Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice

Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-238

  Bjola, Corneliu ^a   Holmes, Marcus ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Dept of Economics and Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy at the College of William and Mary   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942044380     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315730844     Document Type: Book

References (403)

1. Adler, E. 1991. "Cognitive Evolution: A Dynamic Approach for the Study of International Relations and Their Progress." In Progress in Postwar International Relations, edited by E. Adler and B. Crawford, 43-88. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Adler, E., and V. Pouliot (2011). International Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Agichtein, E., Castillo, C., Donato, D., Gionis, A. and Mishne, G. 2008. "Finding High Quality Content in Social Media."In Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, edited by M. Najork, 183-194. New York: ACM.
4. Ajami, F. 1993. "The Summoning: 'But They Said, We Will not Hearken'." Foreign Affairs 72(4): 2-9.
5. An, X. 2011. EU in China: Herman Van Rompuy's Diplomacy on Weibo. Accessed March 18, 2013. http://media.people.com.cn/GB/22114/150608/150616/17202343.html.
6. Andersson, J. 2009. "Q&A re Pirate Politics." Accessed October 13, 2009. http://liquidculture.wordpress.com/2009/10/13/qa-re-pirate-politics/.
7. Anholt, S. 2005. "Anholt Nation Brands Index: How Does the World See America?" Journal of Advertising Research 45(3): 296-304.
8. Anholt, S. and J. Hilderth. 2005. "Let Freedom and Cash Registers Ring: America as a Brand." Place Branding 1(2): 1-4.
9. Anonymized DFAIT official. (2012). DM working dinner: open_policy@DFAIT (Internal report). Ottawa: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.
10. Arias-Hernandez, R., T. M. Green, and B. Fisher. 2012. "From Cognitive Amplifiers to Cognitive Prostheses: Understandings of the Material Basis of Cognition in Visual Analytics." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 37(1): 4-18.
11. Aronczyk, M. 2008. " 'Living the Brand': Nationality, Globality, and the Identity Strategies of Nation Branding Consultants." International Journal of Communication 2: 41-65.
12. Aronczyk, M. 2013. Branding the Nation: The Global Business of National Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Åström Gröndahl, J. 2014. Diplomat idag, Röster om en ny verklighet. Stockholm: Atlantis.
14. Bannister, F., and R. Connolly. 2012. "The Trouble with Transparency: A Critical Review of Openness in E-government." Policy & Internet 3(1). Accessed on December 18, 2014. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2202/1944-2866.1076/pdf.
15. Barnett, M., and R. Duvall, eds. 2005. Power in Global Governance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
16. Barton, C. 2012. "Twitter Diplomacy."Accessed September 5, 2014. www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10828967.
17. Baumgartner, T., W. Buckley, and T. Burns. 1975. "Relational Control: The Human Structuring of Cooperation and Conf lict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 19: 419-440.
18. BBC. 2012, May 28. China's Weibo Microblog Introduces User Contracts. Accessed April 17, 2014. www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18208446.
19. BBC Home. 2014. "Chinese New Year." Accessed April 26, 2014. www.bbc.co.uk/schools/events/chinesenewyear/.
20. BBC World Service Poll. 2007. World View of US Role Goes From Bad to Worse. Accessed June 2, 2014. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/23_01_07_us_poll.pdf.
21. BBC World Service Poll. 2013. The United States. Accessed May 27, 2014. www.worldpub licopinion.org/pipa/2013%20Country%20Rating%20Poll.pdf.
22. Bengtsson, S. 2011. "Virtual Nation Branding: The Swedish Embassy in Second Life." Journal For Virtual Worlds Research 4(2). Accessed December 8, 2014. https://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/index.php/jvwr/article/view/2111/5547.
23. Bennett, S. 2013. "Social Media Overload-How Much Information Do We Process Each Day?" Accessed December 18, 2014. www.mediabistro.com/alltwitter/social-mediaoverload_b47316.
24. Berger, P. L., and T. Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
25. Berridge, G. 2004. Diplomatic Classics: Selected Texts from Commynes to Vattel: Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
26. Beyer, J. 2014. "The Emergency of a Freedom of Information Movement: Anonymous, Wikileaks, and the Pirate Party and Iceland." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2: 141-154.
27. Bigo, D. 2011. "Pierre Bourdieu and International Relations: Power of Practices, Practices of Power." International Political Sociology 5(3): 225-258.
28. Bildt, C. 2013. Statement of Foreign Policy 2013. Accessed September 20, 2014. www.govern ment.se/content/1/c6/20/90/55/6b351368.pdf.
29. Bildt, C. 2014. "Talk to TedXSalonStockholm." Accessed September 20, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zldG_bhhNU8.
30. Bird, D., M. Ling, and K. Haynes. 2012. "Flooding Facebook: The Use of Social Media during the Queensland and Victorian Floods." The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 27(1), 27-33.
31. Bishop, D. 2014. "Interview: Ambassador Laurence Pope on the State Department, the Foreign Service, and Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century." Public Diplomacy Council. Accessed January 5, 2015. http://www.publicdiplomacycouncil.org/commentaries/03-05-14/interview-ambassador-laurence-pope-state-department-foreign-service-and-public.
32. Bjola, C. 2013. "Understanding Enmity and Friendship in World Politics: The Case for a Diplomatic Approach." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 8, 1-20.
33. Bjola, C., and M. Kornprobst. 2013. Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics. New York: Taylor & Francis.
34. Bok, S. (1989). Secrets: on the ethics of concealment and revelation. Vintage Books: New York.
35. Bolewski, W. 2007. Diplomacy and International Law in Globalized Relations. New York: Springer.
36. Booth, K., and N. Wheeler. 2008. Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation, and Trust in World w. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
37. Bourdieu, P. 1977. Equisse d'une theorie de la pratique. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Brand, S., Kelly, K. & Dyson, G. 2011. "An Edge conversation in Munich." Edge@dld. Accessed December 10, 2014. http://edge.org/conversation/edge-dld-an-edge-conversation-inmunich.
39. Bronk, C., and S. Smith. 2012. "How Data Visualization Can Change Diplomacy." Foreign Service Journal March: 11-15.
40. Bush, G.H.W., and B. Scowcroft. 1999. A World Transformed. New York: Vintage Books.
41. Bull, H. 1997. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 2nd ed. Houndmills, UK: Macmillan.
42. Burns, A., and Eltham, B. 2009. "Twitter Free Iran: An Evaluation of Twitter's Role in Public Diplomacy and Information Operations in Iran's 2009 Election Crisis." Record of the Communications Policy & Research Forum: 298-310.
43. Burson-Marsteller, 2013. Twiplomacy 2013: How World Leaders Connect on Twitter. Accessed December 12, 2014. www.burson-marsteller.com/what-we-do/our-thinking/twiplomacy 2013/.
44. Buzan, B. 2004. From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Structure of Globalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
45. Buzan, B., and R. Little. 2000. International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
46. Callières, M. F. de (1716) 1963. On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes; on the Uses of Diplomacy; the Choice of Ministers and Envoys; and the Personal Qualities Necessary for Success in Missions Abroad. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
47. Capoccia, G., and R. D. Kelemen. 2011. "The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism." World Politics 59(3): 341-369.
48. Carnegie, D. 1936. How to Win Friends and Influence People. London: Vermilion.
49. Chatterjee, C. 2007. International Law and Diplomacy. London: Routledge.
50. "China Blocks Skype: Other Websites the Country Has Blocked." 2010. Telegraph, December 30. Accessed April 14, 2014. www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/8231459/China-blocks-Skype-other-websites-the-country-has-blocked.html.
