Glacier-Related Outburst Floods

Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 487-519

  Clague, John J ^a   O'Connor, Jim E ^b  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Glacier dam; Moraine dam; Outburst flood

Indexed keywords

DAMS; DEBRIS; FAILURE (MECHANICAL); FLOODS; LAKES; LANDSLIDES; SEDIMENTS; STORMS;

ATMOSPHERIC WARMING; FAILURE MECHANISM; HYDRAULIC GRADIENTS; MECHANICAL COLLAPSE; MORAINE-DAMMED LAKE; OUTBURST FLOODS; TUNNEL ENLARGEMENT; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

ICE;

EID: 84942156127     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394849-6.00014-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (180)

1. Alho P., Russell A.J., Carrivick J.L., Kâyhkö J. Reconstruction of the largest Holocene jökhulhlaup within Jökulsá á Fjöllum, NE Iceland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2005, 24:2319-2334.
2. Babu-Govindha-Raj K. Remote sensing based hazard assessment of glacial lakes: a case study in Zanskar basin, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Geo. Nat. Hazards Risk 2010, 1:339-347.
3. Bagnold R.A. An Approach to the Sediment Transport Problem from General Physics. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1966, 422-I. 37 pp.
4. Bajracharya S.R., Mool P.K. Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal. Ann. Glaciol. 2009, 50:81-86.
5. Baker V.R. Paleohydrology and Sedimentology of Lake Missoula Flooding in Eastern Washington. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 1973, 144. 79 pp.
6. Baker V.R. Overview of megaflooding: Earth and Mars. Megaflooding on Earth and Mars 2009, 1-12. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. D.M. Burr, P.A. Carling, V.R. Baker (Eds.).
7. Baker V.R., Costa J.E. Floodpower. Catastrophic Flooding 1987, 1-24. Allen and Unwin, Boston, MA. L. Mayer, D. Nash (Eds.).
8. Baker V.R., Ritter D.F. Competence of rivers to transport coarse bedload material. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1975, 86:975-978.
9. Benito G. Energy expenditure and geomorphic work of the cataclysmic Missoula flooding in the Columbia River Gorge, USA. Earth Surf. Process. Land. 1997, 22:457-472.
10. Björnsson H. Explanation of jökulhlaups from Grimsvötn, Vatnajökull, Iceland. Jökull 1974, 24:1-26.
11. Björnsson H. Marginal and supraglacial lakes in Iceland. Jökull 1976, 26:40-51.
12. Björnsson H. The cause of jökulhlaups in the Skaftá river, Vatnajökull. Jökull 1977, 27:71-78.
13. Björnsson H. Jökulhlaups in Iceland: prediction, characteristics and simulation. Ann. Glaciol. 1992, 15:95-106.
14. Björnsson H. Subglacial lakes and jökulhlaups in Iceland. Global Planet. Change 2002, 35:255-271.
15. Björnsson H. Jökulhlaups in Iceland: sources, release and drainage. Megaflooding on Earth and Mars 2009, 50-64. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. D.M. Burr, P.A. Carling, V.R. Baker (Eds.).
16. Björnsson H. Understanding jökulhlaups: from tale to theory. J. Glaciol. 2010, 56:1002-1010.
17. Björnsson H., Rott H., Gudmundsson S., Fisher A., Slegel A., Gudmundsson A.T. Glacier-volcano interactions deduced by SAR interferometry. J. Glaciol. 2001, 47:58-70.
18. Blown I., Church M. Catastrophic lake drainage within the Homathko River basin, British Columbia. Can. Geotech. J. 1985, 22:551-563.
19. Bolch T., Buchroitner M., Peters J., Baessler M., Bajarcharya S. Identification of glacier motion and potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Mt. Everest region/Nepal using spaceborne imagery. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2008, 8:1329-1340.
20. Bolch T., Kulkarni A., Kääb A., Huggel C., Paul F., Cogley J.G., Frey H., Kargel J.S., Fujita K., Scheel M., Bajracharya S., Stoffel M. The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science 2012, 336:310-314.
21. Bolch T., Peters J., Yegrorov A., Pradhan B., Buchroithner M., Blagoveshchensky V. Identification of potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the northern Tien Shan. Nat. Hazards 2011, 59:1691-1714.
