The Human Parechoviruses: An Overview

Advances in Pediatrics

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 65-85

  Romero, José R ^a   Selvarangan, Rangaraj ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959925863     PISSN: 00653101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2011.03.008     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Wigand R., Sabin A.B. Properties of ECHO types 22, 23 and 24 viruses. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1961, 11:224-247.
2. Enteric cytopathogenic human orphan (ECHO) viruses. Science 1955, 122:1187-1188.
3. Knowles N.J., Hovi T., King A.M.Q., et al. Overview of taxonomy. The picornaviruses 2010, 19-32. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC. E. Ehrenfeld, E. Domingo, R.P. Roos (Eds.).
4. Committee on the enteroviruses. The enteroviruses. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1957, 47:1556-1566.
5. Committee on enteroviruses. Classification of human enteroviruses. Virology 1962, 16:501-504.
6. Shaver D.N., Barron A.L., Karzon D.T. Distinctive cytopathology of ECHO viruses type 22 and 23. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1961, 106:648-652.
7. Rotbart H.A., Levin M.J., Villareal L. Use of subgenomic poliovirus DNA hybridization probes to detect the major subgroup of enteroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 1984, 20:1105-1108.
8. Coller B.A., Chapman N.M., Beck M.A., et al. Echovirus 22 is an atypical enterovirus. J Virol 1990, 64:2692-2701.
9. Coller B.G., Tracy S.M., Etchison D. Cap-binding complex protein p220 is not cleaved during echovirus 22 replication in HeLa cells. J Virol 1991, 65:3903-3905.
10. Hyypia T., Horsnell C., Maaronen M., et al. A distinct picornavirus group identified by sequence analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89:8847-8851.
11. Oberste M.S., Maher K., Pallansch M.A. Complete sequence of echovirus 23 and its relationship to echovirus 22 and other human enteroviruses. Virus Res 1998, 56:217-223.
12. Ghazi F., Hughes P.J., Hyypia T., et al. Molecular analysis of human parechovirus type 2 (formerly echovirus 23). J Gen Virol 1998, 79:2641-2650.
13. Auvinen P., Stanway G., Hyypia T. Genetic diversity of enterovirus subgroups. Arch Virol 1989, 104:175-186.
14. Picornaviridae study group. Human parechoviruses Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.picornastudygroup.com/types/parechovirus/hpev.htm.
15. Jamison R.M. Morphology of echovirus 22. J Virol 1969, 4:904-906.
16. Ito M., Yamashita T., Tsuzuki H., et al. Isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus. J Gen Virol 2004, 85:391-398.
17. Abed Y., Boivin G. Molecular characterization of a Canadian human parechovirus (HPeV)-3 isolate and its relationship to other HPeVs. J Med Virol 2005, 77:566-570.
18. Al-Sunaidi M., Williams C.H., Hughes P.J., et al. Analysis of a new human parechovirus allows the definition of parechovirus types and the identification of RNA structural domains. J Virol 2007, 81:1013-1021.
19. Watanabe K., Oie M., Higuchi M., et al. Isolation and characterization of novel human parechovirus from clinical samples. Emerg Infect Dis 2007, 13:889-895.
20. Racaniello VR. Picornaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Field's virology 2007, 795-838. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley (Eds.).
21. Seal L.A., Jamison R.M. Evidence for secondary structure within the virion RNA of echovirus 22. J Virol 1984, 50:641-644.
22. Nateri A.S., Hughes P.J., Stanway G. In vivo and in vitro identification of structural and sequence elements of the human parechovirus 5' untranslated region required for internal initiation. J Virol 2000, 74:6269-6277.
23. Stanway G., Kalkkinen N., Roivainen M., et al. Molecular and biological characteristics of echovirus 22, a representative of a new picornavirus group. J Virol 1994, 68:8232-8238.
24. Seitsonen J., Susi P., Heikkilä O., et al. Interaction of alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6 integrins with human parechovirus 1. J Virol 2010, 84:8509-8519.
25. Oberste M.S., Nix W.A., Maher K., et al. Improved molecular identification of enteroviruses by RT-PCR and amplicon sequencing. J Clin Virol 2003, 26:375-377.
26. Nix W.A., Maher K., Pallansch M.A., et al. Parechovirus typing in clinical specimens by nested or semi-nested PCR coupled with sequencing. J Clin Virol 2010, 48:202-207.
27. Abed Y., Boivin G. Human parechovirus infections in Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12:969-975.
28. Schultheiss T., Emerson S.U., Purcell R.H., et al. Polyprotein processing in echovirus 22: a first assessment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 217:1120-1127.
29. Martinez-Salas E., Ryan M.D. Translation and protein processing. The picornaviruses 2010, 141-161. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC. E. Ehrenfeld, E. Domingo, R.P. Roos (Eds.).