51. "China Completes Leadership Transition with Growing Maturity of Power Transfer Mechanism." 2013. Xinhua Net , March 17. Accessed April 24, 2014. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/17/c_124467482.htm.
52. Clark-Dickson, P. 2013. "OTT Messaging Traffic Will Be Twice the Volume of P2P SMS Traffic by End-2013." Informatandm. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.informa.com/Media-centre/Press-releases--news/Latest-News/OTT-messaging-traffic-will-be-twicevolume-of-P2P-SMS-traffic-this-year/Clase 2014 http://blog.swedenabroad.se/uk/.
53. Clase. 2012. Blog. Accessed August 29, 2014. http://blog.swedenabroad.se/uk/2012/09/28/modern-diplomacy-in-a-digital-age/.
54. Clinton, H. 2012. "The Art of Smart Power." New Statesman , July 18. Accessed April 17, 2014. www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2012/07/hillary-clinton-art-smart-power.
55. Cohen, R. 1998. "Putting Diplomatic Studies on the Map." Diplomatic Studies Program Newsletter: 1. Leicester: Centre for the Study of Diplomacy.
56. Corrie, K. 2013. Victims' Participation at the ICC: Purpose, Early Developments and Lessons. AMICC. Accessed August 8, 2014. http://amicc.org/docs/Victims_Participation.pdf.
57. Constantinou, C. M. 2013. "Between Statecraft and Humanism: Diplomacy and Its Forms of Knowledge." International Studies Review 15(2): 141-162.
58. Conti, L. 2011. Il canale digital della diplomazia. Accessed May 30, 2012. www.ilsole24ore.com/art/tecnologie/2011-07-21/canale-digitale-diplomazia-182239.shtml?uuid=AaD1g6pD.
59. Cooper, H. 2014. "Pentagon finds Washington Navy Yard killings could have been prevented." The New York Times. Accessed December 10, 2014. www.nytimes.com/2014/03/19/us/navy-yard-rampage-could-have-been-prevented-pentagon-review-says.html.
60. Copeland, D. 2009. Guerrilla Diplomacy: Rethinking International Relations. London: Lynne Rienner.
61. Cornago, N. 2013. Plural Diplomacies: Normative Predicaments and Functional Imperatives. Boston: Brill.
62. Couldry, N. 2012. Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. Cambridge: Polity.
63. Cowan, J, and A. Arsenault. 2008. "Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: Three Layers of Public Diplomacy." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616(1): 10-30.
64. Cox, R. 2013. "Shaheen to Obama: 'Over-Classification' in Government Costs Taxpayers Money." The Hill. Accessed May 30, 2014. http://itk.thehill.com/blogs/f loor-action/senate/302629-shaheen-to-obama-over-classification-in-government-costs-taxpayersmoney.
65. Coyne, C. J., and C. T. Leeson. 2009. "Media as a Mechanism of Institutional Change and Reinforcement." Kyklos 62(1): 1-14. Accessed September 20, 2014. www.peterleeson.com/media_and_inst_change.pdf.
66. Cull, N. J. 2011. "Wikileaks, Public Diplomacy 2.0, and the State of Digital Public Diplomacy. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy , 7(1): 1-8.
67. Cull, N. J. 2013. "The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in US Public Diplomacy." International Studies Review 15(1): 123-139.
68. Currier, C. 2013. "Charting Obama's Crackdown on National Security Leaks." ProPublica. Accessed July 30, 2014. www.propublica.org/special/sealing-loose-lips-charting-obamascrackdown-on-national-security-leaks.
69. Davidson, M. 2008. "Cultural Relations: Building Networks to Face Twenty-First-Century Challenges." In Engagement: Public Diplomacy in a Globalised World , 76-89. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Accessed September 20, 2014. http://uscpublicdi plomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/useruploads/u26739/Engagement_FCO.pdf.
70. Davidson, S. 2011. "Leaks, Leakers and Journalists: Adding Historical Context to the Age of Wikileaks." Hastings Communication & Entertainment Law Journal , 27.
71. Denstadli, J. M., T. E. Julsrud, and R. J. Hjorthol. 2012. "Videoconferencing as a Mode of Communication: A Comparative Study of the Use of Videoconferencing and Face-to-Face Meetings." Journal of Business and Technical Communication 26(1): 65-91.
72. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2010. Annual Report 2009-2010, viewed December 8, 2014, www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/09_10/performance/1/1.1.html.
73. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. (2012). Open Policy Development (Unpublished Internal Document). Ottawa: Government of Canada.
74. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 2013a. Departmental Performance Report 2012-13. Accessed March 18, 2014. www.international.gc.ca/departmentministere/plans/dpr-rmr/dpr-rmr_1213.aspx?lang=eng.
75. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 2013b. Report on Plans and Priorities 2013-14. Accessed March 17, 2014. www.international.gc.ca/departmentministere/plans/rpp/rpp_1314.aspx?lang=eng.
76. Der Derian, J. 1987. On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement. Oxford: B. Blackwell.
77. Deruda, A. 2012. Diplomazia Digitale: La politica estera e i social media. Milan: Apogeo.
78. Diamond, J. 1987. "Soft Sciences Are Often Harder Than Hard Sciences." Discover , August.Accessed January 14, 2015. www.jareddiamond.org/Jared_Diamond/Further_Reading_files/Diamond%201987_1.pdf .
79. Dill, J., R. Earnshaw, D. Kasik, J. Vince, and P. C. Wong. 2012. Expanding the Frontiers of Visual Analytics and Visualization. New York: Springer.
80. DiNucci, D. 1999. "Fragmented Future." Print 53(4): 32.
81. DiPLO. 2013a. Background: e-Diplomacy. Accessed August 11, 2013. www.diplomacy.edu/e-diplomacy/background%20info.
82. DiPLO. 2013b. History and Approach. Accessed August 9, 2013. www.diplomacy.edu/aboutus/history.
83. Diplohack. 2014. Accessed August 28, 2014. www.diplohack.org/.
84. Dizard, W. P. 2001. Digital Diplomacy: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Information Age. Westport, CT: Praeger.
85. Doidge, N. 2007. The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science. New York: Penguin.
86. Douglas, M. 2003. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge.
87. Drury, I. 2013. "Downloaded onto Lady Gaga CDs and Transferred to a Memory Stick: The Staggeringly Simple Theft of 250,000 Top Secret Documents." The Daily Mail. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1333982/WikiLeaks-US-Army-soldier-Bradley-Manning-prime-suspect-leaks-case.html.
88. Duvall, Raymond, and Arjun Chowdhury. "Practices of Theory." In International Practices, edited by Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot, 335-54. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
89. Dye, T. R. 2008. Understanding Public Policy. 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
90. Egardt, P. 2011. Utrikesförvaltning i världsklass (SOU 2011:21). Stockholm: Statens Offentliga Utredningar. Accessed September 12, 2014. www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/162533.
91. Egashiru, S. 2013. Globalism and Regional Economy. London: Routledge.
92. Ekman, P. 2009. Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage. New York: Norton.
93. Ekman, P., and M. O'Sullivan. 1991. "Who Can Catch a Liar?" American Psychologist 46(9): 913.
94. Eleta, I., and J. Golbeck. 2012. "Bridging Languages in Social Networks: How Multilingual Users of Twitter Connect Language Communities." Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 49(1): 1-4.
95. Eliason, R. 2006. "Leakers, Bloggers, and Fourth Estate Inmates: The Misguided Pursuit of a Reporter's Privilege." Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal , 24.
96. Ellsberg, D. 2013. "Snowden Made the Right Call When He Fled the U.S ." The Washington Post , Accessed December 18, 2014. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/daniel-ellsbergnsa-leaker-snowden-made-the-right-call/2013/07/07/0b46d96c-e5b7-11e2-aef3-339619eab080_story.html .