22. Bretz J.H. The Channeled Scabland of the Columbia plateau. J. Geol. 1923, 31:617-649.
23. Bretz J.H. Glacial drainage on the Columbia plateau. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1923, 34:573-608.
24. Buchroithner M. Jökulhlaup mapping in the Himalaya by means of remote sensing. Kartographische Bausteine 1996, 12. 75-86.
25. Carey M., Huggel C., Bury J., Portocarrero C., Haeberli W. An integrated socio-environmental framework for climate change adaptation and glacier hazard management: lessons from Lake 513, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Clim. Change 2012, 112:733-767.
26. Carrivick J.L. Hydrodynamics and geomorphic work of jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) from Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland. Hydrol. Process. 2007, 21:725-740.
27. Carrivick J.L. Jökulhlaups from Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland: modelling transient hydraulic phenomena. Megaflooding on Earth and Mars 2009, 273-289. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. D.M. Burr, P.A. Carling, V.R. Baker (Eds.).
28. Cencetti C., Fredduzzi A., Marchesini I., Naccini M., Tacconi P. Some considerations about the simulation of breach channel erosion on landslide dams. Comput. Geosci. 2006, 10:201-219.
29. Cenderelli D.A. Floods from natural and artificial dam failures. Inland Flood Hazards: Human, Riparian, and Aquatic Communities 2000, 73-103. Cambridge University Press, New York. E.E. Wohl (Ed.).
30. Cenderelli D.A., Wohl E.E. Sedimentology and clast orientation of deposits produced by glacial-lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest regions, Nepal. Geomorphological Hazards in High Mountain Areas 1998, 1-26. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. J. Kalvoda, C.L. Rosenfield (Eds.).
31. Cenderelli D.A., Wohl E.E. Flow hydraulics and geomorphic effects of glacial-lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal. Earth Surf. Process. Land. 2003, 28:385-407.
32. Clague J.J., Evans S.G. A self-arresting moraine dam failure, St. Elias Mountains, British Columbia. Current Research, Part A. Geol. Surv/ Can. Pap. 92-1A 1992, 185-188.
33. Clague J.J., Evans S.G. Formation and Failure of Natural Dams in the Canadian Cordillera. Geol. Surv. Can. Bull. 1994, 464. 35 pp.
34. Clague J.J., Evans S.G. A review of catastrophic drainage of moraine-dammed lakes in British Columbia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2000, 19:1763-1783.
35. Clague J.J., Mathews W.H. The magnitude of jökulhlaups. J. Glaciol. 1973, 12:501-504.
36. Clague J.J., Rampton V.N. Neoglacial Lake Alsek. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1982, 19:94-117.
37. Clague J.J., Evans S.G., Blown I. A debris flow triggered by the breaching of a moraine-dammed lake, Klattesine Creek, British Columbia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1985, 22:1492-1502.
38. Clarke G.K.C. Glacier outburst floods from 'Hazard Lake', Yukon Territory, and the problem of flood magnitude prediction. J. Glaciol. 1982, 28:3-21.
39. Clarke G.K.C. Hydraulics of subglacial outburst floods: new insights from the Spring-Hutter formulation. J. Glaciol. 2003, 49:299-313.
40. Coleman S.E., Andrews D.P., Webby M.G. Overtopping breaching of noncohesive homogenous embankments. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2002, 128:829-838.
41. Costa J.E. Paleohydraulic reconstruction of flash-flood peaks from boulder deposits in the Colorado Front Range. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1983, 94:986-1004.
42. Costa J.E., Schuster R.L. The formation and failure of natural dams. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1988, 100:1054-1068.
43. Denlinger R.P., O'Connell D.R.H. Simulations of cataclysmic outburst floods from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2010, 122:678-689.
44. Depretris P.J., Pasquini A.I. The hydrological signal of the Perito Moreno Glacier damming of Lake Argentino (southern Andean Patagonia): the connection to climate anomalies. Global Planet. Change 2000, 26:367-374.
45. Ding Y., Liu J. Glacier lake outburst flood disasters in China. Ann. Glaciol. 1992, 16:180-184.
46. Driedger C.L., Fountain A.G. Glacier outburst floods at Mount Rainier, Washington state, USA. Ann. Glaciol. 1989, 13:51-55.
