Defining populations and injecting parameters among people who inject drugs: Implications for the assessment of hepatitis C treatment programs

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 26, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 950-957

  Larney, Sarah ^a   Grebely, Jason ^b   Hickman, Matthew ^c   De Angelis, Daniela ^d   Dore, Gregory J ^b   Degenhardt, Louisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^d MRC BIOSTATISTICS UNIT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C virus; Modelling; People who inject drugs; Population estimation

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; AUSTRALIA; CASE STUDY; DIRECT POPULATION PREVALENCE ESTIMATION; DRUG USE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INDIRECT PREVALENCE ESTIMATION; INFECTION RISK; MULTIPARAMETER EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS; NOTE; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; POPULATION SIZE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRISON; UNITED KINGDOM; ENGLAND; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; SCOTLAND; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TRANSMISSION;

AUSTRALIA; ENGLAND; EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; PREVALENCE; PRISONS; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; SCOTLAND; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS;

EID: 84941811142     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.010     Document Type: Note

References (76)

1. Alavi M., Grebely J., Micallef M., Dunlop A.J., Balcomb A.C., Day C.A., et al. Assessment and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs in the opioid substitution Ssetting: ETHOS Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013, 57(Suppl 2):S62-S69. 10.1093/cid/cit305.
2. Allen E., Taylor A., Rees C., Palmateer N., Hutchinson S., Mathieson A., et al. The needle exchange surveillance initiative (NESI): prevalence of HCV and injecting risk behaviours among people who inject drugs attending equipment provision services in Scotland 2008/2009 & 2010 2012, University of West Scotland, Paisley.
3. Allen E.J., Palmateer N.E., Hutchinson S.J., Cameron S., Goldberg D.J., Taylor A. Association between harm reduction intervention uptake and recent hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs attending sites that provide sterile injecting equipment in Scotland. The International Journal on Drug Policy 2012, 23(5):346-352.
4. Aspinall E.J., Weir A., Sacks-Davis R., Spelman T., Grebely J., Higgs P., et al. Does informing people who inject drugs of their hepatitis C status influence their injecting behaviour? Analysis of the Networks II study. The International Journal on Drug Policy 2014, 25(1):179-182. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.005.
5. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2010 - detailed findings 2011, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra.
6. Bruggmann P., Litwin A.H. Models of care for the management of HCV among people who use drugs: one size does not fit all. Clinical Infectious Disease 2013, 57:S56-S61.
7. Burns L., Gisev N., Larney S., Dobbins T., Gibson A., Kimber J., et al. A longitudinal comparison of retention in buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence in New South Wales, Australia. Addiction 2015, 110:646-655.
8. Burns L., Randall D., Hall W.D., Law M., Butler T., Bell J., et al. Opioid agonist pharmacotherapy in New South Wales from 1985 to 2006: patient characteristics and patterns and predictors of treatment retention. Addiction 2009, 104(8):1363-1372. 10.1111/j. 1360-0443.2009.02633.x.
9. De Angelis D., Hickman M., Yang S. Estimating long-term trends in the incidence and prevalence of opiate use/injecting drug use and the number of former users: back-calculation methods and opiate overdose deaths. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004, 160(10):994-1004.
10. De Angelis D., Sweeting M., Ades A.E., Hickman M., Hope V., Ramsay M. An evidence synthesis approach to estimating Hepatitis C prevalence in England and Wales. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2009, 18(4):361-379.
11. DeBeck K., Kerr T., Marshall B.D.L., Simo A., Montaner J., Wood E. Risk factors for progression to regular injection drug use among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2013, 133(2):468-472.
12. Degenhardt L., Bruno R., Gilmour S., Campbell G., Mattick R.P., Shand F., et al. Estimating the proportion of prescription opioid consumption in Australia that is accounted for by people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Review 2013, 468-474. 10.1111/dar.12066.