97. EPIC. 2013. "Electronic Privacy Information Center v. DHS-SOP 303." Accessed December 18, 2014. https://epic.org/foia/EPICVDHS-SOP303-Order.pdf.
98. Fagan, K. 2011. "Man Shot to Death by BART Officer Identified." SFGate. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Man-shot-to-death-by-BARTofficer-identified-2355477.php.
99. Fan, Y. 2010. "Branding the Nation: Towards a Better Understanding." Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6(2): 97-103.
100. Fang, I. E. 1997. A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolution s. Boston: Focal Press.
101. Farber, D. 2013. "Google Search Scratches Its Brain 500 Million Times a Day ." CNET, Accessed December 18, 2014. www.cnet.com/news/google-search-scratches-its-brain-500-million-times-a-day/.
102. Farrell, H. and Finnemore, M. 2013. "The end of hypocrisy: American foreign policy in the age of leaks." Foreign Affairs. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140155/henry-farrell-and-martha-finnemore/the-end-of-hypocrisy.
103. Fearon, J. D. 1994. "Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes." American Political Science Review: 577-592.
104. Fearon, J. D. 1995. "Rationalist Explanations for War." International Organization 49: 379-414.
105. Filiatrault, R. 2012. The Rise of Twiplomacy: What Canada Can Learn from Hillary Clinton. Accessed September 7, 2014. www.ottawacitizen.com/news/rise+Twiplomacy+What+Canada+learn+from+Hillary+Clinton/7209415/story.html.
106. Finnemore, M., and K. Sikkink. 1998. "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change." International Organization 52(4): 887-917.
107. Fisher, A. 2013. "Diplomats-Get Into Data." USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Accessed January 6, 2015. http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/diplomats%E2%80%94get-data.
108. Fitchard, K. 2013. "Ericsson: Global Smartphone Penetration Will Reach 60% in 2019." Gigaom , Accessed December 18, 2014. https://gigaom.com/2013/11/11/ericsson-globalsmartphone-penetration-will-reach-60-in-2019/.
109. Fletcher, T. 2012. Blog: The Naked Diplomat. http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/tomf letcher/2012/10/02/the-naked-diplomat/) .
110. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2012. Executive Summary. Accessed December 5, 2014. http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/digitaldiplomacy/digital-strategy/executive-summary/.
111. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2011). Digital Excellence: Review of Digital Working Final Report (Unpublished Internal Document). London: HM Government.
112. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2012). The Foreign and Commonwealth Office Digital Strategy. London: HM Government. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/39629/AB_12-11-14_Digital_strategy.pdf.
113. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2013a. Annual Report and Accounts 2012-13. London: H. M. Government. Accessed May 7, 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/210136/HC_32_v0_2.pdf.
114. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2013b. Mid Year Report to Parliament: 1 April to 30 September 2013. London: H.M. Government.
115. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2013c). FCO Social Media Policy. Retrieved March 27, 2014, from http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/digitaldiplomacy/social-media-policy/.
116. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2014. Working for FCO. Accessed March 18, 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/foreign-commonwealth-office/about/recruitment.
117. Frank, R. H. 1988. Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. New York: Norton.
118. Franke, T., 2011. Social Media: The Frontline of Cyberdefence? Accessed May 30, 2012. www.nato.int/docu/review/2011/Social_Medias/cyberdefense-social-media/EN/index.htm.
119. Freeland, C., 2012a. "Blending Governance and Twitter." New York Times, April 5. Accessed September 17, 2012. www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/us/06iht-letter06.html?_r=1.
120. Freeland, C. 2012b. "Statecraft via Twitter." Reuters, April 5. Accessed May 30, 2012. http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2012/04/05/statecraft-via-twitter/.
121. Freeman, C. W. 1997. Arts of Power: Statecraft and Diplomacy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
122. Freire, P. 2000 (1976). The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Herder & Herder.
123. Friedrich, C. J. 1972. The Pathology of Politics: Violence, Betrayal, Corruption, Secrecy and Propaganda. London: Harper & Row.
124. Fullerton, J. A., A. Kendrick, K. Chan, M. Hamilton, and G. Kerr. 2007. "Attitudes Towards American Brand and Brand America." Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3(3): 205-212.
125. Fung, B. 2012. "Digital Diplomacy: Why It's So Tough for Embassies to Get Social Media Right?" The Atlantic , October 17. Accessed August 7, 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/digital-diplomacy-why-its-so-tough-for-embassiesto-get-social-media-right/263744/.
126. "G-20Summit: A Billion Dollar Waste of Time." (2010). Maclean's, June 17. Accessed November 10, 2014. www.macleans.ca/news/canada/why-host-a-billion-dollar-photoop-the-real-work-is-done-elsewhere/.
127. Garfield, S. 2013. To the Letter: A Celebration of the Lost Art of Letter Writin g. New York: Gotham Books.
128. Geertz, C. 1973 . The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Vol. 5019. New York: Basic Books.
129. Gerring, J. 2007. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
130. Gerstein, J. 2013. "Samantha Power defends Obama Syria stance." Accessed December 10, 2014. www.politico.com/story/2013/11/women-rule-event-samantha-power-100124.html .
131. Geybullayeva, A. 2012. "Nagorno Karabakh 2.0: How New Media and Track Two Diplomacy Initiatives are Fostering Change." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 32(2): 176-185.
132. Ghannam, J. 2011. Social Media in the Arab World: Leading up to the Uprisings of 2011. Center for International Media Assistance/National Endowment for Democracy. Accessed April 2, 2014. http://cima.ned.org/sites/default/files/CIMA-Arab_Social_Media-Report%20-%2010-25-11.pdf.
133. Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
134. Goffman, E. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Penguin.
135. Google. 2014. Google Annual Search Statistics. AccessedDecember 18, 2014. www.statistic brain.com/google-searches/.
136. Granger, L. 2013. "Billions of Users and Tweets per Minute: Social Media in 2013 by the Numbers." Memeburn, December 30. Accessed December 18, 2014. http://memeburn.com/2013/12/billions-of-users-and-tweets-per-minute-social-media-in-2013-bythe-numbers/.
137. Griffiths, E. 2013. "Tony Abbott Seeks to Explain Baddies Versus Baddies Comment on Situation in Syria." ABC News. Accessed August 18, 2013. www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-02/abbott-seeks-to-explain-baddies-v-baddies-comment/4929118.
138. Grübler, A. 1998. Technology and Global Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
139. Gudjonsson, H. 2005. "Nation Branding." Place Branding, 1(3): 283-298.
140. Guttman, N. 2009. "Once labeled an AIPAC Spy, Larry Franklin Tells His Story." The Forward , July 10. Accessed December 18, 2014. http://forward.com/articles/108778/once-labeled-an-aipac-spy-larry-franklin-tells-his/.
141. Gustin, S., 2011. "Digital Diplomacy." Time, September 2. Accessed May 7, 2012. www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2091589_2091591_2091592,00.html.
142. Hall, P. A. 1993. "Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain." Comparative Politics 25(3): 275-296.
143. Hall, P. A., and R.C.R. Taylor. 1996. "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms." Political Studies 44(5): 936-957.
144. Hall, R. B. 1999. National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems. New York: Columbia University Press.
145. Hall, T., and K. Yarhi-Milo. 2012. "The Personal Touch: Leaders' Impressions, Costly Signaling, and Assessments of Sincerity in International Affairs." International Studies Quarterly 56(3): 560-573.
146. Hallams, E. 2011. "From Crusader to Exemplar: Bush, Obama and the Reinvigoration of America's Soft Power." European Journal of American Studies 6(1) Spring: 1-21.
