Viral meningitis and aseptic meningitis syndrome

Infections of the Central Nervous System: Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages

  Romero, José R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^b ARKANSAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84941417186     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (373)

1. Brinker KR, Monath TP. The acute disease. In: Monath TP, ed. St. Louis Encephalitis. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1980:503-584.
2. Wallgren A. Une nouvelle maladie infectieuse du systeme nerveux central (Méningite "aseptica" acuta). Acta Paediatr. 1925;4:158-182.
3. Adair CV, Gauld RL, Smadel JE. Aseptic meningitis, a disease of diverse etiology: clinical and etiologic studies on 854 cases. Ann Intern Med. 1953;39:675-704.
4. Meyer HM Jr, Rogers NG, Miesse ML, et al. Aseptic meningitis caused by orphan viruses and other agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1957:19;67:332-337.
5. Lennette EH, Magoffin RL, Knouf EG. Viral central nervous system disease. An etiologic study conducted at the Los Angeles County General Hospital. JAMA. 1962;179:687-695.
6. Romero JR, Selvarangan R. The human parechoviruses: an overview. Adv Pediatr. 2011;58:65-85.
7. Hall CE, Cooney MK, Fox JP. The Seattle virus watch program. I. Infection and illness experience of virus watch families during a communitywide epidemic of echovirus type 30 aseptic meningitis. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1970;60:1456-1465.
8. Beghi E, Nicolosi A, Kurland LT, et al. Encephalitis and aseptic meningitis, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1981: I. Epidemiology. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:283-294.
9. Lepow ML, Carver DH, Wright HT, et al. A clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of meningitis during the four year period: 1955-1958. I. Observations concerning etiology and epidemiology. N Engl J Med. 1962;23:1181-1187.
10. Kaiser R. Tick-borne encephalitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22: 561-575.
11. Meyer HM Jr, Johnson RT, Crawford IP, et al. Central nervous system syndromes of "viral" etiology. Am J Med. 1960;29:334-347.
12. Buescher EL, Artenstein MS, Olson LC. Central nervous system infections of viral etiology: the changing pattern. Res Public Assoc Nerv Ment Dis. 1968;44:147-216.
13. Nicolosi A, Hauser WA, Beghi E, et al. Epidemiology of central nervous system infections in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1981. J Infect Dis. 1986;154:399-408.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services. 2012 nationally notifiable diseases and conditions and current case definitions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/document/2012 _Case%20Definitions.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2013.
15. Rantakallio PM, Leskinen M, von Wendt L. Incidence and prognosis of central nervous system infections in a birth cohort of 12,000 children. Scand Infect Dis. 1986:18:287-294.
16. Michos AG, Syriopoulou VP, Hadjichristodoulou C, et al. Aseptic meningitis in children: analysis of 506 cases. PLoS One. 2007;2:e674.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual summary 1982: reported morbidity and mortality in the United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1983;31:142-146.
18. Committee on Enteroviruses. Classification of human enteroviruses. Virology. 1962;16:501-504.
19. Gradien M, Forsgren M, Ehrnst A. Enteroviruses and reoviruses. In: Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1989:513-578.
20. Oberste MS, Maher K, Kilpatrick DR, et al. Molecular evolution of the human enteroviruses: correlation of serotype with VP1 sequence and application to picornavirus classification. J Virol. 1999;73:1941-1948.
21. Oberste MS, Maher K, Kilpatrick DR, et al. Typing of human enteroviruses by partial sequencing of VP1. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1288-1293.
22. Oberste MS, Maher K, Flemister MR, et al. Comparison of classic and molecular approaches for the identification of untypeable enteroviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1170-1174.
23. Oberste M, Schnurr D, Maher K, et al. Molecular identification of new picornaviruses and characterization of a proposed enterovirus 73 serotype. J Gen Virol. 2001;82:409-416.
24. Knowles NJ, Hovi T, Hyypiä T, et al. Picornaviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, et al, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012:855-880.
25. Hyypiä T, Horsnell C, Maaronen M, et al. A distinct picornavirus group identified by sequence analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:8847-8851.
26. Oberste MS, Maher K, Pallansch MA. Complete sequence of echovirus 23 and its relationship to echovirus 22 and other human enteroviruses. Virus Res. 1998;56:217-223.
27. Ghazi F, Hughes PJ, Hyypia T, et al. Molecular analysis of human parechovirus type 2 (formerly echovirus 23). J Gen Virol. 1998;79:2641-2650.
28. Rossmann MG, Arnold E, Erickson JW, et al. Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature. 1985;317:145-153.
29. Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ. Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution. Science. 1985;229:1358-1365.
30. Muckelbauer JK, Kremer M, Minor I, et al. Structure determination of coxsackievirus B3 to 3.5 A resolution. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1995;51:871-887.
31. Hendry E, Hatanaka H, Fry E, et al. The crystal structure of coxsackievirus A9: new insights into the uncoating mechanisms of enteroviruses. Structure. 1999;7:1527-1538.
32. Xiao C, Bator-Kelly CM, Rieder E, et al. The crystal structure of coxsackievirus A21 and its interaction with ICAM-1. Structure. 2005;13:1019-1033.
33. Plevka P, Perera R, Cardosa J, et al. Crystal structure of human enterovirus 71. Science. 2012;336:1274.
34. Fry EE, Stuart DI. Virion structure. In: Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Ross RR, eds. The Picornaviruses. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2010:59-71.
35. Hellen CUT, Wimmer E. Enterovirus structure and assembly. In: Rotbart HA, ed. Human Enterovirus Infections. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1998:155-170.
36. Rossmann MG. The canyon hypothesis. Hiding the host cell receptor attachment site on a viral surface from immune surveillance. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:14587-14590.
37. Harber J, Bernhardt G, Lu HH, et al. Canyon rim residues, including antigenic determinants, modulate serotype-specific binding of polioviruses to mutants of the poliovirus receptor. Virology. 1995;214:559-570.
38. Tuthill TJ, Bubeck D, Rowlands DJ, et al. Characterization of early steps in the poliovirus infection process: receptor-decorated liposomes induce conversion of the virus to membrane-anchored entry-intermediate particles. J Virol. 2006;80:172-180.
39. Romero JR. Pleconaril: a novel antipicornaviral drug. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001;10:369-379.
40. Webster AD. Pleconaril-an advance in the treatment of enteroviral infection in immune-compromised patients. J Clin Virol. 2005;32:1-6.
41. Palmenberg A, Neubauer D, Skern T. Genome organization and encoded proteins. In: Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Ross RR, eds. The Picornaviruses. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2010:3-71.
42. Rotbart HA, Romero JR. Laboratory diagnosis of enterovirus infections. In: Rotbart HA, ed. Human Enterovirus Infections. Washington, DC: ASM; 1995:401-418.