13. Degenhardt L., Hall W. Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. Lancet 2012, 379(9810):55-70.
14. Degenhardt L., Rendle V., Hall W., Gilmour S., Law M. Estimating the number of current regular heroin users in NSW and Australia 1997-2002 2004, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney.
15. EMCDDA Trends in injecting drug use in Europe 2010, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Luxembourg.
16. Falster K., Kaldor J., Maher L. Hepatitis C virus acquisition among injecting drug users: a cohort analysis of a National Repeated Cross-sectional Survey of Needle and Syringe Program Attendees in Australia, 1995-2004. Journal of Urban Health 2009, 86(1):106-118. 10.1007/s11524-008-9330-7.
17. Gfroerer J., Brodsky M. The incidence of illicit drug use in the United States, 1962-1989. British Journal of Addiction 1992, 87(9):1345-1351.
18. Grebely J., Dore G.J. Can hepatitis C virus infection be eradicated in people who inject drugs?. Antiviral Research 2014, 104:62-72.
19. Grebely J., Knight E., Genoway K.A., Viljoen M., Khara M., Elliott D., et al. Optimizing assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in illicit drug users: a novel model incorporating multidisciplinary care and peer support. European Journal Gastroenterology Hepatology 2010, 22(3):270-277.
20. Hallinan R., Byrne A., Agho K., Dore G.J. Referral for chronic hepatitis C treatment from a drug dependency treatment setting. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 88(1):49-53.
21. Harris K.A., Arnsten J.H., Litwin A.H. Successful integration of hepatitis C evaluation and treatment services with methadone maintenance. Journal of Addiction Medicine 2010, 4(1):20-26. 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181add3de.
22. Harris R.J., Ramsay M., Hope V., Brant L., Hickman M., Foster G.R., et al. Hepatitis C prevalence in England remains low and varies by ethnicity: an updated evidence synthesis. European Journal of Public Health 2012, 22:187-192.
23. Hartnoll R. Cross-validating at local level. Estimating the prevalence of problem drug use in Europe 1997, 247-261. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (Ed.).
24. Hay G., Gannon M., MacDougall J., Eastwood C., Williams K., Millar T. Capture-recapture and anchored prevalence estimation of injecting drug users in England: national and regional estimates. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2009, 18(4):323-339.
25. Hickman M., De Angelis D., Jones H., Harris R., Welton N., Ades A.E. Multiple parameter evidence synthesis-a potential solution for when information on drug use and harm is in conflict. Addiction 2013, 108:1529-1531.
26. Hickman M., Higgins V., Hope V., Bellis M., Tilling K., Walker A., et al. Injecting drug use in Brighton, Liverpool, and London: best estimates of prevalence and coverage of public health indicators. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2004, 58(9):766-771.
27. Hickman M., Taylor C. Indirect methods to estimate prevalence. Epidemiology of Drug Abuse 2005, 113-131. Springer Science+Business Media, USA. Z. Sloboda (Ed.).
28. Hickman M., Vickerman P., Degenhardt L. Commentary on Mehta et al. (2012): natural history of injecting drug use. Addiction 2012, 107:359-360.
29. Hook E.B., Regal R.R. Capture-recapture methods in epidemiology: methods and limitations. Epidemiologic Reviews 1995, 17(2):243-264.
30. Horyniak D., Dietze P., Degenhardt L., Higgs P., McIlwraith F., Alati R., et al. The relationship between age and risky injecting behaviours among a sample of Australian people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2013, 132:541-546.
31. Hser Y., Hoffman V., Grella C.E., Anglin M.D. A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001, 58:503-508.
32. Jones H.E., Hickman M., Welton N.J., De Angelis D., Harris R.J., Ades A.E. Recapture or precapture? Fallibility of standard capture-recapture methods in the presence of referrals between sources. American Journal of Epidemiology 2014, 179(11):1383-1393.
33. Kaplan E.H. Needles that kill: modeling human immunodeficiency virus transmission via shared drug injection equipment in shooting galleries. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1989, 11(2):289-298.
34. Kimber J., Copeland L., Hickman M., Macleod J., McKenzie J., De Angelis D., et al. Survival and cessation in injecting drug users: prospective observational study of outcomes and effect of opiate substitution treatment. British Medical Journal 2010, 341:c3172.
