Poor peer relations predict parent- and self-reported behavioral and emotional problems of adolescents with gender dysphoria: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis

European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 579-588

  de Vries, Annelou L C ^a   Steensma, Thomas D ^a   Cohen Kettenis, Peggy T ^a   VanderLaan, Doug P ^b,c   Zucker, Kenneth J ^b  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Behavioral and emotional problems; Child Behavior Checklist; Gender dysphoria; Gender identity disorder; Peer relations; Transgender; Youth Self Report Form

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT DISEASE; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASSESSMENT OF HUMANS; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CANADA; CHILD BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FEMALE; GENDER DYSPHORIA; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NETHERLANDS; PARENT; PEER GROUP; SELF REPORT; YOUTH SELF REPORT; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FORECASTING; HUMAN RELATION; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; ONTARIO; PSYCHOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; FEMALE; FORECASTING; GENDER DYSPHORIA; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; NETHERLANDS; ONTARIO; PARENTS; PEER GROUP; SELF REPORT;

EID: 84941695394     PISSN: 10188827     EISSN: 1435165X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0764-7     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington
2. Cohen-Kettenis PT, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Gooren LJ (2008) The treatment of adolescent transsexuals: changing insights. J Sex Med 5:1892–1897
3. de Vries AL, Cohen-Kettenis PT (2012) Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the Dutch approach. J Homosex 59:301–320
4. Aitken M, Steensma TD, Blanchard R, VanderLaan DP, Wood H, Fuentes A et al (2015) Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. J Sex Med 12:756–763
5. Baams L, Beek T, Hille H, Zevenbergen FC, Bos HM (2013) Gender nonconformity, perceived stigmatization, and psychological well-being in Dutch sexual minority youth and young adults: a mediation analysis. Arch Sex Behav 42:765–776
6. Bos HM, Sandfort TG, de Bruyn EH, Hakvoort EM (2008) Same-sex attraction, social relationships, psychosocial functioning, and school performance in early adolescence. Dev Psychol 44:59–68
7. Robinson JP, Espelage DL, Rivers I (2013) Developmental trends in peer victimization and emotional distress in LGB and heterosexual youth. Pediatrics 131:423–430
8. Toomey RB, Ryan C, Diaz RM, Card NA, Russell ST (2010) Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: school victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Dev Psychol 46:1580–1589
9. Coates S, Person ES (1985) Extreme boyhood femininity: isolated behavior or pervasive disorder? J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 24:702–709
10. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ (1995) Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents. Guilford Press, New York
11. Di Ceglie D, Freedman D, McPherson S, Richardson P (2002) Children and adolescents referred to a specialist gender identity development service: clinical features and demographic characteristics. Int J Transgenderism 6(1). Retrieved 5 Sept 2015 from http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_01.htm
12. Spack NP, Edwards-Leeper L, Feldman HA, Leibowitz S, Mandel F, Diamond DA et al (2012) Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. Pediatrics 129:418–425
13. Khatchadourian K, Amed S, Metzger DL (2013) Clinical management of youth with gender dysphoria in Vancouver. J Pediatr 164:906–911
14. Olson J, Schrager SM, Belzer M, Simons LK, Clark LF (2015) Baseline physiologic and psychosocial characteristics of transgender youth seeking care for gender dysphoria. J Adolesc Health. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.027
15. Shaffer D, Fisher P, Lucas CP, Dulcan MK, Schwab-Stone ME (2000) NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:28–38
16. de Vries AL, Doreleijers TA, Steensma TD, Cohen-Kettenis PT (2011) Psychiatric comorbidity in gender dysphoric adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52:1195–1202
17. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS (1983) Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington
18. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS (1986) Manual for the Teacher’s Report Form and Teacher Version of the Child Behavior Profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington
19. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock D (1987) Manual for the Youth Self-Report and Profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington
20. Cohen-Kettenis PT, Owen A, Kaijser VG, Bradley SJ, Zucker KJ (2002) Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 31:41–53
21. Steensma TD, Zucker KJ, Kreukels BPC, VanderLaan DP, Wood H, Fuentes A et al (2014) Behavioral and emotional problems on the Teacher’s Report Form: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis of gender dysphoric children and adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 42:635–647
22. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Sanikhani M (1997) Sex differences in referral rates of children with gender identity disorder: some hypotheses. J Abnorm Child Psychol 25:217–227
23. Achenbach TM, McConaughy SH, Howell CT (1987) Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychol Bull 101:213–232
24. Skagerberg E, Davidson S, Carmichael P (2013) Internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a group of young people with gender dysphoria. Int J Transgenderism 14(3):105–112
25. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Owen-Anderson A, Kibblewhite SJ, Wood H, Singh D et al (2012) Demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism. J Sex Marital Ther 38:151–189
26. Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Cohen-Kettenis PT (2006) Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: a protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. Eur J Endocrinol 155(Suppl 1):S131–S137
27. de Vries AL, Steensma TD, Doreleijers TA, Cohen-Kettenis PT (2011) Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: a prospective follow-up study. J Sex Med 8:2276–2283
28. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Owen-Anderson A, Singh D, Blanchard R, Bain J (2010) Puberty-blocking hormonal therapy for adolescents with gender identity disorder: a descriptive clinical study. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health 15:58–82
29. Hollingshead AB Four-factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
30. Verhulst FC, van der Ende J, Koot HM (1996) Handleiding voor de CBCL/4-18. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Afdeling Kinder-en jeugdpsychiatrie, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis/Academisch Ziekenhuis Rotterdam/Erasmus Universiteit, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
31. Verhulst FC, van der Ende J, Koot HM (1997) Handleiding voor de youth self-report (YSR). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Afdeling Kinder-en jeugdpsychiatrie, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis/Academisch Ziekenhuis Rotterdam/Erasmus Universiteit, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
32. Roberts RE, Roberts CR, Xing Y (2007) Rates of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among adolescents in a large metropolitan area. J Psychiatr Res 41:959–967
33. Verhulst FC, van der Ende J, Ferdinand RF, Kasius MC (1997) The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:329–336
34. Cohen J (1992) A power primer. Psychol Bull 112:155–159
35. Bos HMW, Gartrell NK, van Balen F, Peyser H, Sandfort TGM (2008) Children in planned lesbian families: a cross-cultural comparison between the United States and the Netherlands. Am J Orthopsychiatry 78:211–219
36. Cohen-Kettenis PT, Steensma TD, de Vries AL (2011) Treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria in the Netherlands. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 20:689–700
37. Wallien MS, Veenstra R, Kreukels BP, Cohen-Kettenis PT (2010) Peer group status of gender dysphoric children: a sociometric study. Arch Sex Behav 39:553–560
38. McGuire JK, Anderson CR, Toomey RB, Russell ST (2010) School climate for transgender youth: a mixed method investigation of student experiences and school responses. J Youth Adolesc 39:1175–1188
39. Shiffman M, VanderLaan DP, Wood H, Hughes SK, Owen-Anderson A, Lumley M et al. (2015). Peer relations in adolescents with gender dysphoria: a comparsion to clinical and non-clinical controls. (submitted)
40. Zucker KJ, Wood H, VanderLaan DP (2014) Models of psychopathology in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. In: Kreukels BPC, Steensma TD, de Vries ALC (eds) Gender dysphoria and disorders of sex development: progress in care and knowledge. Springer, New York, pp 171–192