43. Romero JR. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection of the enteroviruses: overview and clinical utility in pediatric enteroviral infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999;123:1161-1169.
44. Rozovics JM, Semler BL. Genome replication I: the players. In: Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Ross RR, eds. The Picornaviruses. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2010:107-125.
45. Sabin AB, Ward R. The natural history of human poliomyelitis: I. Distribution of virus in nervous and non-nervous tissues. J Exp Med. 1941;73:771-793.
46. Bodian D. Histopathologic basis of clinical findings in poliomyelitis. Am J Med. 1949;6:563-578.
47. Bodian D. Emerging concept of poliomyelitis infection. Science. 1955;122: 105-108.
48. Sabin AB. Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis: reappraisal in the light of new data. Science. 1956;123:1151-1157.
49. Racaniello VR. One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis. Virology. 2006;344:9-16.
50. Koike S, Nomoto A. Poliomyelitis. In: Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Ross RR, eds. The Picornaviruses. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2010:339-351.
51. Ward R, Melnick JL, Horstmann DM. Poliomyelitis virus in fly-contaminated food collected at an epidemic. Science. 1945;101:491-493.
52. Kelly SW, Winkelstein W Jr, Winsser J. Poliomyelitis and other enteric viruses in sewage. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957;47:72-77.
53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Aseptic meningitis outbreak associated with echovirus 9 among recreational vehicle campers-Connecticut, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:710-713.
54. Begier EM, Oberste MS, Landry ML, et al. An outbreak of concurrent echovirus 30 and coxsackievirus A1 infections associated with sea swimming among a group of travelers to Mexico. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:616-623.
55. Mitchell JR, Presnell WM, Akin EW, et al. Accumulation and elimination of poliovirus by the eastern oyster. Am J Epidemiol. 1966;84:40-50.
56. Bendinelli M, Ruschi A. Isolation of human enterovirus from mussels. Appl Microbiol. 1969;18:531-532.
57. Bates HR Jr. Coxsackie virus B3 calcific pancarditis and hydrops fetalis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1970;106:629-630.
58. Grist NR, Bell EJ, Assaad F. Enteroviruses in human disease. Prog Med Virol. 1978;24:114-157.
59. Bendig JW, Franklin OM, Hebden AK, et al. Coxsackievirus B3 sequences in the blood of a neonate with congenital myocarditis, plus serological evidence of maternal infection. J Med Virol. 2003;70:606-609.
60. Kaplan MH, Klein SW, McPhee J, et al. Group B coxsackievirus infections in infants younger than three months of age: a serious childhood illness. Rev Infect Dis. 1983;5:1019-1032.
61. Abzug MJ. Presentation, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus infections in neonates. Paediatr Drugs. 2004;6:1-10.
62. Mendelsohn CL, Wimmer E, Racaniello VR. Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cell. 1989;56:855-865.
63. Bergelson J. Receptors. In: Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Ross RR, eds. The Picornaviruses. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2010:73-86.
64. Israelsson S, Gullberg M, Jonsson N, et al. Studies of Echovirus 5 interactions with the cell surface: heparan sulfate mediates attachment to the host cell. Virus Res. 2010;151:170-176.
65. Mistry N, Inoue H, Jamshidi F, et al. Coxsackievirus A24 variant uses sialic acid-containing O-linked glycoconjugates as cellular receptors on human ocular cells. J Virol. 2011;85:11283-11290.
66. Yamayoshi S, Iizuka S, Yamashita T, et al. Human SCARB2-dependent infection by coxsackievirus A7, A14, and A16 and enterovirus 71. J Virol. 2012;86:5686-5696.
67. Iwasaki A, Welker R, Mueller S, et al. Immunofluorescence analysis of poliovirus receptor expression in Peyer's patches of humans, primates, and CD155 transgenic mice: implications for poliovirus infection. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:585-592.
68. Sicinski P, Rowinski J, Warchok JB, et al. Poliovirus type 1 enters the human host through intestinal M cells. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:56-58.
69. Ouzilou L, Caliot E, Pelletier I, et al. Poliovirus transcytosis through M-like cells. J Gen Virol. 2002;83:2177-2182.
70. Gelfand HM, Holguin AH, Enterovirous infections in healthy children. Study during 1960. Arch Environ Health. 1962;5:404-411.
71. Kogon A, Spigland I, Frothingham TE, et al. The virus watch program: a continuing surveillance of viral infections in metropolitan New York families. VII. Observations on viral excretion, seroimmunity, intrafamilial spread and illness association in coxsackie and echovirus infections. Am J Epidemiol. 1969;89:51-61.
72. Whitehead JE. Silent infections and the epidemiology of viral carditis. Am Heart J. 1973;85:711-713.
73. Melnick JL. Enteroviruses. In: AS Evans, ed. Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. New York: Plenum Medical Book Co; 1976:163-207.
74. Müller U, Steinhoff U, Reis LF, et al. Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense. Science. 1994;264:1918-1921.
75. Ohka S, Igarashi H, Nagata N, et al. Establishment of a poliovirus oral infection system in human poliovirus receptor-expressing transgenic mice that are deficient in alpha/beta interferon receptor. J Virol. 2007;81:7902-7912.
76. Bodian D. Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1952;42:1388-1402.
77. Huber, SA, Haisch C, Lodge PA. Functional diversity in vascular endothelial cells-role in coxsackievirus tropism. J Virol. 1990;64:4516-4522.
78. Coyne CB, Kim KS, Bergelson JM. Poliovirus entry into human brain microvascular cells requires receptor-induced activation of SHP-2. EMBO J. 2007;26:4016-4028.
79. Coyne CB, Bozym R, Morosky SA, et al. Comparative RNAi screening reveals host factors involved in enterovirus infection of polarized endothelial monolayers. Cell Host Microbe. 2011;9:70-82.
80. Yang WX, Terasaki T, Shiroki K, et al. Efficient delivery of circulating poliovirus to the central nervous system independently of poliovirus receptor. Virology. 1997;229:421-428.
81. Nathanson, N, Langmuir A. The Cutter incident: poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during the spring of 1955: III. Comparison of the clinical character of vaccinated and contact cases occurring after use of high rate lots of Cutter vaccine. Am J Hyg. 1963;78:61-81.
82. Sutter RW, Patriarca PA, Suleiman AJ, et al. Attributable risk of DTP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine) injection in provoking paralytic poliomyelitis during a large outbreak in Oman. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:444-449.
83. Strebel PM, Ion-Nedelcu N, Baughman AL, et al. Intramuscular injections within 30 days of immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine-a risk factor for vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:500-506.
84. Hurst EW. The newer knowledge of virus diseases of the nervous system: a review and an interpretation. Brain. 1936;59:1-34.
