., Zvyaga, T., Johnson, S. R., Hurley, J., Wagner, A., Burrell, R., Turley, W., Leet, J. E., Philip, T., and Rodrigues, A. D. (2011). Studies to further investigate the inhibition of human liver microsomal CYP2C8 by the acyl-betaglucuronide of gemfibrozil. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 39, 2421-2430.
44. Ji, J. Y., Xing, Y. J., Ma, Z. T., Cai, J., Zheng, P., and Lu, H. F. (2013). Toxicity assessment of anaerobic digestion intermediates and antibiotics in pharmaceutical wastewater by luminescent bacterium. Journal of Hazardous Materials 246, 319-323.
45. Joint Genome Institute. (2014). Chlamydomonas reinhardtti rescources at the Joint Genome Institute. Retrieved from http://genome. jgi-psf. org/chlamy/chlamy. info. html
46. Juurlink, D. N., Mamdani, M., Kopp, A., Laupacis, A., and Redelmeier, D. A. (2003). Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association 289, 1652-1658.
47. Kar, S., and Roy, K. (2010). QSAR modeling of toxicity of diverse organic chemicals to Daphnia magna using 2D and 3D descriptors. Journal of Hazardous Materials 177, 344-351.
48. Katz, B. G., Griffin, D. W., McMahon, P. B., Harden, H. S., Wade, E., Hicks, R. W., and Chanton, J. P. (2010). Fate of effluent-borne contaminants beneath septic tank drainfields overlying a karst aquifer. Journal of Environmental Quality 39, 1181-1195.
49. Kay, P., Blackwell, P. A., and Boxall, A. B. A. (2004). Fate of veterinary antibiotics in a macroporous tile drained clay soils. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1136-1144.
50. Kuester, A., Alder, A. C., Escher, B. I., Duis, K., Fenner, K., Garric, J., Hutchinson, T. H., Lapen, D. R., Pery, A., Roembke, J., Snape, J., Ternes, T., Topp, E., Wehrhan, A., and Knacker, T. (2010). Environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals in the European Union: A case study with the beta-blocker atenolol. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 6, 514-523.
51. Lai, H.-T., Hou, J.-H., Su, C.-I., and Chen, C.-L. (2009). Effects of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and thiamphenicol on growth of algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis chui. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, 329-334.
52. Lange, B. M., Rujan, T., Martin, W., and Croteau, R. (2000). Isoprenoid biosynthesis: The evolution of two ancient and distinct pathways across genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 13172-13177.
53. Larned, S. T. (2010). A prospectus for periphyton: recent and future ecological research. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29, 182-206.
54. Larsson, D. G. J., de Pedro, C., and Paxeus, N. (2007). Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals. Journal of Hazardous Materials 148, 751-755.
55. Laycock, M. V., Anderson, D. M., Naar, J., Goodman, A., Easy, D. J., Donovan, M. A., Li, A., Quilliam, M. A., Jamali, E. A., and Alshihi, R. (2012). Laboratory desalination experiments with some algal toxins. Desalination 293, 1-6.
56. Lin, A. Y., and Tsai, Y. T. (2009). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Taiwan's surface waters: Impacts of waste streams from hospitals and pharmaceutical production facilities, Science of the Total Environment 407, 3793-3802.
57. Lin, A. Y., Yu, T. H., and Lin, C. F. (2008). Pharmaceutical contamination in residential, industrial, and agricultural waste streams: Risks to aqueous environments in Taiwan, Chemosphere 74, 131-141.
58. Liu, Y., Gao, B., Yue, Q., Guan, Y., Wang, Y., and Huang, L. (2012). Influences of two antibiotic contaminants on the production, release and toxicity of microcystins. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 77, 79-87.
59. McEneff, G., Barron, L., Kellerher, B., Paull, B., and Quinn, B. (2014). A yearlong study of the spatial occurrence and relative distribution of pharmaceutical residues in sewage effluent, receiving marine waters and marine bivalves. Science of the Total Environment 476, 317-326.