35. Kimber J., Hickman M., Degenhardt L., Coulson T., Van Beek I. Estimating the size and dynamics of an injecting drug user population and implications for health service coverage: comparison of indirect prevalence estimation methods. Addiction 2008, 103(10):1604-1613.
36. King R., Bird S.M., Brooks S.P., Hutchinson S.J., Hay G. Prior information in behavioral capture-recapture methods: demographic influences on drug injectors' propensity to be listed in data sources and their drug-related mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology 2005, 162(7):694-703.
37. Langendam M.W., Van Brussel G.H.A., Coutinho R.A., Van Ameijden E.J.C. Methadone maintenance and cessation of injecting drug use: results from the Amsterdam Cohort Study. Addiction 2000, 95(4):591-600.
38. Larney S., Grebely J., Falster M., Swart A., Amin J., Degenhardt L., et al. Opioid substitution therapy is associated with increased detection of hepatitis C virus infection: a 15-year observational cohort study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015, 213-216. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.027.
39. Larney S., Kopinski H., Beckwith C.G., Zaller N.D., Jarlais D.D., Hagan H., et al. The incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons and other closed settings: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2013, 1215-1224. 10.1002/hep.26387.
40. Law M.G., Lynskey M., Ross J., Hall W. Back-projection estimates of the number of dependent heroin users in Australia. Addiction 2001, 96(3):433-443.
41. Lloyd A.R., Clegg J., Lange J., Stevenson A., Post J.J., Lloyd D., et al. Safety and effectiveness of a nurse-led outreach program for assessment and treatment of chronic hepatitis C in the custodial setting. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013, 56(8):1078-1084. 10.1093/cid/cis1202.
42. Luciani F., Bretana N.A., Teutsch S., Amin J., Topp L., Dore G.J., et al. A prospective study of hepatitis C incidence in Australian prisoners. Addiction 2014, 109(10):1695-1706. 10.1111/add.12643.
43. MacArthur G.J., van Velzen E., Palmateer N., Kimber J., Pharris A., Hope V., et al. Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness. International Journal on Drug Policy 2014, 25(1):34-52. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.07.001.
44. Martin N.K., Foster G.R., Vilar J., Ryder S., Cramp M.E., Gordon F., et al. HCV treatment rates and sustained viral response among people who inject drugs in seven UK sites: real world results and modelling of treatment impact. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2015, 22:399-408.
45. Martin N.K., Hickman M., Hutchinson S.J., Goldberg D.J., Vickerman P. Combination interventions to prevent HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: modeling the impact of antiviral treatment, needle and syringe programs, and opiate substitution therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013, 57(SUPPL.2):S39-S45.
46. Martin N.K., Vickerman P., Grebely J., Hellard M.E., Hutchinson S., Lima V.D., et al. Hepatitis C virus treatment for prevention among people who inject drugs: modeling treatment scale-up in the age of direct-acting antivirals. Hepatology 2013, 58:1598-1609.
47. Martin N.K., Vickerman P., Hickman M. Mathematical modelling of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2011, 274(1):58-66.
48. Mattick R.P., Breen C., Kimber J., Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, 3. Art. No. CD002209.
49. Mattick R.P., Kimber J., Breen C., Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, 2. Art. No. CD002207.
50. Mehta S.H., Sudarshi D., Srikrishnan A.K., Celentano D.D., Vasudevan C.K., Anand S., et al. Factors associated with injection cessation, relapse and initiation in a community-based cohort of injection drug users in Chennai, India. Addiction 2012, 107(2):349-358.
51. Mills H.L., Colijn C., Vickerman P., Leslie D., Hope V., Hickman M. Respondent driven sampling and community structure in a population of injecting drug users, Bristol, UK. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2012, 126(3):324-332.
52. Mills H.L., Johnson S., Hickman M., Jones N.S., Colijn C. Errors in reported degrees and respondent driven sampling: Implications for bias. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2014, 142:120-126.
53. Morris M.D., Brouwer K.C., Lozada R.M., Gallardo M., Vera A., Strathdee S.A. Injection first: a unique group of injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico. The American Journal on Addictions 2012, 21(1):23-30.
54. Nelson P.K., Mathers B.M., Cowie B., Hagan H., Des Jarlais D., Horyniak D., et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: Results of systematic reviews. The Lancet 2011, 378:571-583.