85. Nathanson N, Bodian D. Experimental poliomyelitis following intramuscular virus injection: 1. The effect of neural block on a neurotropic and a pantropic strain. Bull Johns Hopkins Hospital. 1961;108:308-319.
86. Ohka S, Yang WX, Terada E, et al. Retrograde transport of intact poliovirus through the axon via the fast transport system. Virology. 1998;250: 67-75.
87. Ren R, Racaniello V. Human poliovirus receptor gene expression and poliovirus tissue tropism in transgenic mice. J Virol. 1992;66:296-304.
88. Gromeier M, Wimmer E. Mechanism of injury-provoked poliomyelitis. J Virol. 1998;72:5056-5060.
89. Minor PD. The molecular biology of poliovaccines. J Gen Virol. 1992;73:3065-3077.
90. Price RA, Garcia JH, Rightsel WA. Choriomeningitis and myocarditis in an adolescent with isolation of coxsackie B-5 virus. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970;53:825-831.
91. Sutinen S, Kalliomaki JL, Pohjonen R, et al. Fatal generalized coxsackie B3 virus infection in an adolescent with successful isolation of the virus from pericardial fluid. Ann Clin Res. 1971;3:241-246.
92. Melnick JL. Enteroviruses In: AS Evans, ed. Viral Infections of Humans, Epidemiology and Control. 3rd ed. New York: Plenum, 1989:191-263.
93. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Enterovirus surveillance-United States, 1997-1999. MMWR. 2000:13:913-916.
94. Rotbart HA. Meningitis and encephalitis. In: Rotbart HA, ed. Human enterovirus infections. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press; 1995:271-289.
95. Lepow ML, Coyne N, Thompson LB, et al. A clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of aseptic meningitis during the four-year period, 1955-1958. II. N Engl J Med. 1962;266:1188-1193.
96. Berlin LE, Rorabaugh ML, Heldrich F, et al. Aseptic meningitis in infants < 2 years of age: diagnosis and etiology. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:888-892.
97. de Ory F, Avellón A, Echevarría JE, et al. Viral infections of the central nervous system in Spain: a prospective study. J Med Virol. 2013;85:554-562.
98. de Quadros CA, Andrus JK, Olive JM, et al. Polio eradication from the Western Hemisphere. Annu Rev Public Health. 1992;13:239-252.
99. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication-Nigeria, January 2011-September 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:899-904.
100. Assaad F, Cockburn C. Four-year study of WHO virus reports on enteroviruses other than poliovirus. Bull World Health Organ. 1972:46;329-336.
101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Enterovirus surveillance-United States, 1970-2005. Surveillance Summaries. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006;55(8):1-20.
102. Nishmi M, Morr J, Abrahamov A, et al. A winter outbreak of ECHO virus type 9 meningitis in Jerusalem, with cases of a simultaneous mixed pneumococcal-viral infection. Isr J Med Sci. 1971;7:1240-1247.
103. Miller SA, Wald ER, Bergman I, et al. Enteroviral meningitis in January with marked cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986;5:706-707.
104. Mori I, Matsumoto K, Hatano M, et al. An unseasonable winter outbreak of echovirus type 30 meningitis. J Infect. 1995;31:219-223.
105. Chambon M, Archimbaud C, Bailly JL, et al. Circulation of enteroviruses and persistence of meningitis cases in the winter of 1999-2000. J Med Virol. 2001;65:340-347.
106. Huang QS, Carr JM, Nix WA, et al. An echovirus type 33 winter outbreak in New Zealand. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:650-657.
107. Antona D, Lévêque N, Chomel JJ, et al. Surveillance of enteroviruses in France, 2000-2004. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:403-412.
108. Druyts-Voets E. Epidemiological features of entero non-poliovirus isolations in Belgium 1980-94. Epidemiol Infect. 1997;119:71-77.
109. Cherry JD. Enteroviruses and parechoviruses. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, et al, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadephia: WB Saunders; 2004:1984-2041.
110. Roth B, Enders M, Arents A, et al. Epidemiologic aspects and laboratory features of enterovirus infections in Western Germany, 2000-2005. J Med Virol. 2007;79:956-962.
111. Schmidt NJ, Lennette EH, Ho HH. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis. 1974;129:304-309.
112. Trallero G, Casas I, Tenorio A, et al. Enteroviruses in Spain: virological and epidemiological studies over 10 years (1988-97). Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124:497-506.
113. Gharbi J, Jaïdane H, Ben M'hadheb M, et al. Epidemiological study of non-polio enterovirus neurological infections in children in the region of Monastir, Tunisia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;54:31-36.
114. Tan CY, Ninove L, Gaudart J, et al. A retrospective overview of enterovirus infection diagnosis and molecular epidemiology in the public hospitals of Marseille, France (1985-2005). PLoS One. 2011;6:e18022.
115. Yamashita K, Miyamura K, Yamadera S, et al. Epidemics of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 30 in Japan. A report of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Agents in Japan. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1994;47:221-239.
116. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of aseptic meningitis associated with multiple enterovirus serotypes-Romania, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:669-671.
117. Baron RC, Hatch MH, Kleeman K, et al. Aseptic meningitis among members of a high school football team. An outbreak associated with echovirus 16 infection. JAMA. 1982;248:1724-1727.
118. Modlin JF, Kinney JS. Perinatal enterovirus infections. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis. 1987;2:57-78.
119. Lenaway DD, Brockmann R, Dolan GJ, et al. An outbreak of an enterovirus-like illness at a community wading pool: implications for public health inspection programs. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:889-890.
120. Alexander JP Jr, Chapman LE, Pallansch MA, et al. Coxsackievirus B2 infection and aseptic meningitis: a focal outbreak among members of a high school football team. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:1201-1205.
121. Somekh E, Shohat T, Handsher R, et al. An outbreak of echovirus 11 in a children's home. Epidemiol Infect. 2001;126:441-444.
122. Faustini A, Fano V, Muscillo M, et al. An outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 30 associated with attending school and swimming in pools. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10:291-297.
123. Nakao T, Miura R. Recurrent virus meningitis. Pediatrics. 1971;47: 773-776.
124. Chang TW. Recurrent viral infection (reinfection). N Engl J Med. 1971;284:765-773.
125. Aintablian N, Pratt RD, Sawyer MH. Rapidly recurrent enteroviral meningitis in non-immunocompromised infants caused by different viral strains. J Med Virol. 1995;47:126-129.
126. Wright HT Jr, McAllister RM, Ward R. "Mixed" meningitis. Report of a case with isolation of Haemophilus influenzae type B and ECHO virus type 9 from the cerebrospinal fluid. N Engl J Med. 1962;267:142-144.
