Ashes of co-optation: from armed group fragmentation to the rebuilding of popular insurgency in Myanmar

Conflict, Security and Development

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 337-358

  Brenner, David ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942199744     PISSN: 14678802     EISSN: 14781174     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2015.1071974     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. E.Azar, Edward, 1986. ‘Protracted International Conflicts: Ten Propositions’. In International Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, eds. E.Azar and J.Burton. Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 28–39.
2. K.Ballentine, and J.Sherman (eds.), 2003. The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO.
3. J.Buchanan,, T.Kramer and K.Woods, 2013. ‘Developing Disparity: Regional Investment in Burma's Borderlands’. Transnational Institute. Available at: http://www.tni.org/files/download/tni-2013-burmasborderlands-def-klein-def.pdf [Accessed 28 April 2013].
4. L.Cederman,, K.S.Gleditsch and H.Buhaug, 2013. Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. P.Collier, and A.Hoeffler, 1998. ‘On Economic Causes of Civil War’. Oxford Economic Papers 50(4), 563–573.
6. C.L.Cooper, Chester L., 1965. ‘Memorandum’. US Policy in the Vietnam War, 1954–1968, Digital National Security Archive, VI01599, 21 July.
7. C.Cramer, Christopher, 2002. ‘Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War’. World Development 30(11), 1845–1864.
8. K.G.Cunningham,, K.M.Bakke and L.J.M.Seymour, 2012. ‘Shirts Today, Skins Tomorrow: Dual Contests and the Effects of Fragmentation in Self-Determination Disputes’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(1), 67–93.
9. D.Dapice, and N.X.Thanh, 2013. ‘Creating a Future: Using Natural Resources for New Federalism and Unity’. Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Available at: http://www.ash.harvard.edu/extension/ash/docs/creating.pdf [Accessed 22 March 2014].
10. K.Dean, Karin, 2007. ‘Mapping the Kachin Political Landscape: Constructing, Contesting and Crossing Borders’. In Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma, ed. M.Gravers. NIAS Press, Copenhagen, 34–76.
11. J.Driscoll, Jesse, 2012. ‘Commitment Problems or Bidding Wars? Rebel Fragmentation as Peace Building’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(1), 118–149.
12. M.Duffield, Mark, 2002. ‘War as a Network Enterprise: The New Security Terrain and its Implications’. Cultural Values 6(1–2), 153–165.
13. K.Dupuy, and H.M.Binningsbø, 2007. ‘Power-Sharing and Peace-Building in Sierra Leone. Power-Sharing Agreements, Negotiations and Peace Processes’. PRIO. Available at: http://file.prio.no/Publication_files/Prio/Dupuy%20and%20Binningsb%C3%B8%20%282008%29%20Power-sharing%20and%20Peacebuilding%20in%20Sierra%20Leone%20%28CSCW%20Paper%29.pdf [Accessed 24 March 2014].
14. N.Farrelly, Nicholas, 2012. ‘Ceasing Ceasefire? Kachin Politics Beyond the Stalemate’. In Myanmar's Transition: Openings, Obstacles and Opportunities, eds. N.Cheesman, M.Skidmore and T.Wilson. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
15. Global Witness, 2009. ‘A Disharmonious Trade: China and the Continued Destruction of Burma's Northern Frontier Forests’. Available at: http://www.globalwitness.org/library/disharmonious-trade-china-and-continued-destruction-burmas-northern-frontier-forests [Accessed 30 September 2014].
16. International Crisis Group, 2010. ‘China's Myanmar Strategy: Elections, Ethnic Politics and Economics’. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/∼/media/Files/asia/north-east-asia/B112%20Chinas%20Myanmar%20Strategy%20%20Elections%20Ethnic%20Politics%20and%20Economics.pdf [Accessed 24 March 2014].
17. International Crisis Group, 2012. ‘A Tentative Peace in Myanmar's Kachin Conflict’. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/∼/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/b140-a-tentative-peace-in-myanmars-kachin-conflict.pdf [Accessed 30 September 2014].
18. L.Jones, Lee, 2013. ‘Explaining Myanmar's Regime Transition: The Periphery is Central’. Democratization 21(5), 1–23.
19. Kachin Development Networking Group, 2007. ‘Valley of Darkness: Gold Mining and Militarization in Burma's Hugawng Valley’. Available at: http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/reports/ValleyofDarkness.pdf [Accessed 10 February 2014].
20. Kachin Development Networking Group, 2012. ‘Sham Tiger Reserve in Burma: A Lesson on American Aid in Myanmar’. Available at: http://www.kdng.org/publication/286-sham-tiger-reserve-in-burma-a-lesson-on-american-aid-in-myanmar-.html [Accessed 10 January 2014].
21. M.Kaldor, Mary, 1999. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Polity Press, Cambridge.