147. Hanson, F. 2010. A Digital DFAT: Joining the 21st Century. Sydney, Australia: Lowy Institute for International Policy.
148. Hanson, F. 2012a. "Being E-aware Is Diplomacy 101." The Australian , March 28, p. 9.
149. Hanson, F. 2012b. Revolution@ State: The Spread of Ediplomacy. Sydney, Australia: Lowy Institute for International Policy.
150. Hanson, F. 2012c. "Baked in and Wired: eDiplomacy@State." Brookings Institute Foreign Policy Paper Series, number 30 of 32 October: 1-41.
151. Hanson, F. 2012d. "Ediplomacy: The Revolution Continues." The Interpreter , October 29. Accessed August 9, 2013. www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2012/10/29/Ediplomacy-The-revolution-continues.aspx.
152. Hanson, F. 2012e. "Alec Ross on the Future of Ediplomacy." Brookings Up Front. Accessed January 5, 2015. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2012/04/12-ediplomacyfuture-ross-hanson.
153. Hassett, M. 2011. "Social Media, Social Change." CNN, January 26. Accessed April 24, 2014. http://newsstream.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/26/social-media-social-change/.
154. Hayden, C. 2012. "Social Media at State: Power, Practice and Conceptual Limits for US Public Diplomacy?" Global Media Journal Fall: 1-15.
155. Hayden, C. 2013. "Engaging Technologies: A Comparative Study of U.S. and Venezuelan Strategies of Influence and Public Diplomacy." International Journal of Communication 7: 1-25 .
156. Heibeck, T., and A. Pentland. 2010. Honest Signals: How They Shape Our World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
157. Heine, J. 2006. On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy. Center for International Governance Innovation. Accessed August 8, 2014. www.cigi.org/sites/default/files/Paper11_Jorge_Heine.pdf.
158. Himelfarb, S. 2014. "Can Big Data Stop Wars Before They Happen?" Foreign Policy Argument. Accessed January 6, 2015. http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/04/25/can-big-data-stop-warsbefore-they-happen/.
159. Hocking, B. 2008. "Reconfiguring Public Diplomacy: From Competition to Collaboration." In Engagement: Public Diplomacy in a Globalised World , 62-75. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Accessed September 10, 2014. http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/useruploads/u26739/Engagement_FCO.pdf.
160. Hocking, B., J. Melissen, S. Riordan, and P. Sharp. 2012. Futures for Diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy for the 21st Century. Netherlands Institute of International Relations: Clingendael. Accessed October 22, 2014. www.clingendael.nl/publications/2012/20121017_research_melissen.pdf.
161. Hoffman, D. 2002. "Beyond Public Diplomacy." Foreign Affairs: 83-95.
162. Holmes, M. 2013. "The Force of Face-to-Face Diplomacy: Mirror Neurons and the Problem of Intentions." International Organization 67(4): 829-861.
163. Holmes, M. forthcoming. Believing This and Alieving That: Theorizing Affect and Intuitions in International Politics. International Studies Quarterly.
164. Hood, C. 2011. "From FOI World to Wikileaks World: A New Chapter in the Transparency Story?" Governance 24(4): 635-638.
165. Hopf, T. 2002. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities & Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
166. Hopf, T. 2010. "The Logic of Habit in International Relations." European Journal of International Relations 16(4): 539-561.
167. Howard, P. N., A. Duffy, D. Freelon, M. Hussain, W. Mari, M. Mazaid. 2011. Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring? Project on Information Technology and Political Islam. Accessed April 29, 2014. http://pitpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/2011_Howard-Duffy-Freelon-Hussain-Mari-Mazaid_pITPI.pdf.
168. Howlett, M., and M. Ramesh. 2003. Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
169. Hughes, S. 2013. "Digital Diplomacy: Here to Stay and Worth the Risk?" BBC Academy, May 24. Accessed August 7, 2014. www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/blogcollegeofjournalism/posts/Digital-diplomacy-here-to-stay-and-worth-the-risk.
170. Huijgh, E. 2013. "Public Diplomacy's Domestic Dimension in the European Union." In European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work, edited by M. K. Davis and J. Melissen, 57-84. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
171. Huntington, S. P. 1993. "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs Summer: 22-49.
172. Ikenberry, G. J. 2001. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
173. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2004. Prosecutor Receives Referral of the Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/2004/Pages/prosecutor%20receives%20referral%20of%20the%20situation%20in%20the%20democratic%20republic%20of%20congo.aspx.
174. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2005. Integrated Strategy for External Relations, Public Information and Outreach. Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/425E80BA-1EBC-4423-85C6-D4F2B93C7506/185049/ICCPIDSWBOR0307070402_IS_En.pdf.
175. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2010a. Case Matrix Brochure. Accessed August 8, 2014. www.legal-tools.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Case_Matrix-ENG-FRA-2010-Print.pdf.
176. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2010b. Legal Tools Project Brochure. Accessed August 8, 2014. www.legal-tools.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Legal_Tools_Brochure_ENG_FRA_V.2010.pdf.
177. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2010c. Report of the Court on the Public Information Strategy. Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP9/ICC-ASP-9-29-ENG.pdf.
178. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2014a. "ICC Weekly Update #196." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/wu/ED196_ENG.pdf.
179. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2014b "ICC Weekly Update #197." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/wu/ED197_ENG.pdf.
180. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2014c. "Prosecutions." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/prosecutions/Pages/prosecutions.aspx.
181. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2014d. "Trial in the Ruto and Sang [Ruto's Co-Defendant] Case: Relevant Information and Materials." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200109/related%20cases/icc01090111/Pages/ruto-sang.aspx.
182. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2014e. "Unified Technical Protocol for the Provision of evidence, witness and Victims Information in Electronic Form." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1437590.pdf.
183. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2014f. "What Are the ICC Legal Tools?" Accessed August 8, 2014. www.legaltools.org/en/what-are-the-icc-legal-tools/.
184. International Telecommunications Union. 2013. Trends in Telecommunications Reform: Transnational Aspects of Regulation in a Networked Society. Geneva: ITU.
185. Internet World Stats. 2013. "Usage and Population Statistics 2013." Internet Growth Statistics. Accessed July 19, 2014. www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm.
186. Internet World Stats. 2014. "Internet World Stats: 2014." Accessed December 18, 2014. www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
187. IPCI. 2014. Accessed September 3, 2014. www.ipci2014.org/en.
188. Jain, R., and L. H. Winner. 2013. "Country Reputation and Performance: The Role of Public Relations and News Media." Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 9(2): 109-123.
189. Jaishankar, D. 2014. "Rebooting Digital Diplomacy." Brussels Forum. Accessed January 5, 2015. http://brussels.gmfus.org/files/2014/03/BF14Views_12_Jaishankar.pdf.
190. Jamieson, A. 2013. "NSA leaker Edward Snowden: 'Mission's already accomplished.'" NBC News. Accessed December 10, 2014. http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/12/24/22029559-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden-missions-already-accomplished?lite.
191. Jiang, X. 2013. U.S. Internet Diplomacy on China , Thesis, Aalborg University and University of International Relations. Accessed August 8, 2014. http://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/76941438/U.S._Internet_Diplomacy_on_China_Xiaoying_Jiang.pdf.
192. Jervis, R. 1989. The Logic of the Images in International Relations. New York: Columbia University Press.
193. Johnston, D. 2006. "Pentagon Analyst Gets 12 Years for Disclosing Data ." The New York Times , January 20. Accessed on December 18, 2014. www.nytimes.com/2006/01/20/politics/20cnd-franklin.html.
194. Jönsson, C., and M. Hall. 2005. Essence of Diplomacy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
195. Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
196. Kaneva, N. 2011. "Nation Branding: Toward an Agenda for Critical Research." International Journal of Communication 5: 117-141.