127. Phillips CA, Melnick JL, Barrett FF, et al. Dual virus infections. Simultaneous enteroviral disease and St. Louis encephalitis. JAMA. 1966;197:169-172.
128. Balfour HH Jr, Seifert GL, Seifert MH Jr, et al. Meningoencephalitis and laboratory evidence of triple infection with California encephalitis virus, echovirus 11 and mumps. Pediatrics. 1973;51:680-684.
129. Eglin RP, Swann RA, Isaacs D, et al. Simultaneous bacterial and viral meningitis. Lancet. 1984;2:984.
130. Pelkonen T, Roine I, Anjos E, et al. Picornaviruses in cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis in Luanda, Angola. J Med Virol. 2012;84: 1080-1083.
131. Yamashita K, Miyamura K, Yamadera S, et al. Enteroviral aseptic meningitis in Japan, 1981-1991. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1992;45:151-161.
132. Dai-ming W, Guo-chang Z, Shi-mei Z, et al. An epidemic of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in children caused by echovirus type 30 in Shanghai. Chin Med J. 1993;106:767-769.
133. Ray CG, McCollough RH, Doto IL, et al. Echo 4 illness: epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies of an outbreak in a rural community. Am J Epidemiol. 1966;84:253-267.
134. Kinnunen E, Hovi T, Stenvik, et al. Localized outbreak of enteroviral meningitis in adults. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;74:346-351.
135. Kao CH, Lee SS, Liu YC, et al. Outbreak of aseptic meningitis among adults in southern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003;36:192-196.
136. Carrol ED, Beadsworth MB, Jenkins N, et al. Clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of England. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:60-64.
137. Horstmann DM, Yamada N. Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1968;44:236-253.
138. Modlin JF. Perinatal echovirus infection: insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:918-926.
139. Abzug MJ, Levin MJ, Rotbart HA. Profile of enterovirus disease in the first two weeks of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993;12:820-824.
140. Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, et al. Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:889-894.
141. Lake AM, Lauer BA, Clark JC, et al. Enterovirus infections in neonates. J Pediatr. 1976;89:787-791.
142. Rorabaugh ML, Berlin LE, Heldrich F, et al. Aseptic meningitis in infants younger than 2 years of age: acute illness and neurologic complications. Pediatrics. 1993;92:206-211.
143. Kibrick S, Benirschke K. Severe generalized disease (encephalohepatomyocarditis) occurring in the newborn period and due to infection with coxsackie virus, group B: evidence of intrauterine infection with this agent. Pediatrics. 1958;22:857-874.
144. Wilfert CM, Lehrman SN, Katz SL. Enteroviruses and meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1983;2:333-341.
145. Dagan R, Jenista JA, Menegus MA. Association of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and virus serotypes with the presence of meningitis in hospitalized infants with enterovirus infection. J Pediatr. 1988;113:975-978.
146. Jarvis WR, Tucker G. Echovirus type 7 meningitis in young children. Am J Dis Child. 1981;135:1009-1012.
147. Singer JI, Maur PR, Riley JP, et al. Management of central nervous system infections during an epidemic of enteroviral aseptic meningitis. J Pediatr. 1980;96:559-563.
148. Moore M, Kaplan MH, McPhee J, et al. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory features of Coxsackie B1-B5 infections in the United States, 1970-79. Public Health Rep. 1984;99:515-522.
149. Haynes RE, Cramblett HG, Kronfol HJ. Echovirus 9 meningoencephalitis in infants and children. JAMA. 1969;208:1657-1660.
150. Jaffe M, Srugo I, Tirosh E, et al. The ameliorating effect of lumbar puncture in viral meningitis. Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:682-685.
151. Desmond RA, Accortt NA, Talley L, et al. Enteroviral meningitis: natural history and outcome of pleconaril therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:2409-2414.
152. Peigue-Lafeuille H, Croquez N, Laurichesse H, et al. Enterovirus meningitis in adults in 1999-2000 and evaluation of clinical management. J Med Virol. 2002;67:47-53.
153. Chemtob S, Reece ER, Mills EL. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in enteroviral meningitis. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139:292-294.
154. Moses EB, Dean AG, Hatch MH, et al. An outbreak of aseptic meningitis in the area of Fort Smith, Arkansas, 1975, due to echovirus type 4. J Ark Med Soc. 1977;74:121-125.
155. Helfand RF, Khan AS, Pallansch MA, et al. Echovirus 30 infection and aseptic meningitis in parents of children attending a child care center. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1133-1137.
156. Rice SK, Heinl RE, Thornton LL, et al. Clinical characteristics, management strategies, and cost implications of a statewide outbreak of enterovirus meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:931-937.
157. Rotbart HA, Brennan PJ, Fife KH, et al. Enterovirus meningitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:896-898.
158. Wilfert CM, Buckley RH, Mohanakumar T, et al. Persistent and fatal central-nervous-system ECHOvirus infections in patients with agammaglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1977;296:1485-1489.
159. McKinney RE Jr, Katz SL, Wilfert CM. Chronic enteroviral meningoencephalitis in agammaglobulinemic patients. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9: 334-356.
160. Cunningham CK, Bonville CA, Ochs HD, et al. Enteroviral meningoencephalitis as a complication of X-linked hyper IgM syndrome. J Pediatr. 1999;134(5):584-588.
161. Halliday E, Winkelstein J, Webster AD. Enteroviral infections in primary immunodeficiency (PID): a survey of morbidity and mortality. J Infect. 2003;46:1-8.
162. Webster ADB, Rotbart HA, Warner T, et al. Diagnosis of enterovirus brain disease in hypogammaglobulinemic patients by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:657-661.
163. Rotbart HA, Kinsella JP, Wasserman RL. Persistent enterovirus infection in culture-negative meningoencephalitis-demonstration by enzymatic RNA amplification. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:787-791.
164. Khetsuriani N, Lamonte A, Oberste MS, et al. Neonatal enterovirus infections reported to the national enterovirus surveillance system in the United States, 1983-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:889-893.
165. Farmer K, MacArthur GA, Clay MM. A follow-up study of 15 cases of neonatal meningoencephalitis due to coxsackie virus B5. J Pediatr. 1975;87:568-571.
166. Sells CJ, Carpenter RL, Ray CG. Sequelae of central-nervous-system enterovirus infections. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:1-4.
167. Wilfert CM, Thompson RJ, Sunder TR, et al. Longitudinal assessment of children with enteroviral meningitis during the first three months of life. Pediatrics. 1981;67:811-815.
168. Bergman I, Painter MJ, Wald ER, et al. Outcome in children with enteroviral meningitis during the first year of life. J Pediatr. 1987;110:705-709.
169. Etter CG, Wedgwood J, Schaad UB. Aseptische memingitiden in der padiatrie. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1991;121:1120-1126.