47. Dussaillant A., Benito G.I., Buytaert W., Carling P., Meier C., Espinoza F. Repeated glacial-lake outburst floods in Patagonia: an increasing hazard?. Nat. Hazards 2010, 54:469-481.
48. Dwivedi S.K., Archarya M.D., Simard D. The Tam Pokhari glacier lake outburst flood of 3 September 1998. J. Nepal Geol. Soc. 2000, 22:539-546.
49. Eisbacher G.H., Clague J.J. Destructive Mass Movements in High Mountains - Hazard and Management. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap. 1984, 84-16. 230 pp.
50. Evans S.G. The maximum discharge of outburst floods caused by the breaching of man-made and natural dams. Can. Geotech. J. 1986, 23:385-387.
51. Evans S.G., Clague J.J. Recent climatic change and catastrophic geomorphic processes in mountain environments. Geomorphology 1994, 10:107-128.
52. Faeh R. Numerical modeling of breach erosion of river embankments. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2007, 133:1000-1009.
53. Flowers G.E., Björnsson H., Pálsson F., Clarke G.K.C. A coupled sheet-conduit mechanism for jökulhlaup propagation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L05401. 10.1029/2003GL019088.
54. Fowler A.C. Breaking the seal at Grímsvötn. J. Glaciol. 1999, 45:506-516.
55. Fread D.L. BREACH: An Erosion Model for Earthen Dam Failures. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Weather Service 1987, Hydrologic Research Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 35 pp.
56. Fread D.L. The NWS DAMBRK Model: Theoretical Background and User Documentation, HRL-258. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Weather Service 1988, Hydrologic Research Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 325 pp.
57. Frey H., Haeberli W., Linsbauer A., Huggel C., Paul F. A multi-level strategy for anticipating future glacial-lake formation and associated hazard potentials. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2010, 10:339-352.
58. Froehlich D.C. Embankment-dam breach parameters. Proceedings, 1987 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering 1987, 570-575. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
59. Froehlich D.C. Peak outflow from breached embankment dams. J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 1995, 121:90-97.
60. Froehlich D.C. Embankment dam breach parameters and their uncertainties. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2008, 134:1708-1721.
61. Fujita K., Sakai A., Nuimura T., Yamaguchi S., Sharma R.R. Recent changes in Imja glacial lake and its damming moraine in the Nepal Himalaya revealed by in situ surveys and multi-temporal ASTER imagery. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4(4). 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045205.
62. Fujita K., Suzuki R., Nuimura T., Sakai A. Performance of ASTER and SRTM DEMs, and their potential for assessing glacial lakes in the Lunana region, Bhutan Himalaya. J. Glaciol. 2008, 54:220-228.
63. Gallino G.L., Pierson T.C. Polallie Creek Debris Flow and Subsequent Dam-break Flood of 1980, East Fork Hood River basin, Oregon. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Pap. 1985, 2273. 22 pp.
64. Geertsema M., Clague J.J. Jökulhlaups at Tulsequah Glacier, northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Holocene 2005, 15:310-316.
65. Glen J.W. The stability of ice-dammed lakes and other waterfilled holes in glaciers. J. Glaciol. 1954, 2:316-318.
66. Grove J.M. The Little Ice Age 1988, Methuen Press, London, UK.
67. Haeberli W. Frequency and characteristics of glacier floods in the Swiss Alps. Ann. Glaciol. 1983, 4:85-90.
68. Haeberli W. Mountain permafrost - research frontiers and a special challenge. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 2013, 96:71-76.
69. Haeberli W., Allen J.C., Müller P., Funk M. Assessing the risks from glacier hazards in high mountain regions: some experiences in the Swiss Alps. Ann. Glaciol. 1989, 13:77-101.
70. Haeberli W., Kääb A., Vonder D., Teysseire P. Prevention of outburst floods from periglacial lakes at Grubengetscher, Valais, Swiss Alps. J. Glaciol. 2001, 47:111-122.
71. Haeberli W., Clague J.J., Huggel C., Kääb A. Hazards from lakes in high-mountain glacier and permafrost regions: climate change effects and process interactions. Avances de la Geomorphología en España, 2008-2010 2010, vol. XI. Reunión Nacional de Geomorphología, Solsona, pp. 439-446.