55. Nolan S., Dias Lima V., Fairbairn N., Kerr T., Montaner J., Grebely J., et al. The impact of methadone maintenance therapy on hepatitis C incidence among illicit drug users. Addiction 2014, 109(12):2053-2059. 10.1111/add.12682.
56. Nordt C., Stohler R. Incidence of heroin use in Zurich, Switzerland: a treatment case register analysis. Lancet 2006, 367(9525):1830-1834.
57. Overstall A.M., King R., Bird S.M., Hutchinson S.J., Hay G. Incomplete contingency tables with censored cells with application to estimating the number of people who inject drugs in Scotland. Statistics in Medicine 2014, 33:1564-1579.
58. Pollack H.A. Cost-effectiveness of harm reduction in preventing hepatitis C among injection drug users. Medical Decision Making 2001, 21(5):357-367.
59. Post J.J., Arain A., Lloyd A.R. Enhancing assessment and treatment of hepatitis C in the custodial setting. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013, 57(Suppl 2):S70-S74. 10.1093/cid/cit265.
60. Prevost T.C., Presanis A.M., Taylor A., Goldberg D.J., Hutchinson S.J., De Angelis D. Estimating the number of people with hepatitis C virus who have ever inject drugs and have yet to be diagnosed: an evidence synthesis approach for Scotland. Addiction 2015, 110:1287-1300.
61. Razali K., Thein H.H., Bell J., Cooper-Stanbury M., Dolan K., Dore G., et al. Modelling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 91(2-3):228-235. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.026.
62. Roy E., Alary M., Morissette C., Leclerc P., Boudreau J.F., Parent R., et al. High hepatitis C virus prevalence and incidence among Canadian intravenous drug users. International Journal of STD and AIDS 2007, 18(1):23-27. 10.1258/095646207779949880.
63. Roy E., Boudreau J.F., Boivin J.F. Hepatitis C virus incidence among young street-involved IDUs in relation to injection experience. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009, 102(1-3):158-161.
64. Shah N.G., Galai N., Celentano D.D., Vlahov D., Strathdee S.A. Longitudinal predictors of injection cessation and subsequent relapse among a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, MD, 1988-2000. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2006, 83(2):147-156.
65. Shaw L., Taylor A., Roy K.M., Cameron S.O., Burns S., Molyneaux P., et al. Establishment of a database of diagnosed HCV-infected persons in Scotland. Communicable Disease and Public Health 2003, 6:305-310.
66. Sweeting M.J., De Angelis D., Ades A.E., Hickman M. Estimating the prevalence of ex-injecting drug use in the population. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2009, 18:381-395.
67. Termorshuizen F., Krol A., Prins M., Geskus R., Van Den Brink W., Van Ameijden E.J.C. Prediction of relapse to frequent heroin use and the role of methadone prescription: an analysis of the Amsterdam Cohort Study among drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2005, 79(2):231-240.
68. Tsui J.I., Evans J.L., Lum P.J., Hahn J.A., Page K. Association of opioid agonist therapy with lower incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users. JAMA Internal Medicine 2014, 174(12):1974-1981. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5416.
69. Turner K.M., Hutchinson S., Vickerman P., Hope V., Craine N., Palmateer N., et al. The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction 2011, 106(11):1978-1988.
70. Vaillant G. A 20-year follow-up of New York narcotic addicts. Archives of General Psychiatry 1973, 29:237-241.
71. Van Den Berg C., Smit C., Van Brussel G., Coutinho R., Prins M. Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users. Addiction 2007, 102(9):1454-1462.
72. Vickerman P., Martin N., Turner K., Hickman M. Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings. Addiction 2012, 107(11):1984-1995.
73. Vorobjov S., Des Jarlais D.C., Abel-Ollo K., Talu A., Rüütel K., Uusküla A. Socio-demographic factors, health risks and harms associated with early initiation of injection among people who inject drugs in Tallinn, Estonia: evidence from cross-sectional surveys. The International Journal of Drug Policy 2013, 24(2):150-155.
74. White B., Dore G.J., Lloyd A.R., Rawlinson W.D., Maher L. Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. The Medical Journal of Australia 2014, 201(6):326-329.
75. WHO WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users-2012 revision 2012, World Health Organization, Geneva.
76. Wiessing L., Ferri M., Grady B., Kantzanou M., Sperle I., Cullen K.J., et al. Hepatitis C virus infection epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe: a systematic review of data for scaling up treatment and prevention. Plos One 2014, 9(7).