197. Karim, K. H. 1998. From Ethnic Media to Global Media: Transnational Communication Networks Among Diasporic Communities. Ottawa: Canadian Heritage.
198. Kaufmann, J. 1998. The Diplomacy of International Relations: Selected Writings. London: Kluwer Law International.
199. Kay, John. 2010. Obliquity: Why Our Goals Are Best Achieved Indirectly. London: Profile Books.
200. Kerry, J. 2013. "Digital Diplomacy: Adapting Our Diplomatic Engagement." Dipnote: U.S. Department of State Official Blog. Accessed September 14, 2014. http://blogs.state.gov/stories/2013/05/06/digital-diplomacy-adapting-our-diplomatic-engagement 2013.
201. Khatib, L., W. Dutton, and M. Thelwall. 2011. "Public Diplomacy 2.0: An Exploratory Case Study of the US Digital Outreach Team." CDDRL Working Papers January 6. Accessed April 17, 2014. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/23084/No.120-_Public_Diplomacy_2.0.pdf.
202. Khazan, O. 2012. "Diplomats on Twitter: Putin Follows No One." Washington Post, July 26.
203. Kissinger, H. 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
204. Kleiner, J. 2010. Diplomatic Practice: Between Tradition and Innovation. Singapore: World Scientific.
205. Kodrich, K., and M. Laituri. 2011. "Making a Connection: Social Media's Key Role in the Haiti Earthquake." Journal of Communication and Computer 8: 624-627.
206. Kohut, A. 2010. Reviving America's Global Image. Pew Research Center, Mar 5. Accessed April 17, 2014. www.pewglobal.org/2010/03/05/reviving-americas-global-image/.
207. Kornprobst, M. 2008. Irredentism in European Politics: Argumentation, Compromise and Norms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
208. Kotler, P., and D. Gertner. 2002. "Country as Brand, Product, and beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective." Brand Management 9(4-5): 249-261.
209. Kremenyuk, V. A. 2002. International Negotiation: Analysis, Approaches, Issues. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
210. Kremer, J.-F., and B. Muller. 2014. "SAM: A Framework to Understand Emerging Challenges to States in an Interconnected World." Cyberspace and International Relations 41-58.
211. Kurbalija, J. 1999. Knowledge and Diplomacy. Msida, Malta: DiploProjects.
212. Lazakidou, A. A., ed. 2012. Virtual Communities, Social Networks and Collaboration. Vol. 15. New York: Springer. Accessed April 29, 2014. www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-1-4614-3634-8.
213. Lazer, D. M., R. Kennedy, G. King, and A. Vespignani. 2014. "The Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis." Science 343(6176): 1203-1205.
214. Leger, D. 2013. "NSA contractor: 'I know I have done nothing wrong.' " USA TODAY. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/09/edward-snowden-guardian-interview/2405873/.
215. Leguey-Feilleux, J. R. 2008. The Dynamics of Diplomacy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
216. Leonard, A. 2014. "Evgeny Morozov's New Yorker put-down of the Maker movement misses the point." Salon. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.salon.com/2014/01/07/meet_the_anti_maker_evgeny_morozov/.
217. Leonard, M. 2002. "Diplomacy by Other Means." Foreign Policy 132: 48-56.
218. Levy, S. 2013. "Zuckerberg Explains Internet.org, Facebook's Plan to Get the World Online." Wired.co.uk Accessed July 26, 2014. www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-08/27/mark-zuckerberg-internet-org.
219. Li, X., and J. Wang. 2010. "Web Based Public Diplomacy." Journal of International Communication 16(1): 7-22.
220. Langhorne, R. 2004. "Current Developments in Diplomacy: Who Are the Diplomats Now?" In Diplomacy , edited by C. Jönsson and R. Langhorne, 331-342. London: Sage.
221. Lichtenstein, J., 2010. Digital Diplomacy. Accessed October 15, 2011. www.nytimes.com/2010/07/18/magazine/18web2-0-t.html?src=tptw&pagewanted=all.
222. Lodge, C. 2002. "Success and Failure: The Brand Stories of Two Countries." Brand Management 9(4-5): 372-384.
223. MacLeod, C. 2011. "Social Media Pressure China for Answer in Rail Crash." Accessed April 24, 2014. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-07-27-china-traincrash-outrage_n.htm .
224. March, J. G., and J. P. Olsen. 1998. "The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders." International Organization 52(4): 943-969.
225. Marcus, G. E. 1995. "Ethnography in/of the world system: the emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography." Annual Review of Anthropology 95-117.
226. Marcus, G., and E. Davis. 2014. "Eight (No, Nine!) Problems With Big Data." The New York Times. Accessed September 14, 2014. www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/opinion/eight-no-nine-problems-with-big-data.html.
227. Marks, J. 2014. "Social Media Makes the State Department Nimbler." Accessed September 14, 2014. www.nextgov.com/emerging-tech/2014/02/social-media-makes-statedepartment-nimbler/78998/
228. Maret, S. and Goldman, J. 2009 Government secrecy: classic and contemporary readings. Libraries Unlimited: Westport, CT.
229. Mazzone, J. and Rehman, S. 2011. "The household diary study: mail use and attitudes FY2011." The United States Postal Service. Accessed December 10, 2014. http://about.usps.com/studying-americans-mail-use/household-diary/2011/fullreport-pdf/uspshds-fy11.pdf.
230. McCombs, M., and A. Reynolds. 2002. "News Inf luence on Our Pictures of the World." In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research , J. Bryant and D. Zillmann, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
231. McLuhan, M. 1994. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. London: MIT Press.
232. Medcalf, R. 2013. "The Diplomatic Tweet." American Review. Accessed August 4, 2014. http://americanreviewmag.com/opinions/The-diplomatic-tweet.
233. Melissen, J. 1999. Innovation in Diplomatic Practice: Studies in Diplomacy. New York: St. Martin's Press.
234. Melissen, J. 2005. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
235. Melissen, J. 2007. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan.
236. Melissen, J. 2011. "Beyond the New Public Diplomacy." Clingendael Paper 3: 1-34.
237. Melissen, J. 2013. "Public Diplomacy." In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy , 436-452. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
238. Mergel, I. 2013. Social Media in the Public Sector: A Guide to Participation, Collaboration, and Transparency in the Networked World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
239. Metzgar, E. T. 2012. " Is it the Medium or the Message? Social Media, American Public Relations & Iran." Global Media Journal 1(2): 1-16.
240. Metzl, J. 2001. "Network Diplomacy." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs , Winter/Spring. Accessed August 8, 2014. http://carnegieendowment.org/2001/04/01/networkdiplomacy.
241. Michelson, M., and C. A. Knoblock. 2008. "Creating Relational Data from Unstructured and Ungrammatical Data Sources." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 31: 543-590.
242. Miller, C. 2013. "US Ambassador to Ukraine Geoffrey Pyatt Discusses E-diplomacy in First 'Twitterview' with Kyiv Post." Accessed September 14, 2014. www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/us-ambassador-to-ukraine-discusses-e-diplomacy-in-twitterview-328895.html .
243. Mitzen, J. 2013. Power in Concert: The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Global Governance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
244. Modelski, G. 1990. "Is World-Politics Evolutionary Learning." International Organization 44(1): 1-24.
245. Mondak, J. J. 2010. Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
246. Morozov. E. 2014. "Making it: pick up a spot welder and join the revolution." The New Yorker. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/01/13/making-it-2.
247. Moynihan, D. 1998. Secrecy: The American Experience. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.
248. Murphy, H. 2014. "Ominous text message sent to protesters in Kiev sends chills around the Internet." The New York Times. Accessed December 18, 2014. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/ominous-text-message-sent-to-protesters-in-kiev-sends-chills-aroundthe-internet/.