72. Hanson G.J., Cook K.R. Physical modeling of overtopping erosion and beach formation of cohesive embankments. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 2005, 48:1783-1794.
73. Hegglin E., Huggel C. An integrated assessment of vulnerability to glacier hazards: a case study in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Mt. Res. Dev. 2008, 28:310-317.
74. Herget J. Reconstruction of Pleistocene Ice-dammed Lake Outburst Floods in the Altai Mountains, Siberia. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 2005, 386. 118 pp.
75. Hewitt K. Record of natural damming and related floods in the Upper Indus Basin. Indus 1968, 10(3):11-19.
76. Hewitt K. Natural dams and outburst floods of the Karakoram Himalaya. Hydrological Aspects of Alpine and High-Mountain Areas 1982, vol. 138:259-269. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication.
77. Hewitt K., Liu J. Ice-dammed lakes and outburst floods, Karakoram Himalaya: historical perspectives on emerging threats. Phys. Geogr. 2010, 31:528-551.
78. Hodgson K.A., Nairn I.A. The c. AD 1315 syn-eruption and AD 1904 post-eruption breakout floods from lake Tarawera, Haroharo crater, North Island, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 2005, 48:491-506.
79. Hubbard B., Heald A., Reynolds J.M., Quincey D., Richardson S.D., Zapata Luyo M., Santillan Portilla N., Hambrey M.J. Impact of a rock avalanche on a moraine-dammed lake: Laguna Safuna Alta, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Earth Surf. Process. Land. 2005, 30:1251-1264.
80. Huggel C., Haeberli W., Kääb A., Bieri D., Richardson S. An assessment procedure for glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps. Can. Geotech. J. 2004, 41:1068-1083.
81. Huggel C., Kääb A., Haeberli W., Krummenacher B. Regional-scale GIS-models for assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: evaluation and application in the Swiss Alps. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2003, 3:647-662.
82. Huggel C., Kääb A., Haeberli W., Teysseire P., Paul F. Remote sensing based assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: a case study in the Swiss Alps. Can. Geotech. J. 2002, 39:316-330.
83. Hulsing H. The Breakout of Alaska's Lake George 1981, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 15 pp.
84. Formation of Glacial Lakes in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas and GLOF Risk Assessment 2010, ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 56 pp.
85. Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal 2011, ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 109 pp.
86. Iverson R.M. Langbein lecture: shallow flows that shape earth's surface. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 2006, 87(52). Abstract H22A-01.
87. Ives J.D. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and Risk Engineering in the Himalaya - a Review of the Langmoche Disaster, Khumbu Himal, 4 August 1985 1986, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, Occasional Paper 5, 42 pp.
88. Iwata S., Ageta Y., Naito N., Sakai A., Narama C., Karma C. Glacial lakes and their outburst flood potential assessment in the Bhutan Himalaya. Global Environ. Res. 2002, 6:3-17.
89. Jacobson R.B., O'Connor J.E., Oguchi T. Surficial geologic tools in fluvial geomorphology. Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology 2003, 25-57. John Willey and Sons, Chichester, UK. G.M. Kondolf, H. Piégay (Eds.).
90. Johannesson T. Propagation of a subglacial flood wave during the initial of a jökulhlaup. J. Hydrol. Sci. 2002, 47:417-434.
91. Kääb A., Huggel C., Barbero S., Chiarle M., Cordola M., Epifani F., Haeberli W., Mortara G., Semino P., Tamburini A., Viazzo G. Glacier hazards at Belvedere Glacier and the Monte Rosa east face, Italian Alps: processes and mitigation. Internationales Symposion Interpraevent 2004 - Riva/Trient 2004, 1-67-1-78.
92. Kääb A., Huggel C., Fischer L., Guex S., Paul F., Roer I., Salzmann N., Schlaefli S., Schmutz K., Schneider D., Strozzi T., Weidmann Y. Remote sensing of glacier- and permafrost-related hazards in high mountains: an overview. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2005, 5:527-554.
93. Kattelmann R. Glacial lake outburst floods in the Nepal Himalaya: a manageable hazard?. Nat. Hazards 2003, 28:145-154.