170. Severien C, Jacobs KH, Schoenemann W. Marked pleocytosis and hypoglycorrhachia in coxsackie meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:322-323.
171. Yeager AS, Bruhn FW, Clark J. Cerebrospinal fluid: presence of virus unaccompanied by pleocytosis. J Pediatr. 1974;85:578-579.
172. Miller DG, Gabrielson MO, Bart KJ, et al. An epidemic of aseptic meningitis, primarily among infants, caused by echovirus 11-prime. Pediatrics. 1968;41:77-90.
173. Feigin RD, Shackelford PG. Value of repeat lumbar puncture in the differential diagnosis of meningitis. N Engl J Med. 1973;289:571-574.
174. Amir J, Harel L, Frydman M, et al. Shift of cerebrospinal polymorphonuclear cell percentage in the early stage of aseptic meningitis. J Pediatr. 1991;119:938-940.
175. Bond JO, Quick DT, Lewis AL, et al. The 1962 epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis in Florida. II. Follow-up serologic surveys for prevalence of Group B arbovirus antibodies. Am J Epidemiol. 1966;83:564-570.
176. Melnick JL, Wenner HA, Phillip CA. Enteroviruses. In: Lennette EH, Schmidt NJ, eds. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1979:471-534.
177. Chonmaitree T, Baldwin CD, Lucia HL. Role of the virology laboratory in diagnosis and management of patients with central nervous system disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989;2:1-14.
178. Rotbart HA. Enteroviral infections of the central nervous system. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:971-981.
179. Van Doornum GJ, De Jong JC. Rapid shell vial culture technique for detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in fecal specimens: comparison with conventional virus isolation method. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2865-2868.
180. Buck GE, Wiesemann M, Stewart L. Comparison of mixed cell culture containing genetically engineered BGMK and CaCo-2 cells (Super EMix) with RT-PCR and conventional cell culture for the diagnosis of enterovirus meningitis. J Clin Virol. 2002;25:S13-S18.
181. Dagan R, Menegus MA. A combination of four cell types for rapid detection of enteroviruses in clinical specimens. J Med Virol. 1986;19:219-228.
182. Melnick JL. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1979.
183. Sawyer MH, Holland D, Aintablian N, et al. Diagnosis of enteroviral central nervous system infection by polymerase chain reaction during a large community outbreak. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:177-182.
184. Ramers C, Billman G, Hartin M, et al. Impact of a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction test on patient management. JAMA. 2000;283:2680-2685.
185. Robinson CC, Willis M, Meagher A, et al. Impact of rapid polymerase chain reaction results on management of pediatric patients with enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:283-286.
186. Archimbaud C, Mirand A, Chambon M, et al. Improved diagnosis on a daily basis of enterovirus meningitis using a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay. J Med Virol. 2004;74:604-611.
187. Tattevin P, Minjolle S, Arvieux C, et al. Benefits of management strategy adjustments during an outbreak of enterovirus meningitis in adults. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:359-361.
188. King RL, Lorch SA, Cohen DM, et al. Routine cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction testing reduces hospitalization and antibiotic use for infants 90 days of age or younger. Pediatrics. 2007;120:489-496.
189. Johnson GM, McAbee GA, Seaton ED, et al. Suspect value of non-CSF viral cultures in the diagnosis of enteroviral CNS infection in young infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992;34:876-884.
190. Abzug MJ, Keyserling HL, Lee ML, et al. Neonatal enterovirus infection: virology, serology, and effects of intravenous immune globulin. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:1201-1206.
191. Ruan F, Yang T, Ma H, et al. Risk factors for hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina and the preventive effect of hand-washing. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e898-e904.
192. Meng FY, Li JX, Li XL, et al. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine in Chinese healthy adults and children: an open label, phase 1 clinical trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8:668-674.
193. Wigand R, Sabin AB. Properties of ECHO types 22, 23 and 24 viruses. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1961;11:224-247.
194. Shaver DN, Barron AL, Karzon DT. Distinctive cytopathology of ECHO viruses type 22 and 23. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1961;106:648-652.
195. Coller BA, Chapman NM, Beck MA, et al. Echovirus 22 is an atypical enterovirus. J Virol. 1990;64:2692-2701.
196. Coller BG, Tracy SM, Etchison D. Cap-binding complex protein p220 is not cleaved during echovirus 22 replication in HeLa cells. J Virol. 1991;65:3903-3905.
197. Tapia G, Cinek O, Witsø E, et al. Longitudinal observation of parechovirus in stool samples from Norwegian infants. J Med Virol. 2008;80: 1835-1842.
198. Abed Y, Boivin G. Human parechovirus infections in Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:969-975.
199. Pham NTK, Trinh QD, Khamrin P, et al. Diversity of human parechoviruses isolated from stool samples collected from Thai children with acute gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:115-119.
200. Tauriainen S, Martiskainen M, Oikarinen S, et al. Human parechovirus 1 infections in young children-no association with type 1 diabetes. J Med Virol. 2007;79:457-462.
201. Harvala H, Robertson I, McWilliam, et al. Epidemiology and clinical associations of human parechovirus respiratory infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:3446-3453.
202. Selvarangan R, Nzabi M, Selvaraju SB, et al. Human parechovirus 3 causing sepsis-like illness in children from Midwestern United States. Pediatr Infect Dis. 2011;30:238-242.
203. Walters B, Peñaranda S, Nix WA, et al. Detection of human parechovirus (HPeV)-3 in spinal fluid specimens from pediatric patients in the Chicago area. J Clin Virol. 2011;52:187-191.
204. Renaud C, Kuypers J, Ficken E, et al. Introduction of a novel parechovirus RT-PCR clinical test in a regional medical center. J Clin Virol. 2011;51:50-53.
205. Harvala H, Robertson I, Chieochansin T, et al. Specific association of human parechovirus type 3 with sepsis and fever in young infants, as identified by direct typing of cerebrospinal fluid samples. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:1753-1760.
206. Verboon-Maciolek MA, Krediet TG, Gerards LJ, et al. Severe neonatal parechovirus infection and similarity with enterovirus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;7:241-245.
207. Wolthers KC, Benschop KS, Schinkel J, et al. Human parechoviruses as an important viral cause of sepsis like illness and meningitis in young children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:358-363.
208. van der Sanden S, de Bruin E, Vennema H, et al. Prevalence of human parechovirus in the Netherlands in 2000 to 2007. J Clin Virol. 2008;46:2884-2889.
209. Pajkrt D, Benschop KS, Westerhuis B, et al. Clinical characteristics of human parechoviruses 4-6 infections in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:1008-1010.
