Transient detectable viremia and the risk of viral rebound in patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Young, Jim ^a   Rickenbach, Martin ^b   Calmy, Alexandra ^c   Bernasconi, Enos ^d   Staehelin, Cornelia ^e   Schmid, Patrick ^f   Cavassini, Matthias ^g   Battegay, Manuel ^h   Günthard, Huldrych F ⁱ   Bucher, Heiner C ^a,h   Aubert, V ^j   Battegay, M ^j   Bernasconi, E ^j   Boni J ^j   Bucher, H C ^j   Burton Jeangros, C ^j   Calmy, A ^j   Cavassini, M ^j   Dollenmaier, G ^j   Egger, M ^j   Elzi, L ^j   Fehr, J ^j   Fellay, J ^j   Furrer, H ^j   Fux, C A ^j   Gorgievski, M ^j   Gunthard H ^j   Haerry, D ^j   Hasse, B ^j   Hirsch, H H ^j   Hoffmann, M ^j   Hosli I ^j   Kahlert, C ^j   Kaiser, L ^j   Keiser, O ^j   Klimkait, T ^j   Kouyos, R ^j   Kovari, H ^j   Ledergerber, B ^j   Martinetti, G ^j   Martinez de Tejada, B ^j   Metzner, K ^j   Muller N ^j   Nadal, D ^j   Nicca, D ^j   Pantaleo, G ^j   Rauch, A ^j   Regenass, S ^j   Rickenbach, M ^j   Rudin, C ^j   Schoni Affolter F ^j   Schmid, P ^j   Schupbach J ^j   Speck, R ^j   Tarr, P ^j   Telenti, A ^j   Trkola, A ^j   Vernazza, P ^j   Weber, R ^j   Yerly, S ^j   more..

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^c GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^d REGIONAL HOSPITAL OF LUGANO   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^f CANTONAL HOSPITAL ST GALLEN   (Switzerland)

^g LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^j NONE

more..

Author keywords

Adherence; Combination antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Transient viremia; Viral load

Indexed keywords

INTEGRASE INHIBITOR; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; VIRUS RNA; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NONHUMAN; REBOUND; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIRAL REBOUND; VIREMIA; VIRUS INHIBITION; BLOOD; HIV INFECTIONS; MIDDLE AGED; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; RISK; VIROLOGY; VIRUS LOAD;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RISK; RNA, VIRAL; VIRAL LOAD; VIREMIA;