94. Kershaw J.A., Clague J.J., Evans S.G. Geomorphic and sedimentological signature of a two-phase outburst flood from moraine-dammed Queen Bess Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Earth Surf. Process. Land. 2005, 30:1-25.
95. Komar P.D. Selective gravel entrainment and the empirical evaluation of flow competence. Sedimentology 1987, 34:1165-1176.
96. Lee K.L., Duncan J.M. Landslide of Aril 25, 1974, on the Mantaro River, Peru 1975, National Research Council, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, Committee on Natural Disasters, Washington, DC, 72 pp.
97. Liestol O. Glacier dammed lakes in Norway. Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr. Norw. J. Geogr. 1956, 15:122-149.
98. Linsbauer A., Paul F., Haeberli W. Modeling glacier thickness distribution and bed topography over entire mountain ranges with GlabTop: application of a fast and robust technique. J. Geophy. Res. 2012, 117:F03007. 10.1029/2011JF002313.
99. Liu C., Sharma C.K. Report on First Expedition to Glaciers and Glacier Lakes in the Pumqu (Arun) and Poiqu (Bhote-Sun Kosi) River Basins, Xizang (Tibet), China: Sino-Nepalese Investigation of Glacier Lake Outburst Floods in the Himalayas 1988, Science Press, Beijing, China, 192 pp.
100. Lliboutry L., Arnao V.M., Pautre A., Schneidter B. Glaciological problems set by the control of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru: 1. Historical failures of morainic dams, their causes and prevention. J. Glaciol. 1977, 18:239-254.
101. Lord M.L., Kehew A.E. Sedimentology and paleohydrology of glacial-lake outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatchewan and northwestern North Dakota. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1987, 99:663-673.
102. Manville, V., 2001. Techniques for Evaluating the Size of Potential Dam-break Floods from Natural Dams. New Zealand Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Science Report 2001/28, 72 pp.
103. Manville V., White J.D.L., Houghton B.F., Wilson C.J.N. Paleohydrology and sedimentology of a post-1.8 ka breakout flood from intracaldera Lake Taupo, North Island, New Zealand. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1999, 111:1435-1447.
104. Marche C., Mahdi T., Quach T. ERODE: Une methode fiable pour etablir l'hydrogramme de rupture potentielle par surverse de chaque digue en terre. Trans. Int. Congr. Large Dams 2006, 22:337-360.
105. Marcus M.G. Periodic drainage of glacier-dammed Tulsequah Lake, British Columbia. Geogr. Rev. 1960, 50:89-106.
106. Massey C., Manville V., Hancox G., Keys H., Lawrence C., McSaveney M. Outburst flood (lahar) triggered by retrogressive landsliding, 18 March 2007 at Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand - a successful early warning. Landslides 2010, 7:303-315.
107. Mathews W.H. Record of two jökulhlaups 1973, Int. Assoc. Hydrol/ Sci. Publ. 95, 99-110.
108. Mathews W.H., Clague J.J. The record of jökulhlaups from Summit Lake, northwestern British Columbia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1993, 30:499-508.
109. Mayo L.R. Advance of Hubbard Glacier and 1986 outburst of Russell Fiord, Alaska. J. Glaciol. 1989, 13:189-194.
110. McKillop R., Clague J.J. A procedure for making objective preliminary assessments of outburst flood hazard form moraine-dammed lakes in southwestern British Columbia. Nat. Hazards 2007, 41:131-157.
111. McKillop R., Clague J.J. Statistical, remote sensing-based approach for estimating the probability of catastrophic drainage from moraine-dammed lakes in southwestern British Columbia. Global Planet. Change 2007, 56:153-171.
112. Mergili M., Schneider J.F. Regional-scale analysis of lake outburst hazards in the southwestern Pamir, Tajikistan, based on remote sensing and GIS. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2011, 11:1447-1462.
113. Mergili M., Müller J.P., Schneider J.F. Spatial-temporal development of high-mountain lakes in the headwaters of the Amu Darya River (Central Asia). Global Planet. Change 2013, 107:13-24.
114. Montgomery D.R., Hallet B., Liu Y., Finnegan N., Anders A., Gillespie A., Greenberg H.M. Evidence for Holocene megafloods down the Tsangpo River gorge, southeastern Tibet. Quat. Res. 2004, 62:201-207.