210. Piñeiro L, Vicente D, Montes M, et al. Human parechovirus in infants with systemic infection. J Med Virol. 2010;82:1790-1796.
211. Benschop K, Minnaar R, Koen G, et al. Detection of human enterovirus and human parechovirus (HPeV) genotypes from clinical stool samples: polymerase chain reaction and direct molecular typing, culture characteristics, and serotyping. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;68:166-173.
212. Joki-Korpela P, Hyypiä T. Diagnosis and epidemiology of echovirus 22 infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:129-136.
213. Lanciotti RS, Tsai TF. Arboviruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, et al, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 9th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2007:1486-1500.
214. Romero JR, Simonsen KA. Powassan encephalitis and Colorado tick fever. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:545-559.
215. Mansfield KL, Johnson N, Phipps LP, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis virus-a review of an emerging zoonosis. J Gen Virol. 2009;90:1781-1794.
216. Smithburn KC, Hughes TP, Burke AW, et al. A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1940;20: 471-492.
217. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis-New York. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;48:845-849.
218. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Statistics, surveillance, and control archive. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control_archive.htm. Accessed January 10, 2013.
219. Petersen LR, Hayes EB. West Nile virus in the Americas. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92:1307-1322.
220. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases-United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59: 1-111.
221. Simmonds P, Becher P, Collet MD, et al. Flaviviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, et al, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012:855-880.
222. Romero JR. West Nile virus infections. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, et al, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:2331-2343.
223. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, et al. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1167-1173.
224. Unlu I, Mackay AJ, Roy A, et al. Evidence of vertical transmission of West Nile virus in field-collected mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol. 2010;35:95-99.
225. Murray K, Walker C, Herrington E, et al. Persistent infection with West Nile virus years after initial infection. J Infect Dis. 2011;201:2-4.
226. Meny GM, Santos-Zabala L, Szallasi A, et al. West Nile virus infection transmitted by granulocyte transfusion. Blood. 2011;117:5778-5779.
227. Montgomery SP, Brown JA, Kuehnert M, et al. Transfusion-associated transmission of West Nile virus, United States 2003 through 2005. Transfusion. 2006;46:2038-2046.
228. Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, et al. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2196-2203.
229. Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, et al. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1236-1245.
230. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding-Michigan, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:877-878.
231. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Intrauterine West Nile virus infection-New York, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1135-1136.
232. Spigland I, Jasinska-Klingberg W, Hofsbi E, et al. Clinical and laboratory observations in an outbreak of West Nile fever in Israel. Harefuah. 1958;54:275-281.
233. Chowers MY, Lang R, Nassar F, et al. Clinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:675-678.
234. Hayes EB, O'Leary DR. West Nile virus infection: a pediatric perspective. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1375-1381.
235. Sejvar JJ, Marfin AA. Manifestations of West Nile neuroinvasive disease. Rev Med Virol. 2006;16:209-224.
236. Lindsey NP, Hayes EB, Staples E, et al. West Nile disease in children, United States, 1999-2007. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e1084-1089.
237. Mandalakas AM, Kippes C, Sedransk J, et al. West Nile virus epidemic, Northeast Ohio, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1774-1777.
238. Murray K, Baraniuk S, Resnick M, et al. Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection. Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134: 1325-1332.
239. Goldblum N, Sterk VV, Paderski B. West Nile fever. The clinical features of the disease and the isolation of West Nile virus from the blood of nine human cases. Am J Hyg. 1954;59:89-103.
240. Marberg K, Goldblum N, Sterk VV, et al. The natural history of West Nile fever. Clinical observations during an epidemic in Israel. Am J Hyg. 1956;64:259-269.
241. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, et al. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:519-529.
242. Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, et al. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet. 1998;352:767-771.
243. Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT, et al. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Lancet. 2001;358:261-264.
244. Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, et al. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA. 2003;290:511-515.
245. Emig M, Apple DJ. Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:289-292.
246. LaBeaud AD, Lisgaris MV, King CH, et al. Pediatric West Nile virus infection: neurologic disease presentations during the 2002 epidemic in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:751-753.
247. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for human West Nile Disease-United States, 1999-2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2010;59(SS-2):1-18.
248. Crichlow R, Bailey J, Gardner C. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in hospitalized West Nile virus patients. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17: 470-472.
249. Carson PJ, Steidler T, Patron R, et al. Plasma cell pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with West Nile virus encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:e12-e15.
250. Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, et al. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11: 1174-1179.
251. Tardei G, Ruta S, Chitu V, et al. Evaluation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG enzyme immunoassays in serologic diagnosis of West Nile Virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2232-2239.
252. Kapoor H, Signs K, Somsel P, et al. Persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with CNS disease. J Clin Virol. 2004;31:289-291.
253. Tsai TF, Chandler LJ. Arboviruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press; 2003:1553.
254. Webster LT, Fite GL. A virus encountered in the study of material from cases of encephalitis in the St. Louis and Kansas City epidemics of 1933. Science. 1933;78:463-465.
255. Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, et al. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999-2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:974-979.
256. Meehan PJ, Wells DL, Paul W, et al. Epidemiological features of and public health response to a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Florida, 1990-1991. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125:181-188.
257. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. St. Louis encephalitis-epidemiology & geographic distribution. http://www.cdc.gov/sle/technical/epi.html. Accessed December 29, 2012.
258. Zweighaft RM, Rasmussen C, Brolnitsky O, et al. St. Louis encephalitis: the Chicago experience. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1979;28:114-118.
259. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tick-borne encephalitis among US travelers to Europe and Asia-2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:335-338.
260. Schneider H. Über epidemische akute Meningitis serosa. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1931;44:350-352.
261. Barrett PN, Plotkin SA, Ehrlich HJ. Tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2008:841-856.
262. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases-United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:510-514.
263. Jeurissen A, Strauven T. A case of aseptic meningitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus in a traveller returning from the Philippines. Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111:143-145.
264. Kuwayama M, Ito M, Takao S, et al. Japanese encephalitis virus in meningitis patients, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:471-473.
265. Emmons RW. Ecology of Colorado tick fever. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1988;42:49-64.
266. Goodpasture HC, Poland JD, Francy DB, et al. Colorado tick fever: clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory aspects of 228 cases in Colorado in 1973-1974. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88:303-310.
267. Srihongse S, Grayson MA, Deibel R. California serogroup viruses in New York State: the role of subtypes in human infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:1218-1227.
268. Wang LF, Collins PL, Fouchier RAM, et al. Paramyxoviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, et al, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012:672-685.
269. Jin L, Rima B, Brown D, et al. Proposal for genetic characterisation of wild-type mumps strains: preliminary standardisation of the nomenclature. Arch Virol. 2005;150:1903-1909.