60. Metcalfe, C. D., Alder, A. C., Halling-Sorensen, B., Krogh, K., Fenner, K., Larsbo, M., Straub, J. O., Ternes, T. A., Topp, E., Lapen, D. R., and Boxall, A. B. A. (2008). Exposure assessment methods for veterinary and human-use medicines in the environment: PEC vs. MEC comparision. In K. Kummerer (Ed. ), Pharmaceuticals in the environment (Chapter 11, pp. 147-171). Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg.
61. Monteiro, S. C., and Boxall, B. A. A. (2010). Occurrence and fate of human pharmaceuticals in the environment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 202, 53-154.
62. Moreno-Gonzalez, R., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Gros, M., Perez-Canovas, E., Barcelo, D., and Leon, V. M. (2014). Input of pharmaceuticals through coastal surface watercourses into a Mediterranean lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain): sources and seasonal variations. Science of the Total Environment 490, 59-72.
63. Moschet, C., Vermeirssen, E. L. M., Singer, H., Stamm, C., and Hollender, J. (2014). Evaluation of in-situ calibration of chemcatcher passive samplers for 322 micropollutants in agricultural and urban affected rivers, Water Research 10, 1-26.
64. National Office of Animal Health. (2011). Compendium of data sheets for animal medicines. Retrieved from http://www. noahcompendium. co. uk/Compendium-datasheets by AI/Active Ingredients/-24462. html
65. Nentwig, G. (2007). Effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic invertebrates. Part 2: The antidepressant drug fluoxetine. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52, 163-170.
66. Neuwoehner, J., and Escher, B. I. (2011). The pH-dependent toxicity of basic pharmaceuticals in the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus can be explained with a toxicokinetic ion-trapping model. Aquatic Toxicology 101, 266-275.
67. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test. Retrieved from http://www. oecdilibrary. org/environment/test-no-201-alga-growth-inhibition-test 97892640699 23-en
68. Ortiz De Garcia, S., Pinto, G., Garcia, E. P., and Mata, R. I. (2013). Consumption and occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the aquatic environment in Spain. Science of the Total Environment 444, 451-465.
69. Percival, S. L., Knottenbelt, D. C., and Cochrane, C. A. (2011). Biofilms and veterinary medicine. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg.
70. Porsbring, T., Blanck, H., Tjellstrom, H., and Backhaus, T. (2009). Toxicity of the pharmaceutical clotrimazole to marine microalgal communities. Aquatic Toxicology 91, 203-211.
71. Prakash, V., Bishwakarma, M. C., Chaudhary, A., Cuthbert, R., Dave, R., Kulkarni, M., Kumar, S., Paudel, K., Ranade, S., Shringarpure, R., and Green, R. E. (2012). The population decline of Gyps vultures in India and Nepal has slowed since veterinary use of diclofenac was banned. PLoS One 7, 1-10.
72. Pro, J., Ortiz, J. A., Boleas, S., Fernandez, C., Carbonell, G., and Tarazona, J. V. (2003). Effect assessment of antimicrobial pharmaceuticals on the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70, 290-295.
73. Qian, H., Li, J., Pan, X., Sun, Z., Ye, C., Jin, G., and Fu, Z. (2012). Effects of streptomycin on growth of algae Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa. Environmental Toxicology 27, 229-237.
74. Qin, H., Chen, L., Lu, N., Zhao, Y., and Yuan, X. (2012). Toxic effects of enrofloxacin on Scenedesmus obliquus. Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering 6, 107-116.
75. Reyhanian, N., Volkova, K., Hallgren, S., Bollner, T., Olsson, P-E., Olsen, H., and Hallstrom, I. P. (2011). 17 alpha-Ethinyl estradiol affects anxiety and shoaling behavior in adult male zebra fish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 105, 41-48.