115. Mool P.K. Glacier lake outburst floods in Nepal. J. Nepal Geol. Soc. 1995, 11:273-280.
116. Morris M.K., Hassan M.A.A.M., Vaskinn K.A. Breach formation: field test and laboratory experiments. J. Hydraul. Res. 2007, 45(Suppl. 1):9-17.
117. Narama C., Duishonakunov M., Kääb A., Daiyrov M., Abdrakhmatov K. The 24 July 2008 outburst flood at the western Zyndan glacier lake and recent regional changes in glacier lakes of the Teskey Ala-Too range, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2010, 10:647-659.
118. Ng F., Björnsson H. On the Clague-Mathews relation for jökulhlaups. J. Glaciol. 2003, 49:161-172.
119. Ng F., Liu S. Temporal dynamics of a jökulhlaup system. J. Glaciol. 2009, 55:651-655.
120. Nye J.F. Water flow in glaciers: Jökulhlaups, tunnels and veins. J. Glaciol. 1976, 17:181-207.
121. O'Connor J.E. Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 1993, 274. 83 pp.
122. O'Connor J.E., Beebee R.A. Floods from natural rock-material dams. Megafloods on Earth and Mars 2009, 128-171. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. D.M. Burr, P.A. Carling, V.R. Baker (Eds.).
123. O'Connor J.E., Costa J.E. Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming. Nat. Hazards 1993, 8:121-140.
124. O'Connor J.E., Costa J.E. The World's Largest Floods, Past and Present - Their Causes and Magnitudes. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 2004, 1254. 19 pp.
125. O'Connor, J.E., Clague, J.J., Walder, J.S., Manville, V., Beebee, R.A., 2013. Outburst floods. In: Shroder, J., Wohl, E. (Eds.), Treatise on Geomorphology. Fluvial Geomorphology, vol. 9. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 475-510.
126. O'Connor J.E., Grant G.E., Costa J.E. The geology of geography of floods. Ancient Floods, Modern Hazards; Principles and Applications of Paleoflood Hydrology 2002, 191-215. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. P.K. House, R.H. Webb, D.R. Levish (Eds.).
127. O'Connor J.E., Hardison J.H., Costa J.E. Debris Flows from Failures of Neoglacial Moraine Dams in the Three Sisters and Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Areas, Oregon. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 2001, 1608. 93 pp.
128. Paul F., Maisch M., Rothenbuehler C., Hoelzle M., Haeberli W. Calculation and visualization of future glacier extent in the Swiss Alps by means of hypsographic modeling. Global Planet. Change 2007, 55:343-357.
129. Pickert G., Weitbrecht V., Bieberstein A. Breaching of overtopped river embankments controlled by apparent cohesion. J. Hydraul. Res. 2011, 49:143-156.
130. Plaza-Nieto G., Zevallos O. The 1993 La Josefina rockslide and Rio Paute landslide dam, Ecuador. Landslide News 1994, 8:4-6.
131. Ponce V.M., Tsivoglou A.M. Modeling gradual dam breaches. J. Hydraul. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 1981, 107:829-838.
132. Post A., Mayo L.R. Glacial-dammed Lakes and Outburst Floods in Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Hydrol. Atlas HA-455 1971, 10 pp., 3 plates.
133. Procter J.N., Cronin S.J., Fuller I.C., Lube G., Manville V. Quantifying the geomorphic impacts of a lake break-out flood, Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand. Geology 2010, 39:67-70.
134. Quincey D.J., Lucas R.M., Richardson S.D., Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J., Reynolds J.M. Optical remote sensing techniques in high-mountain environments: application to glacial hazards. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2005, 29:475-505.
135. Quincey D.J., Richardson S.D., Luckman A., Lucas R.M., Reynolds J.M., Hambrey M.J., Glasser N.F. Early recognition of glacial lake hazards in the Himalaya using remote sensing datasets. Global Planet. Change 2007, 56:137-152.
136. Randhawa S.S., Sood R.K., Rathore B.P., Kulkarni A.V. Moraine-dammed lake study in the Chenab and the Satluj River basins using IRS data. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 2005, 33:285-290.