270. Santos CL, Ishida MA, Foster PG, et al. Detection of a new mumps virus genotype during parotitis epidemic of 2006-2007 in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. J Med Virol. 2008;80:323-329.
271. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mumps surveillance 1973. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1974;23:431.
272. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991;40:3.
273. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mumps surveillance, United States, 1988-1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995;44(SS-3):1-21.
274. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: multistate outbreak of mumps-United States, January 1-May 2, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:559-563.
275. Barskey AE, Schulte C, Rosen JB, et al. Mumps outbreak in Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2012;367: 1704-1713.
276. Kilham L. Isolation of mumps virus from the blood of a patient. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1948;69:99-100.
277. Bang HO, Bang J. Involvement of the central nervous system in mumps. Acta Med Scand. 1943;113:487-505.
278. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles, mumps, and rubella-vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-67.
279. McLean DM, Bach RD, Larke RPB, et al. Mumps meningoencephalitis, Toronto, 1963. Can Med Assoc J. 1964;90:458-462.
280. Azimi PH, Cramblett HG, Haynes RE. Mumps meningoencephalitis in children. JAMA. 1969;207:509-512.
281. Johnstone JA, Ross CAC, Dunn M. Meningitis and encephalitis associated and mumps infection: a 10-year survey. Arch Dis Child. 1972;47: 647-651.
282. Strussberg S, Winter S, Friedman A, et al. Notes on mumps meningoencephalitis: some features of 199 cases in children. Clin Pediatr. 1969;8:373-377.
283. Leland DS. Parainfluenza and mumps viruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, et al, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 9th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press; 2007; 1352-1360.
284. Hänninen P, Arstila P, Lang H, et al. Involvement of the central nervous system in acute, uncomplicated measles virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1980;11:610-613.
285. Newland JG, Romero JR. Myxoviruses. In: Barton LL, Friedman NR, eds. The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunodeficiency Syndromes. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2008:41-68.
286. Salvato MS, Clegg JCS, Buchmeier MJ, et al. Arenaviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, et al, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012: 715-723.
287. Childs JE, Glass GE, Korch GW, et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and house mouse (Mus musculus) distribution in urban Baltimore. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992:47;27-34.
288. Park JY, Peters CJ, Rollin PE, et al. Age distribution of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus serum antibody in Birmingham, Alabama: evidence of a decreased risk of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57:37-41.
289. Knust B, Macneil A, Wong SJ, et al. Exposure to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1324-1325.
290. Lehmann-Grube F. Portraits of viruses: arenaviruses. Intervirology. 1984;22:121-145.
291. Deibel R, Woodall JP, Decher WJ, et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in man. Serologic evidence of association with pet hamsters. JAMA. 1975;232:501-504.
292. Vanzee BE, Doublas RG Jr, Betts RF, et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in university hospital personnel. Clinical features. Am J Med. 1975;58:803-809.
293. Maetz HM, Sellers CA, Bailey WC, et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis from pet hamster exposure: a local public health experience. Am J Public Health. 1976;66:1082-1085.
294. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections in employees of a rodent breeding facility-Indiana, May-June 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:622-623.
295. Fischer SA, Graham MB, Kuehnert MJ, et al. Human-to-human transmission can occur through transmission of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2235-2249.
296. Macneil A, Ströher U, Farnon E, et al. Solid organ transplant-associated lymphocytic choriomeningitis, United States, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1256-1262.
297. Bonthius DJ. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an underrecognized cause of neurologic disease in the fetus, child, and adult. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2012;19:89-95.
298. Hirsch MS, Moellering RC Jr, Pope HG, et al. Lymphocytic-choriomeningitis-virus infection traced to a pet hamster. N Engl J Med. 1974;291:610-612.
299. Jahrling PB, Peters CJ. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. A neglected pathogen of man. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1992;116:486-488.
300. Johnson R, Milbourn PE. Central nervous system manifestations of chickenpox. Can Med Assoc J. 1970;102:831-834.
301. Leahy TR, Webb DWM, et al. Varicella zoster virus associated acute aseptic meningitis without exanthem in an immunocompetent 14-year-old boy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:362-363.
302. Silverstein A, Steinberg G, Nathanson M. Nervous system involvement in infectious mononucleosis. Arch Neurol. 1972;26:353-358.
303. Connelly KP, DeWitt LD. Neurologic complications of infectious mononucleosis. Pediatr Neurol. 1994;10:181-184.
304. Causey JQ. Spontaneous cytomegalovirus mononucleosis-like syndrome and aseptic meningitis. South Med J. 1976;69:1384-1387.
305. Ishiguro N, Yamada S, Takahashi T, et al. Meningo-encephalitis associated with HHV-6 related exanthem subitum. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1990;79:987-989.
306. Huang LM, Lee CY, Lee PI, et al. Meningitis caused by human herpesvirus-6. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:1443-1444.
307. Yoshikawa T, Nakashima T, Suga S, et al. Human herpesvirus-6 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of a child with exanthem subitum and meningoencephalitis. Pediatrics. 1992;89:888-890.
308. Yoshikawa T, Ihira M, Suzuki K, et al. Invasion by human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 of the central nervous system in patients with neurological signs and symptoms. Arch Dis Child. 2000;83:170-171.
309. Corey L, Adams HG, Brown ZA, et al. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: clinical manifestations, course, and complications. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:958-972.
310. Bergström T, Vahlne A, Alestig K, et al. Primary and recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2-induced meningitis. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:322-330.
311. O'Sullivan CE, Aksamit AJ, Harrington JR, et al. Clinical spectrum and laboratory characteristics associated with detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78: 1347-1352.
312. Yamamoto LJ, Tedder DG, Ashley R, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with Mollaret's meningitis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1082-1085.
313. Tedder DG, Ashley R, Tyler KL, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection as a cause of benign recurrent lymphocytic meningitis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:334-338.
314. Kupila L, Vainionpää R, Vuorinen T, et al. Recurrent lymphocytic meningitis: the role of herpesviruses. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1553-1557.
315. Kumar S, Kumar S, Kohlhoff SA. Recurrent HSV-2 meningitis in a 9-year-old-girl. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38:570-572.
316. Jensenius M, Myrvang B, Størvold G, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA detected in cerebrospinal fluid of 9 patients with Mollaret's meningitis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;98:209-212.
317. Kallio-Laine K, Seppänen M, Kautiainen H, et al. Recurrent lymphocytic meningitis positive for herpes simplex virus type 2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1119-1122.
318. Shalabi M, Whitley RJ. Recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1194-1197.
319. Mayo DR, Booss J. Varicella zoster-associated neurologic disease without skin disease. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:313-315.
320. Pahud BA, Glaser CA, Dekker CL, et al. Varicella zoster disease of the central nervous system: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features 10 years after the introduction of the varicella vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:316-323.