249. Natarajan, K. 2014. "Digital Public Diplomacy and a Strategic Narrative for India." Strategic Analysis 38(1): 91-106.
250. Neumann, I. B. 2012. At Home with the Diplomats: Inside a European Foreign Ministry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
251. Nicolson, H. 1957. The Evolution of the Diplomatic Method. London: Cassell.
252. Nicolson, H. 1969 (1939). Diplomacy. 3rd ed. London: Oxford University Press.
253. Norton, Q. 2012. "How Anonymous picks targets, launches attacks, and takes powerful organizations down." Wired. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.wired.com/2012/07/ff_anonymous/all/.
254. Nossel, S. 2004. "Smart power." Foreign Affairs. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59716/suzanne-nossel/smart-power.
255. Nye, J. S., Jr., and W. A. Owens. 1996. America's Information Edge." Foreign Affairs March/April: 20.
256. Nye, J. S. Jr. 1990. "Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power." Foreign Affairs 69: 176.
257. Nye, J. S. Jr. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs.
258. Nye, J. S. Jr. 2008. "Public diplomacy and soft power." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science no. 616: 94-109.
259. Nye, J. S. Jr. 2013. Hard, Soft, and Smart Power. In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, 559-574. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
260. Nuland, V. 2011. Press Statement. Accessed April 10, 2014. www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/12/178343.htm.
261. Nye, Joseph S. 2008. "Public diplomacy and soft power." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science no. 616: 94-109.
262. O'Reilly, T. 2011. "Government as a Platform." Accessed December 18, 2014. http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000000774/ch02.html.
263. Otte, T. G. 2013. The Foreign Office Mind: The Making of British Foreign Policy, 1865-1914. New York.
264. Page, M., and J. E. Spence. 2011. "Open Secrets Questionably Arrived At: The Impact of Wikileaks on Diplomacy." Defence Studies 11(2): 234-243.
265. Pamment, J. 2013. New Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century: A Comparative Study of Policy and Practice. Routledge New Diplomacy Studies. London: Routledge.
266. Papadopoulos, N. and L. Heslop. 2002. "Country Equity and Country Branding: Problems and Prospects." Brand Management 9(4-5): 294-314.
267. Paris, R. 2013. "The Digital Diplomacy Revolution: Why Is Canada Lagging Behind?" Policy Paper, Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute: 1-17.
268. Park, S. J., and Y. S. Lim. 2014. "Information Networks and Social Media Use in Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of South Korea and Japan." Asian Journal of Communication 24(1): 79-98.
269. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade. 2012. Australia's Overseas Representation-Punching Below Our Weight? Inquiry of the Foreign Affairs Sub-Committee , 1-158. Canberra: Government Printer.
270. People magazine. 1974. "Edgar Mitchell's strange voyage." Accessed December 10, 2014. www.people.com/people/archive/article/0, 20063934,00.html .
271. Pettigrew, A. M. 1990. "Longitudinal Field Research on Change: Theory and Practice." Organization Science 1(3): 267-292.
272. Pew Research Global Attitudes Project. 2013. Chapter 1. Attitudes Toward the United States. Accessed May 15, 2014. www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/chapter-1-attitudes-towardthe-united-states/.
273. Pfanner, E. 2009. "Four convicted in Sweden in Internet piracy case." The New York Times. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.nytimes.com/2009/04/18/business/global/18pirate.html.
274. Pinchot, G., and R. Pellman. 1999. Intrapreneuring in Action: A Handbook for Business Innovation San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
275. Piratbyran. 2007. "The bureau of piracy: activities 2007." Accessed December 10, 2014.
276. Pogge, T. 2007. Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right: Who Owes What to the Poor? New York: Oxford University Press.
277. Potter, E. 2002. Cyber-Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
278. Pouliot, V. (2010). International Security in Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
279. Prantl, J. 2005. "Informal Groups of States and the UN Security Council." International Organization 59(3): 559-592.
280. Presenting Sweden. 2014. Accessed August 29, 2014. https://presentingsweden.si.se/.
281. Priest, D. and Arkin, W. 2010. "National security, inc." The Washington Post. Accessed December 18, 2014. http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/articles/national-security-inc/.
282. Qin, X., Li, Z., and Mina, R. 2011. "Embassies in China Launch Weibo Account." Accessed March 25, 2013. www.infzm.com/content/57090.
283. Quelch, J. A., and K. E. Jocz. 2009. "Can Brand Obama Rescue Brand America?" Brown Journal of World Affairs 16(1): 163-178.
284. Raddatz, M. 2009. Hillary Clinton's New Approach to Diplomacy . ABC News, February 20. Accessed April 7, 2014. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/International/story?id=6921007.
285. Radicati, S. and Buckley, T. 2012. eDiscovery Market 2012-2016: executive summary. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.radicati.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/eDiscovery-Market-2012-2016-Executive-Summary.pdf.
286. Ramsay, A. 2006. "Is Diplomacy Dead?" Contemporary Review 288, Autumn: 273-289.
287. Rawson, E.A.G. 2007. "Let Freedom and Cash Registers Ring: America as a Brand." Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3(3): 213-221.
288. Rathbun, B. C. 2014. Diplomacy's Value: Creating Security in 1920s Europe and the Contemporary Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
289. Regeringskansliet. 2014. Accessed September 2, 2014. www.government.se/sb/d/18138.
290. Reynolds, D. 2007. Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.
291. Richardson, D. 2012. "Submission No. 28: Inquiry into Australia's Overseas Representation." Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 1-48. Canberra: Government Printer.
292. Ringmar, E. 2014. "The Search for Dialogue as a Hindrance to Understanding: Practices as Inter-Paradigmatic Research Program." International Theory 6(1): 1-27.
293. Ritter, K., 2012. Twitter Diplomacy New Face of Foreign Relations. Accessed September 17, 2012. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43185212/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/twitter-diplomacy-new-face-foreign-relations/.
294. Roberts, A. 2004. "National security and open government." Georgetown Public Policy Review , Vol. 9.2, pp. 69-85, Spring 2004.
295. Rogers, Simon. (2013, July 10). The Boston Bombing: How journalists used Twitter to tell the story. [Web log post]. Accessed September 16, 2014. https://blog.twitter.com/2013/the-boston-bombing-how-journalists-used-twitter-to-tell-the-storyx.
296. Rosenau, J. N. 1997. Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
297. Ross, A. 2013. "Alec Ross on '21st Century Statecraft' Diplomacy." Bloomberg, March 14. Accessed September 10, 2014. www.bloomberg.com/video/alec-ross-on-21st-centurystatecraft-diplomacy-DCpmSXs9RRyvCzFMQE4p5Q.html.
298. Ross, A. 2014. "Can Social Media Change the Face of Diplomacy?" Bloomberg, July 30. September 11, 2014. www.bloomberg.com/video/can-social-media-change-the-faceof-diplomacy-DIX_CFtLTQSe~52dp4kBEw.html.
299. Ross, D. 2007. Statecraft: And How to Restore America's Standing in the World. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
300. Robertson, G. 2012. Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice. New York: The New Press.
301. RT News. 2013. "Pirate Bay continues to expand despite mounting anti-piracy movement." Accessed December 18, 2014. http://rt.com/news/pirate-bay-downloads-piracylobby-999/.
302. Ruggie, J. G. 1993. "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations." International Organization 47(1): 139-174.
303. Russom, P. 2011. "Big Data Analytics." TDWI Best Practices Report, Fourth Quarter. Accessed September 14, 2014. http://tdwi.org/research/2011/09/~/media/TDWI/TDWI/Research/BPR/2011/TDWI_BPReport_Q411_Big_Data_Analytics_Web/TDWI_BPReport_Q411_Big%20Data_ExecSummary.ashx.