137. Reynolds J.M. The identification and mitigation of glacier-related hazards: examples from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. L Geohazards - Natural and Man-made 1992, 143-157. Chapman and Hall, London. G.J.H. McCall, D.J.C. Laming, S.C. Scott (Eds.).
138. Reynolds J.M. Glacial hazard assessment at Tsho Rolpa, Rolwaling, central Nepal. Quart. J. Eng. Geol. 1999, 32:209-214.
139. Richardson D. Glacier Outburst Floods in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 600-D 1968, D79-D86.
140. Richardson S.D., Reynolds J.M. An overview of glacial hazards in the Himalayas. Quat. Int. 2000, 65-66:31-47.
141. Roberts M.J. Jökulhlaups: a reassessment of floodwater flow through glaciers. Rev. Geophys. 2005, 43:RG1002.
142. Ruren L., Deji L. Debris flow induced by ice lake burst in the Tangbulang gully, Gangbujlangda, Xizang (Tibet). J. Glaciol. Cryopedol. 1986, 8:61-71.
143. Russell A.J., Tweed F.S., Roberts M.J., Harris T.D., Gudmundsson M.T., Knudsen O., Marren P.M. An unusual jökulhlaup resulting from subglacial volcanism, Sölheimajökull, Iceland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:1363-1381.
144. Schneider D., Huggel C., Cochachin A., Gullén S., García J. Mapping hazards from glacier lake outburst floods based on modelling of process cascades at Lake 513, Cuaraz, Peru. Adv. Geosci. 2014, 35:145-155.
145. Schuster, R.L., 2000. Outburst debris flows from failure of natural dams. In: Wieczorek, G.F., Naeser, N.D. (Eds.), Debris-flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Debris Flow Hazard Mitigation, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 29-42.
146. Singh V.P., Scarlatos P.D., Collins J.G., Jourdan M.R. Breach erosion of earthfill dams (BEED) model. Nat. Hazards 1998, 1:161-180.
147. Spring U., Hutter K. Numerical studies of jökulhlaups. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 1981, 4:227-244.
148. Spring U., Hutter K. Conduit flow of a fluid through its solid phase and its application to intraglacial channel flow. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 1982, 20:327-363.
149. Sturm M., Benson C.S. A history of jökulhlaups from Strandline Lake, Alaska. J. Glaciol. 1985, 31:272-280.
150. Thórarinsson S. The ice dammed lakes of Iceland with particular reference to their values as indicators of glacier oscillations. Geogr. Ann. 1939, 21:216-242.
151. Tómasson H. The jökulhlaup from Katla in 1918. Ann. Glaciol. 1996, 22:249-254.
152. Tómasson H. Catastrophic floods in Iceland. Proceedings of Extremes of the Extremes: Extraordinary Floods Symposium 2002, 121-126. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Pub. 271.
153. Tweed F.S., Russell A.J. Controls on the formation and sudden drainage of glacier-impounded lakes: implications for jökulhlaup characteristics. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 1999, 23:79-110.
154. Valderrama P., Vilca O. Dinámica e implicancia del aluvión de la laguna 513, Cordillera Blanca, Ancash, Perú. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. 2012, 69:400-406.
155. Vilimek V., Zapata Luyo M., Klimes J., Patzelt Z., Santillan N. Influence of glacial retreat on natural hazards of the Palcacocha Lake area, Peru. Landslides 2005, 2:107-115.
156. Vincent C., Auclair S., LeMeur E. Outburst flood hazard for glacier-dammed Lac de Rochemelon, France. J. Glaciol. 2010, 56:91-100.
157. Vuichard D., Zimmerman M. The 1985 catastrophic drainage of a moraine-dammed lake, Khumbu Himal, Nepal: cause and consequences. Mt. Res. Dev. 1987, 7:91-110.
158. Waitt R.B. Great Holocene floods along Jökulsá á Fjöllum, north Iceland. Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples 2002, 37-51. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. P.I. Martini, V.R. Baker, G. Garzon (Eds.).
159. Walder J.S., Costa J.E. Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes: the effect of mode of lake drainages on flood magnitude. Earth Surf. Process. Land. 1996, 21:701-723.
160. Walder J.S., Driedger C.L. Rapid geomorphic change caused by glacial outburst floods and debris flows along Tahoma Creek, Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res. 1994, 26:319-327.