321. Jhaveri R, Sankar R, Yazdani S, et al. Varicella-zoster virus: an overlooked cause of aseptic meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;23:93-97.
322. Caserta MT, Hall CB, Schnabel K, et al. Neuroinvasion and persistence of human herpesvirus 6 in children. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1586-1589.
323. Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT, et al. Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1493-1497.
324. Ho DD, Sarngadharan MG, Resnick L, et al. Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103: 880-883.
325. Schacker T, Collier AC, Hughes J, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:257-264.
326. Kelsey DS. Adenovirus meningoencephalitis. Pediatrics. 1978;61:291-293.
327. Davis D, Henslee PJ, Markesbery WR. Fatal adenovirus meningoencephalitis in a bone marrow transplant patient. Ann Neurol. 1988;23: 385-389.
328. Landry ML, Hsiung GD. Adenovirus-associated meningoencephalitis in a healthy adult. Ann Neurol. 1988;23:627-628.
329. Fianchi L, Scardocci A, Cattani P, et al. Adenovirus meningoencephalitis in a patient with large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2003;82: 313-315.
330. Dubberke ER, Tu B, Rivet DJ, et al. Acute meningoencephalitis caused by adenovirus serotype 26. J Neurovirol. 2006;12:235-240.
331. Paisley JW, Bruhn FW, Lauer BA, et al. Type A2 influenza viral infections in children. Am J Dis Child. 1978;132:34-36.
332. Drago L, Attia MW, DePiero A, et al. Influenza A-associated meningoencephalitis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21:437-439.
333. Kwon S, Kim S, Cho MH, et al. Neurologic complications and outcomes of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Korean children. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27:402-407.
334. Douvoyiannis M, Litman N, Goldman DL. Neurologic manifestations associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48: 1713-1723.
335. Wong CJ, Price Z, Bruckner DA. Aseptic meningitis in an infant with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1984;3:244-246.
336. Okumura A, Ichikawa T. Aseptic meningitis caused by human parvovirus B19. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:784-785.
337. Furuya Y, Katayama T, Miyahara K, et al. Detection of the rotavirus A genome from the cerebrospinal fluid of a gastroenteritis patient: a case report. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2007;60:148-149.
338. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010 Map-lyme disease. http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/maps/map2010.html. Accessed January 15, 2013.
339. Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:115-125.
340. Wormser R, Dattwyler R, Shapiro E, et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1089-1134.
341. Halperin JJ. Nervous system Lyme disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:261-274.
342. Pachner AR, Steere AC. The triad of neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease: meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis. Neurology. 1985;35:47-53.
343. Feder HM. Lyme disease in children. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:315-326.
344. Lecour H, Miranda M, Magro C, et al. Human leptospirosis-a review of 50 cases. Infection. 1989;17:10-14.
345. Merrit HH, Moore M. Acute neurosyphilitic meningitis. Medicine. 1935;14:119.
346. Cadavid D, Barbour AG. Neuroborreliosis during relapsing fever: review of the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of infections in humans and experimental animals. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:151-164.
347. Ussery XT, Valway SE, McKenna M, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis among children in the United States: 1985 to 1994. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:697-704.
348. Starke JR. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1999;6:318-331.
349. Bouza E, Garcia de la Torre M, Parras F, et al. Brucellar meningitis. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9:810-822.
350. Wheat LJ, Batteiger BE, Sathapatayavongs B. Histoplasma capsulatum infections of the central nervous system. A clinical review. Medicine. 1990;69:244-260.
351. Friedman JA, Wijdicks EF, Fulgham JR, et al. Meningoencephalitis due to Blastomyces dermatitidis: case report and literature review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:403-408.
352. Bicanic T, Harrison TS. Cryptococcal meningitis. Br Med Bull. 2005;72:99-118.
353. Wheat LJ, Musial CE, Jenny-Avital E. Diagnosis and management of central nervous system histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:844-852.
354. Johnson RH, Einstein HE. Coccidioidal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:103-107.
355. Antinori S, Corbellino M, Meroni L, et al. Aspergillus meningitis: a rare clinical manifestation of central nervous system aspergillosis. Case report and review of 92 cases. J Infect. 2013;66:218-238.
356. Lind K, Zoffmann H, Larsen SO, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection associated with infection of the central nervous system. Acta Med Scand. 1979;205:325-332.
357. Narita M, Itakura O, Matsuzono Y, et al. Analysis of mycoplasmal central nervous system involvement by polymerase chain reaction. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:236-237.
358. Roe O, Jorgen D, Matre R. Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from cerebrospinal fluid. Scand J Infect Dis. 1973;5:285-288.
359. Holman RC, Belay ED, Christensen KY, et al. Hospitalizations for Kawasaki syndrome among children in the United States, 1997-2007. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:483-488.
360. Shimura T, Arima H. Clinical features of aseptic meningitis in Kawasaki disease. J Jpn Pediatr. 1978;31:789-792.
361. Watanabe J, Kawasaki T, Takemura T. Cytologic observation of spinal fluid in Kawasaki disease. J Jpn Pediatr. 1980;84:1259-1263.
362. Fishman RA. CSF findings in diseases of the nervous system. In: Fishman RA, ed. Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992:277-287.
363. Johnson RT, Richardson EP. The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine. 1968;47:337-369.
364. Hopkins S, Jolles S. Drug-induced aseptic meningitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4:285-297.
365. Kluger N, Girard C, Gonzalez V, et al. Efalizumab-induced aseptic meningitis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:189-191.
366. Callen EC, Church CO, Patel M, et al. Aseptic meningitis associated with chronic sulindac use for osteoarthritis: a case report. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28:391-393.
367. Nagovskiy N, Agarwal M, Allerton J. Cetuximab-induced aseptic meningitis. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:751.
368. Jazeron A, Lallier JC, Rihn B, et al. Aseptic meningitis possibly induced by adalimumab. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77:618-619.
369. Imataka G, Nakagawa E, Yamanouchi H, et al. Drug-indiced aseptic meningitis: development of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis following repeated intraventricular infusion therapy with interferon alpha/beta. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2011;61:699-701.
370. Shah BK, O'Keefe S. Pemetrexed induced aseptic meningitis. Acta Oncol. 2012;51:399-400.
371. Simms KM, Kortepeter C, Avigan M. Lamotrigine and aseptic meningitis. Neurology. 2012;78:921-927.
372. Galindo Bonilla PA, Sánchez Rodríguez N, Castro Jiménez A, et al. Aseptic meningitis induced by vitamin B complex. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22:225-226.
373. Bonnet MC, Dutta A, Weinberger C, et al. Mumps vaccine strains and aseptic meningitis. Vaccine. 2006;24:7037-7045.