304. Sabatier, P. A. 1988. "An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy-Oriented Learning Therein." Policy Sciences 21(2-3), 129-168.
305. Sabatier, P. A., and H. C. Jenkins-Smith. 1993. Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
306. Sandre, A. 2013. Twitter for Diplomats. Geneva: DiploFoundation and Istituto Diplomatico.
307. Sarotte, E. 2009. 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
308. Satow, E. M., and N. Bland. 1957. A Guide to Diplomatic Practice. 4th ed. London: Longmans.
309. Savage, M., E. Ruppert, and J. Law 2010. Digital Devices: Nine Theses. Manchester: University of Manchester.
310. Savelyev, A., S. Xu, K. Janowicz, C. Mülligann, J. Thatcher, and W. Luo. 2011. Volunteered Geographic Services: Developing a Linked Data Driven Location-Based Service. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
311. Schiff, B. 2013. "Diplomacy and the International Criminal Court." In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy , edited by A. Cooper et al. 745-762. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
312. Schmid, R. 2011. U.S. Postal Service survey reveals personal letters at record low. The Huffington Post. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/03/postal-service-annual-survey-personal-letters_n_992432.html.
313. Scholte, Jan Aart. 2008. "From Government to Governance." In Global governance and diplomacy: worlds apart? , edited by Andrew Fenton Cooper, Brian Hocking and William Maley, Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 39-62.
314. Schultz, K. A. 2001. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
315. Seib, P. M. 2012. Real-time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
316. Simpson, E. 2014. "The Peril and Promise of Big Data." Foreign Policy Argument. Accessed January 6, 2015. http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/15/the-peril-and-promise-of-big-data/.
317. Sharp, P. 2003. "Herbert Butterfield, the English School and the Civilizing Virtues of Diplomacy." International Affairs 79(4): 855-878.
318. Sharp, P. 2004. "For Diplomacy: Representation and the Study of International Relations." In Diplomacy , edited by C. Jönsson and R. Langhorne, 208-209. London: Sage.
319. Sharp, P. 2005. Revolutionary States, Outlaw Regimes and the Techniques of Public Diplomacy. Edited by Jan Melissen, The new public diplomacy: soft power in international relations . Basingstoke [UK] ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
320. Sharp, P. 2009. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
321. Shearer, A., F. Hanson, and A. Oliver. 2011. "Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Inquiry into Australia's Overseas Representation." Lowy Institute. Accessed August 7, 2013. www.lowyinstitute.org/files/inquiry_into_australias_overseas_representation.pdf.
322. Shirky, C. 2011. "The Political Power of Social Media." Foreign Affairs 90(1): 28-41.
323. Shirky, C., and M. Gladwell. 2011. "From Innovation to Revolution: Do Social Media Make Protests Possible?" Foreign Affairs. Accessed April 23, 2013. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67325/malcolm-gladwell-and-clay-shirky/from-innovation-to-revolution.
324. Sifry, M., and A. Rasiej. 2009. "P2P2G: The Rise of E-diplomacy." Politico. Accessed September 14, 2014. www.politico.com/news/stories/0609/23310.html.
325. Silver, S. and S. Hill. 2002. "Marketing: Selling Brand America." Journal of Business Strategy 23(4): 10-15.
326. Simmel, G. (1906). "The sociology of secrecy and secret societies." American Journal of Sociology , 11, 4: 441-498.
327. Sina. 2012. "Report on Foreign Government Weibo Account." November 2. Accessed March 13, 2013. http://city.sina.com.cn/focus/t/20121102/173933606.html.
328. Sina. 2014. "Nasdaq IPO Prospectus 2014." Accessed April 25, 2014. http://tech.qq.com/a/20140315/001658.htm.
329. Singh. J. P. 2002. "Introduction: Information Technologies and the Changing Scope of Power and Governance." Information Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and Governance , edited by J. N. Rosenau and J. P. Singh, 1-38. Albany: State University of New York Press.
330. Singh, J. P. 2008. Negotiation and the Global Information Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
331. Singh. J. P. 2010. "Security Implications of Multilateral Approaches to Negotiating Internet Governance," In Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Sovereignty in an Era of Soft Sovereignty. A. Clunan and H. Trinkunas, 232-254. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
332. Skuba, C. 2002. "Branding America." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 3(2): 105-114.
333. Slaughter, A. 2009. "America's Edge: Power in the Networked Century., Foreign Affairs 88 (January/February). Accessed August 8, 2014. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63722/anne-marie-slaughter/americas-edge.
334. Slaughter, A. 2011. "A New Theory for the Foreign-Policy Frontier: Collaborative Power." The Atlantic , November 30. Accessed August 8, 2014. www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/11/a-new-theory-for-the-foreign-policy-frontier-collaborative-por/249260/.
335. Smith, A. 2011. "Americans and text messaging." Pew Internet & American Life Project. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.pewinternet.org/2011/09/19/americans-and-textmessaging/.
336. Smith, S. 2012. "Australia No E-diplomacy Slouch." The Interpreter. Accessed August 9, 2013. www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2012/06/06/reader-riposte-australia-no-e-diplomacyslouch.aspx.
337. Snow, N., and P. M. Taylor. 2008. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. London: Taylor & Francis.
338. Soltani, A. and Schlosser, A. 2011. Letter from American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California to the BART Chief of Police. Accessed December 18, 2014. https://www.aclunc.org/sites/default/files/asset_upload_file335_10381.pdf.
339. Stanley, A. 1984. "Spy vs. spy saga." TIME. Accessed December 18, 2014. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923689,00.html.
340. Stein, J. G. 2011. Diplomacy in the Digital Age: Essays in Honour of Ambassador Allan Gotlieb. Plattsburgh, NY: McClelland & Stewart.
341. Stockholm Internet Forum. 2013. Accessed August 20, 2014. www.stockholminternet forum.se/.
342. Sunlight Foundation. 2013. "US spy leaker Edward Snowden 'missing.' " Accessed December 3, 2013. http://churnalism.sunlightfoundation.com/. . ./8bec853dde325869bb 1d9971fe7 .
343. Swartz, O. 2009. "The Pirate Bay guilty: jail for file-sharing foursome." Wired. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.wired.com/2009/04/pirateverdict/.
344. Swedish Institute. 2011. "Curators of Sweden 2011." Accessed September 1, 2014. http://curatorsofsweden.com/.
345. Swedish Institute. 2014. Accessed September 1, 2014. www.swedenabroad.com/Pages/StandardPage.aspx?id=69869&epslanguage=en-GB.
346. Szondi, G. 2008. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences. Netherlands Institute of International Relations: Clingendael/. Accessed May 23, 2014. www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20081022_pap_in_dip_nation_branding.pdf.
347. Tefft, S. 1980. Secrecy: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
348. Tefft, S. 1992. The Dialectics of Secret Society Power in States. Humanities Press International: Atlantic Highlands, NJ.
349. Thelen, K. 1999. "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics." Annual Review of Political Science 2(1): 369-404.
350. Tilly, C. 1992. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. Rev. pbk. ed. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
351. Tracy, M. 2012. "Ambassador Oren on Why He Joined Twitter." Tablet, May 30. Accessed April 30, 2013. www.tabletmag.com/scroll/101023/ambassadororen-on-why-he-joinedtwitter.