22. S.N.Kalyvas, Stathis N., 2003. ‘The Ontology of “Political Violence”: Action and Identity in Civil Wars’. Perspective on Politics 1(3), 475–494.
23. S.N.Kalyvas, Stathis N., 2010. ‘Foreword: Internal Conflict and Political Violence: New Developments in Research’. In Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict, eds. E.Chenoweth and A.Lawrence. MIT Press, Cambridge, xi–xiii.
24. D.Keen, David, 2012. ‘Greed and Grievance in Civil War’. International Affairs 88(4), 757–777.
25. T.Kramer, Tom, 2009. ‘Neither War nor Peace: The Future of the Cease-Fire Agreements in Burma’. Transnational Institute. Available at: http://www.tni.org/files/download/ceasefire.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2013].
26. P.Le Billon, Philippe, 2000. ‘The Political Ecology of Transition in Cambodia 1989–1999: War, Peace and Forest Exploitation’. Development and Change 31(4), 785–805.
27. P.Le Billon, and E.Nicholls, 2007. ‘Ending “Resource Wars”: Revenue Sharing, Economic Sanction or Military Intervention?’. International Peacekeeping 14(5), 613–632.
28. B.Lintner, and H.N.Lintner, 1990. Land of Jade: A Journey through Insurgent Burma. Kiscadale, Edinburgh.
29. S.Malešević, Siniša, 2008. ‘The Sociology of New Wars? Assessing the Causes and Objectives of Contemporary Violent Conflicts’. International Political Sociology 2(2), 97–112.
30. Z.C.Mampilli, Zachariah C., 2011. Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
31. W.Pearlman, Wendy, 2009. ‘Spoiling Inside and Out: Internal Political Contestation and the Middle East Peace Process’. International Security 33(3), 79–109.
32. D.Petraeus, David, 2006. ‘Learning Counterinsurgency: Observations from Soldiering in Iraq’. Military Review. Available at: http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p124201coll1/id/33 [Accessed 2 December 2014].
33. M.Sadan, Mandy, 2007. ‘Constructing and Contesting the Category “Kachin” in the Colonial and Post-Colonial Burmese State’. In Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma, ed. M.Gravers. NIAS Press, Copenhagen, 34–76.
34. M.Sadan, Mandy, 2013. Being and Becoming Kachin: Histories Beyond the State in the Borderworlds of Burma. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
35. J.Sherman, Jake, 2003. ‘Burma: Lessons from the Ceasefires’. In The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance, eds. K.Ballentine and J.Sherman. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO, 225–255.
36. M.Smith, Martin, 1999. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. 2nd ed. Dhaka University Press, Dhaka.
37. R.Snyder, Richard, 2006. ‘Does Lootable Wealth Breed Disorder? A Political Economy of Extraction Framework’. Comparative Political Studies 39(8), 943–968.
38. A.South, Ashley, 2008. Ethnic Politics in Burma: States of Conflict. Routledge, London.
39. P.Staniland, Paul, 2014. Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
40. S.J.Stedman, Stephen J., 1997. ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’. International Security 22(2), 5–53.
41. F.Stewart, and V.Fitzgerald, 2001. War and Underdevelopment. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
42. M.Thompson, Mark, 2009. ‘Afghanistan Exit Strategy: Buying Off the Taliban?’. Time, 14 August. Available at: http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1916521,00.html [Accessed 3 December 2014].
43. C.Tilly, Charles, 2008. Explaining Social Processes. Paradigm Publishers, Boulder, CO.
44. Transnational Institute, 2015. ‘Political Reform and Ethnic Peace in Burma/Myanmar: The Need for Clarity and Achievement’. Myanmar Policy Brief, no. 14. Available at: http://www.tni.org/files/download/bpb14-web-042015.pdf [Accessed 22 April 2015].
45. A.Wennmann, Achim, 2009. ‘Getting Armed Groups to the Table: Peace Processes, the Political Economy of Conflict and the Mediated State’. Third World Quarterly 30(6), 1123–1138.
46. T.P.Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P., 1987. ‘The Rise (and Sometimes Fall) of Guerrilla Governments in Latin America’. Sociological Forum 2(3), 473–499.
47. K.Woods, Kevin, 2011. ‘Ceasefire Capitalism: Military-Private Partnerships, Resource Concessions and Military-State Building in the Burma-China Borderlands’. Journal of Peasant Studies 38(4), 747–770.
48. M.-J.Zahar, Marie-Joelle, 2008. ‘Reframing the Spoiler Debate in Peace Processes’. In Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Peace Processes and Post-War Reconstruction, eds. J.Darby and R.MacGinty. 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 159–177.
49. M.Zelditch, Morris, 2001. ‘Theories of Legitimacy’. In The Psychology of Legitimacy, eds. J.T.Jost and B.Major. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 33–53.