76. Roos, V., Gunnarsson, L., Fick, J., Larsson, D. G. J., and Ruden, C. (2012). Prioritising pharmaceuticals for environmental risk assessment: Toward adequate and feasible first-tier selection. Science of the Total Environment 421, 102-110.
77. Sanchez-Fortun, S., Marva, F., Rouco, M., Costas, E., and Lopez-Rodas, V. (2009). Toxic effect and adaptation in Scenedesmus intermedius to anthropogenic chloramphenicol contamination: genetic versus physiological mechanisms to rapid acquisition of xenobiotic resistance. Ecotoxicology 18, 481-487.
78. Sanderson, H., Johnson, D. J., Reitsma, T., Brain, R. A., Wilson, C. J., and Solomon, K. R. (2004). Ranking and prioritization of environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 39, 158-183.
79. Sanderson, H., and Thomsen, M. (2009). Comparative analysis of pharmaceuticals versus industrial chemicals acute aquatic toxicity classification according to the United Nations classification system for chemicals. Assessment of the (Q)SAR predictability of pharmaceuticals acute aquatic toxicity and their predominant acute toxic mode-of-action. Toxicology Letters 187, 84-93.
80. Santos, L. H. M. L. M., Araujo, A. N., Fachini, A., Pena, A., Delerue-Matos, C., and Montenegro, M. C. B. S. M. (2010). Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials 175, 45-95.
81. Schreiber, F., and Szewzyk, U. (2008). Environment relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals influence the initial adhesion of bacteria. Aquatic Toxicology 87, 227-233.
82. Sim, W.-J., Lee, J.-W., Lee, E.-S., Shin, S.-K., Hwang, S.-R., and Oh, J.-E. (2011). Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals and pharmaceutical manufactures. Chemosphere 82, 179-186.
83. Smith, E. M., Iftikar, F. I., Higgins, S., Irshad, A., Jandoc, R., Lee, M., and Wilson, J. Y. (2012). In vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated reactions by gemfibrozil, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and fluoxetine in fish liver microsomes. Aquatic Toxicology 109, 259-266.
84. Snyder, S. A. (2008). Occurrence, treatment, and toxicological relevance of EDCs and pharmaceuticals in water. Ozone-Science and Engineering 30, 65-69.
85. Stoichev, T., Baptista, M. S., Basto, M. C. P., Vasconcelos, V. M., and Vasconcelos, M. T. S. D. (2011). Effects of minocycline and its degradation products on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 74, 219-224.
86. University of Hertfordshire. (2013). The PPDB: Pesticide Properties Database. Retrieved from http://sitem. herts. Ac. uk/aeru/footprint/index2. htm
87. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Estimation program interface suite. Retrieved from http://www. epa. gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl. htm
88. Van der Grinten, E., Pikkemaat, M. G., van den Brandhof, E.-J., Stroomberg, G. J., and Kraak, M. H. S. (2010). Comparing the sensitivity of algal, cyanobacterial and bacterial bioassays to different groups of antibiotics. Chemosphere 80, 1-6.
89. Wilson, B. A., Smith, V. H., Denoyelles, F., and Larive, C. K. (2003). Effects of three pharmaceutical and personal care products on natural freshwater algal assemblages. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 1713-1719.
90. Yuan, H., Wang, Y-Y., and Cheng, Y-Y. (2007). Mode of action-based local QSAR modeling for the prediction of acute toxicity in the fathead minnow. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 26, 327-335.
91. Yuan, S., Jiang, X., Xia, X., Zhang, H., and Zheng, S. (2013). Detection, occurrence and fate of 22 psychiatric pharmaceuticals in psychiatric hospital and municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. Chemosphere 90, 2520-2525.
92. Zhang, W., Zhang, M., Lin, K., Sun, W., Xiong, B., Guo, M., Cui, X., and Fu, R. (2012). Eco-toxicological effect of Carbamazepine on Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 33, 344-352.