161. Walder J.S., Driedger C.L. Frequent outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier, Mount Rainier, U.S.A.: relation to debris flows, meteorological origin and implications for subglacial hydrology. J. Glaciol. 1995, 41:1-10.
162. Walder J.S., Fountain A.G. Glacier generated floods. Destructive Water: Water-Caused Natural Disasters - Their Abatement and Control 1997, 107-113. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Pub. 239. G.H. Leavesley, H.F. Lins, F. Nobilis (Eds.).
163. Walder J.S., O'Connor J.E. Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams. Water Resour. Res. 1997, 33:2337-2348.
164. Walder J.S., Trabant D.C., Fountain A.G., Anderson S.P., Anderson R.S., Malm A. Local response of a glacier to annual filling and drainage of an ice-marginal lake. J. Glaciol. 2006, 52:440-450.
165. Wang W., Yang X., Yao T. Evaluation of ASTR GDEM and SRTM and their suitability in hydraulic modeling of a glacial lake outburst flood in southeast Tibet. Hydrol. Process. 2012, 26:213-225.
166. Wang X., Liu S., Ding Y., Guo W., Jiang Z., Lin J., Han Y. An approach for estimating breach probabilities of moraine-dammed lakes in the Chinese Himalayas using remote-sensing data. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2012, 12:3109-3122.
167. Wang Z., Bowles D.S. Three-dimensional non-cohesive earthen dam breach model. Part 1: theory and methodology. Adv. Water Resour. 2006, 29:1528-1545.
168. Watanabe T., Rothacher D. The 1994 Lugge Tsho glacial lake outburst flood, Bhutan Himalaya. Mt. Res. Dev. 1996, 16:77-81.
169. Waythomas C.F., Walder J.S., McGimsey R.G., Neal C.A. A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1996, 108:861-871.
170. Webby M.G. Discussion [of Froehlich (1995)]. J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 1996, 122:316-317.
171. Webby M.G., Jennings D.N. Analysis of dam-break flood caused by failure of Tunawaea landslide dam. Proceedings of International Conference on Hydraulics in Civil Engineering 1994 1994, 163-168. University of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
172. Williams G.P. Paleohydrological methods and some examples from Swedish fluvial environments, 1 - cobble and boulder deposits. Geogr. Ann. 1983, 65A:227-243.
173. Worni R., Huggel C., Stoffel M. Glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayas - from an area-wide glacial lake inventory to on-site and modeling based risk assessment of critical glacial lakes. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 468-469. (Suppl. 1 December 2013), S71-S84.
174. Worni R., Stoffel M., Huggel C., Volz C., Casteller A., Luckman B.H. Analysis and dynamic modeling of a moraine failure and glacier lake outburst flood at Ventisquero Negro, Patagonia Andes (Argentina). J. Hydrol. 2012, 444-445:134-145.
175. Wu W., He Z., Wang S.S.Y. A depth-averaged 2-D model of non-cohesive dam/levee breach processes. Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers. American Society of Civil Engineers Conference Proceedings 2009, 342. 3341-3350.
176. Xie Z., ShangGuan D., Zhang S., Ding Y., Liu S. Index for hazard of glacial lake outburst flood of Lake Merzbacher by satellite-based monitoring of lake area and ice cover. Global Planet. Change 2013, 107:229-237.
177. Xin W., Shiyin L., Wanqin G., Junli X. Assessment and simulation of glacier lake outburst floods for Longbasaba and Pida Lakes, China. Mt. Res. Dev. 2008, 28:310-317.
178. Yamada T., Sharma C.K. Glacier lakes and outburst floods in the Nepal Himalaya. Snow and Glacier Hydrology 1993, 319-330. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Pub. 218. G.J. Young (Ed.).
179. Yesenov U.Y., Degovets A.S. Catastrophic mudflow on the Bol'shaya River in 1977. Sov. Hydrol. 1979, 18:158-160.
180. Zhang J.Y., Li Y., Xuan G.X., Wang X.G., Li J. Overtopping breaching of cohesive homogeneous earth dam with different cohesive strength. Sci. China Ser. E Technol. Sci. 2009, 52:3024-3029.