352. Tucker, P. 2014. The Naked Future: What Happens in a World That Anticipates Your Every Move? New York: Penguin.
353. Twiplomacy. 2014 Twiplomacy Study 2014. Switzerland: Twiploamcy.
354. Underhill, G.R.D. 2006. "Introduction: Conceptualizing the Changing Global Order." In Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, 3rd ed., edited by R. Stubbs and G.R.D. Underhill, 3-23. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
355. United Nations Development Program. 1994. Human Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University Press.
356. United Nations General Assembly, Human Rights Council 2012Resolution L13, the Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet. Accessed September 3, 2014. http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/d_res_dec/A_HRC_20_L13.doc.
357. United States Department of State. 2010. Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review. Accessed December 10, 2014. www.state.gov/documents/organization/153109.pdf.
358. UPI. 1971. "1971 year in review: the Pentagon Papers." Accessed December 18, 2014. www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1971/The-Pentagon-Papers/.
359. US Department of State. 2011. "IRM's Office of eDiplomacy." Accessed August 3, 2013. www.state.gov/m/irm/ediplomacy/.
360. US Department of State. 2013. "21st Century Statecraft." Accessed December 10, 2013. www.state.gov/statecraft/overview/index.htm.
361. US Department of State. 2013. "12 FAM 540 Sensitive but unclassified information (SBU)." Accessed December 10, 2014. www.state.gov/documents/organization/88404.pdf .
362. Uysal, N., J. Schroeder, and M. Taylor. 2012. "Social Media and Soft Power: Positioning Turkey's Image on Twitter." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 5(3): 338-359.
363. Van Buren, P. 2012. "Obama's war on whistleblowers." Mother Jones. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/06/obamas-whistleblowers-stuxnet-leaksdrones.
364. van Ham, P. 2001. "The Rise of the Brand State." Foreign Affairs 80(5): 2-6.
365. van Ham, P. 2008. "Place Branding: The State of the Art." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 616(1): 126-149.
366. Vattimo, I. 1993. "Postmodernity, Technology, Ontology." In Technology in the Western Political Tradition , edited by A. M. Meltzer, J. Weinberger, and M. R. Zinman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
367. "Virtual Relations." 2012. The Economist , Sep 22 2012. Accessed January 5, 2015. http://www.economist.com/node/21563284.
368. Wainfan, L., and P. K. Davis. 2004. Challenges in Virtual Collaboration: Videoconferencing, Audioconferencing, and Computer-Mediated Communications. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
369. Waltz, K. N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
370. Wang, J. 2006. "National Reputation and International Relations in the Global Era: Public Diplomacy Revisited." Public Relations Review 32(2): 91-96.
371. Watson, A. 1984. Diplomacy: The Dialogue Between States. London: Methuen.
372. Web Index. 2012. Accessed September 5, 2014. http://thewebindex.org/.
373. Weber, L. 2011. Everywhere: Comprehensive Digital Business Strategy for the Social Media Era. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
374. Welch, D. A. 2005. Painful Choices: A Theory of Foreign Policy Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
375. Wendt, A. 1992. "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics." International Organization 46(2): 391-425.
376. Wendt, A. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
377. Wendt, A. 2001. "What Is International Relations For? Notes Toward a Postcritical View." In Critical Theory and World Politics , edited by R. W. Jones, 205-224. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
378. Wheeler, N. J. 2008. " 'To Put Oneself into the Other Fellow's Place': John Herz, the Security Dilemma and the Nuclear Age." International Relations 22(4): 493-509.
379. Wheeler, N. J. 2013. "Investigating Diplomatic Transformations." International Affairs 89(2): 477-496.
380. White House. 1995. "Executive Order 12958-Classified National Security Information." Accessed December 18, 2014. www.fas.org/sgp/clinton/eo12958.html.
381. White House. 2009. "Remarks by President Obama on a New Beginning." Accessed May 20, 2014. www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-Cairo-University-6-04-09. www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-Cairo-University-6-04-09.
382. White House. 2013. "Liberty and security in a changing world: report and recommendations of the President's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies." Accessed December 10, 2014. www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2013-12-12_rg_final_report.pdf .
383. Whole Earth. 1969. The Whole Earth Catalog. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.wholeearth.com/issue-electronic-edition.php?iss=1070.
384. Wichowski, A. 2013a. "Social Diplomacy or How Diplomats Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Tweet." Foreign Affairs , April 5. Accessed September 14, 2014. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139134/alexis-wichowski/social-diplomacy.
385. Wichowski, A. 2013b. "What Government Can and Should Learn from Hacker Culture." The Atlantic , October 25. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/10/what-government-can-and-should-learn-from-hacker-culture/280675/.
386. Widmaier, W. W., M. Blyth, and L. Seabrooke. 2007. "Exogenous shocks or Endogenous Constructions? The Meanings of Wars and Crises." International Studies Quarterly 51(4): 747-759.
387. Wight, M. 1966. "Why Is There No International Theory." In Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics , edited by H. Butterfield, M. Wight, and H. Bull. London: Allen & Unwin.
388. Wilkenfeld, J., K. Young, V. Asal, and D. Quinn. 2003. "Mediating International Crises -Cross-national and Experimental Perspectives." Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(3): 279-301.
389. Wilson, E. J. 2008. "Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616: 110-124.
390. Woodroofe, T. 2012. "DFAT Isn't Ready for the Asian Century." ABC News, October 29. Accessed July 19, 2013. www.abc.net.au/unleashed/4339726.html.
391. Yarhi-Milo, K. 2013. "In the Eye of the Beholder: How Leaders and Intelligence Communities Assess the Intentions of Adversaries." International Security 38(1): 7-51.
392. Yarhi-Milo, K. 2014. Knowing the Adversary: Leaders, Intelligence, and Assessment of Intentions in International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
393. YouTube. 2014. Statistics. Accessed December 18, 2014. www.youtube.com/yt/press/statistics.html.
394. Zaharna, R. S. 2010. Battles to Bridges: U.S. Strategic Communication and Public Diplomacy after 9/11. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
395. Zelikow, P. D. and C. Rice. 1995. Germany unified and Europe transformed: a study in statecraft: with a new preface, Harvard University Press.
396. Zhang, J. Y. 2013. "A Strategic Issue Management (SIM) Approach to Social Media Use in Public Diplomacy." American Behavioral Scientist 57(9): 1312-1331.
397. Zhong, X., and J. Y. Lu. 2013. "Public diplomacy Meets Social Media: A Study of the US Embassy's Blogs and Micro-blogs." Public Relations Review 39(5): 542-548.
398. ICC. 2011. "International Criminal Court (ICC-CPI)-Institutional Video." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfo7lMnR4O8&list=TLITxw64hyZg7o I8x7EjLYztcw1ENEwSqn.
399. ICC. 2013a. "Gbagbo Case: Appeals Chamber Confirms Decision Adjourning the Hearing on the Confirmation of Charges." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch ?v=mb0t5wBdvyA&list=UU183T5VoMh5wISSdKPaMgRw.
400. ICC. 2013b. "Kenyatta Case: 'Ask the Court' Programme, 20 December 2013." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkHThOlTdPc&list=PLz3-Py_E3klDHVd73-CchOKe-0FDvXOw.
401. ICC. 2013c. "Statement of the Prosecutor of the ICC on the Occasion of Human Rights Day, 10 December 2013." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjjUFauaQ1o&list=UU183T5VoMh5wISSdKPaMgRw&feature=c4-overview.
402. ICC. 2014a. "A Day with Defence Counsels." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch?v=JomqtGphHOE&list=UU183T5VoMh5wISSdKPaMgRw.
403. ICC. 2014b. "Ruto and Sang case/'In the Courtroom' Programme: Trial, Witness P-0356, 17-28 January 2014." Accessed August 8, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch?v=21uFw-u56Tc&list=UU183T5VoMh5wISSdKPaMgRw&feature=c4-overview.