EID: 84942083349     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1120-8     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Gallant JE. Making sense of blips. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1729-31.
2. Grennan JT, Loutfy MR, Su D, Harrigan PR, Cooper C, Klein M, et al. Magnitude of virologic blips is associated with a higher risk for virologic rebound in HIV-infected individuals: a recurrent events analysis. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:1230-8.
3. Erali M, Hillyard DR. Evaluation of the ultrasensitive Roche Amplicor HIV-1 monitor assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:792-5.
4. Piwowar-Manning EM, Henderson TA, Brisbin L, Jackson JB. A modified ultrasensitive assay to detect quantified HIV-1 RNA of fewer than 50 copies per milliliter. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;120:268-70.
5. Jackson JB, Piwowar-Manning E, Johnson-Lewis L, Bassett R, Demeter LM, Brambilla D. Comparison of versions 1.0 AND 1.5 of the UltraSensitive AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test for subjects with low viral load. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:2774-6.
6. Swenson LC, Cobb B, Geretti AM, Harrigan PR, Poljak M, Seguin-Devaux C, et al. Comparative performances of HIV-1 RNA load assays at low viral load levels: results of an international collaboration. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:517-23.
7. Smit E, Bhattacharya S, Osman H, Taylor S. Increased frequency of HIV-1 viral load blip rate observed after switching from Roche Cobas Amplicor to Cobas Taqman assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:364-5.
8. Brumme CJ, Swenson LC, Wynhoven B, Yip B, Skinner S, Lima VD, et al. Technical and regulatory shortcomings of the TaqMan version 1 HIV viral load assay. PLoS One. 2012;7:e43882.
9. Garrett NJ, Apea V, Nori A, Ushiro-Lumb I, Oliver AR, Baily G, et al. Comparison of the rate and size of HIV-1 viral load blips with Roche COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 versions 1.0 and 2.0 and implications for patient management. J Clin Virol. 2012;53:354-5.
10. Taylor N, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Egle A, Greil R, Rieger A, Ledergerber B, et al. Cobas Ampliprep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 v2.0 assay: consequences at the cohort level. PLoS One. 2013;8:E74024.
11. Amendola A, Marsella P, Bloisi M, Forbici F, Angeletti C, Capobianchi MR. Ability of two commercially available assays (Abbott RealTime HIV-1 and Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Version 2.0) to quantify low HIV-1 RNA Levels (<1,000 copies/milliliter): comparison with clinical samples and NIBSC working reagent for nucleic acid testing assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2019-26.
12. Ruelle J, Debaisieux L, Vancutsem E, De Bel A, Delforge ML, Pierard D, et al. HIV-1 low-level viraemia assessed with 3 commercial real-time PCR assays show high variability. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:100.
13. Rong L, Perelson AS. Modeling HIV persistence, the latent reservoir, and viral blips. J Theor Biol. 2009;260:308-31.
14. Günthard HF, Wong JK, Spina CA, Ignacio C, Kwok S, Christopherson C, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination on viral replication and immune response in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:522-31.
15. Calmy A, Bel M, Nguyen A, Combescure C, Delhumeau C, Meier S, et al. Strong serological responses and HIV RNA increase following AS03-adjuvanted pandemic immunization in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med. 2012;13:207-18.
16. Podsadecki TJ, Vrijens BC, Tousset EP, Rode RA, Hanna GJ. Decreased adherence to antiretroviral therapy observed prior to transient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1773-8.
17. Schoeni-Affolter F, Ledergerber B, Rickenbach M, Rudin C, Gunthard HF, Telenti A, et al. Cohort profile: the Swiss HIV Cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:1179-89.
18. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. SHCS ethic committee approval and informed consent. http://www.shcs.ch/userfiles/file/ethics_committee_approval_and_informed_consent.pdf (2013). Accessed 5 March 2015.
19. Wandeler G, Keiser O, Hirschel B, Gunthard HF, Bernasconi E, Battegay M, et al. A comparison of initial antiretroviral therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and the recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA. PLoS One. 2011;6:e27903.
20. Elzi L, Erb S, Furrer H, Ledergerber B, Cavassini M, Hirschel B, et al. Choice of initial combination antiretroviral therapy in individuals with HIV infection: determinants and outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:1313-21.
21. Levesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, Suissa S. Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes. BMJ. 2010;340:b5087.
22. Schockmel GA, Yerly S, Perrin L. Detection of low HIV-1 RNA levels in plasma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1997;14:179-83.
23. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf (2014). Accessed 10 June 2014.
24. Smith PJ, Thompson TJ, Jereb JA. A model for interval-censored tuberculosis outbreak data. Stat Med. 1997;16:485-96.
25. Kelly PJ, Lim LL. Survival analysis for recurrent event data: an application to childhood infectious diseases. Stat Med. 2000;19:13-33.
26. Meier AS, Richardson BA, Hughes JP. Discrete proportional hazards models for mismeasured outcomes. Biometrics. 2003;59:947-54.
27. Young J, Psichogiou M, Meyer L, Ayayi S, Grabar S, Raffi F, et al. CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-Infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed viral load: a longitudinal cohort study from COHERE. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001194.
28. Brookes ST, Whitely E, Egger M, Smith GD, Mulheran PA, Peters TJ. Subgroup analyses in randomized trials: risks of subgroup-specific analyses; power and sample size for the interaction test. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57:229-36.
29. Glass TR, De Geest S, Hirschel B, Battegay M, Furrer H, Covassini M, et al. Self-reported non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy repeatedly assessed by two questions predicts treatment failure in virologically suppressed patients. Antivir Ther. 2008;13:77-85.
30. Hellinger J. HIV blip synching: get the timing right. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1333-4.
31. Laprise C, de Pokomandy A, Baril JG, Dufresne S, Trottier H. Virologic failure following persistent low-level viremia in a cohort of HIV-positive patients: results from 12years of observation. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1489-96.
32. Boillat-Blanco N, Darling KE, Schoni-Affolter F, Vuichard D, Rougemont M, Fulchini R, et al. Virological outcome and management of persistent low-level viraemia in HIV-1-infected patients: 11 years of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Antivir Ther. 2015;20:165-75.
33. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC). Impact of low-level viremia on clinical and virological outcomes in treated HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2015;29:373-83.
34. Ryscavage P, Kelly S, Li JZ, Harrigan PR, Taiwo B. Significance and clinical management of persistent low-level viremia and very-low-level viremia in HIV-1-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:3585-98.
35. Nettles RE, Kieffer TL, Kwon P, Monie D, Han Y, Parsons T, et al. Intermittent HIV-1 viremia (blips) and drug resistance in patients receiving HAART. JAMA. 2005;293:817-29.
36. Joos B, Fischer M, Kuster H, Pillai SK, Wong JK, Boni J, et al. HIV rebounds from latently infected cells, rather than from continuing low-level replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:16725-30.
37. Pasternak AO, de Bruin M, Jurriaans S, Bakker M, Berkhout B, Prins JM, et al. Modest nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy promotes residual HIV-1 replication in the absence of virological rebound in plasma. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:1443-52.
38. Andersen PK, Liestol K. Attenuation caused by infrequently updated covariates in survival analysis. Biostatistics. 2003;4:633-49.
39. Mugavero MJ, Napravnik S, Cole SR, Eron JJ, Lau B, Crane HM, et al. Viremia copy-years predicts mortality among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:927-35.
40. Palmer S. Advances in detection and monitoring of plasma viremia in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2013;8:87-92.
41. Palmer S, Maldarelli F, Wiegand A, Bernstein B, Hanna GJ, Brun SC, et al. Low-level viremia persists for at least 7years in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:3879-84.
42. Briggs R, Templeton K, Fernando I. Comparing HIV viral load assays and frequency of low level virological rebound in clinical practice. Int J STD AIDS. 2014;25:1029-34.
43. Arnsten JH, Demas PA, Farzadegan H, Grant RW, Gourevitch MN, Chang CJ, et al. Antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users: comparison of self-report and electronic monitoring. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1417-23.
44. Greenland S. The effect of misclassification in the presence of covariates. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112:564-9.
45. Savitz DA, Baron AE. Estimating and correcting for confounder misclassification. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:1062-71.