30. Samuilova O., Krogerus C., Pöyry T., et al. Specific interaction between human parechovirus nonstructural 2A protein and viral RNA. Biol Chem 2004, 279:37822-37831.
31. Krogerus C., Egger D., Samuilova O., et al. Replication complex of human parechovirus 1. J Virol 2003, 77:8512-8523.
32. Krogerus C., Samuilova O., Pöyry T., et al. Intracellular localization and effects of individually expressed human parechovirus 1 non-structural proteins. J Gen Virol 2007, 88:831-841.
33. Figueroa J.P., Ashley D., King D., et al. An outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis in Jamaica associated with echovirus type 22. J Med Virol 1989, 29:315-319.
34. Ehrnst A., Eriksson M. Echovirus 23 Observed as a nosocomial infection in infants. Scand J Infect Dis 1996, 28:205-206.
35. Birenbaum E., Handsher R., Kuint J., et al. Echovirus type 22 outbreak associated with gastro-intestinal disease in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Perinatol 1997, 14:469-473.
36. Joki-Korpela P., Hyypiä T. Diagnosis and epidemiology of echovirus 22 infections. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:129-136.
37. Khetsuriani N., Lamonte-Fowlkes A., Oberste S., et al. Enterovirus surveillance-United States, 1970-2005. MMWR Surveill Summ 2006, 55:1-20.
38. Tapia G., Cinek O., Witsø E., et al. Longitudinal observation of parechovirus in stool samples from Norwegian infants. J Med Virol 2008, 80:1835-1842.
39. Shan T.L., Guo W., Cui L., et al. The first detection of human parechovirus infections in China. J Clin Virol 2009, 45:371-372.
40. Harvala H., Robertson I., Chieochansin T., et al. Specific association of human parechovirus type 3 with sepsis and fever in young infants, as identified by direct typing of cerebrospinal fluid samples. J Infect Dis 2009, 199:1753-1760.
41. Drexler J.F., Grywna K., Stöcker A., et al. Novel human parechovirus from Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 15:310-313.
42. Ito M., Yamashita T., Tsuzuki H., et al. Detection of human parechoviruses from clinical stool samples in Aichi, Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:2683-2688.
43. Boros A., Uj M., Pankovics P., et al. Detection and characterization of human parechoviruses in archived cell cultures, in Hungary. J Clin Virol 2010, 47:379-381.
44. Pham N.T.K., Trinh Q.D., Khamrin P., et al. Diversity of human parechoviruses isolated from stool samples collected from Thai children with acute gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:115-119.
45. Ljubin-Sternak S., Juretić E., Šantak M., et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of a parechovirus type 1 outbreak in neonates in Croatia. J Med Virol 2011, 83:137-141.
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nonpolio enterovirus and human parechovirus surveillance-United States, 2006-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010, 59:1577-1580.
47. Khetsuriani N., Lamonte A., Oberste M.S., et al. Neonatal enterovirus infections reported to the national enterovirus surveillance system in the United States, 1983-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006, 25:889-893.
48. Grist N.R., Bell E.J., Assaad F. Enteroviruses in human disease. Prog Med Virol 1978, 24:114-157.
49. Takao S., Shimazu Y., Fukuda S., et al. Seroepidemiological study of human parechovirus 1. Jpn J Infect Dis 2001, 54:85-87.
50. Tauriainen S., Martiskainen M., Oikarinen S., et al. Human parechovirus 1 infections in young children-no association with type 1 diabetes. J Med Virol 2007, 79:457-462.
51. Abed Y., Wolf D., Dagan R., et al. Development of a serological assay based on a synthetic peptide selected from the VP0 capsid protein for detection of human parechoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:2037-2039.
52. Sedmak G., Nix W.A., Jentzen J., et al. Infant deaths associated with human parechovirus infection in Wisconsin. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:357-361.
53. Benschop K.S., Schinkel J., Minnaar R.P., et al. Human parechovirus infections in Dutch children and the association between serotype and disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:204-210.
54. Harvala H., Robertson I., McWilliam Leitch E.C., et al. Epidemiology and clinical associations of human parechovirus respiratory infections. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:3446-3453.
55. Baumgarte S., Kleber de Souza Luna L., Grywna K., et al. Prevalence, types, and RNA concentrations of human parechoviruses, including a sixth parechovirus type, in stool samples from patients with acute enteritis. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:242-248.
56. Verboon-Maciolek M.A., Krediet T.G., Gerards L.J., et al. Severe neonatal parechovirus infection and similarity with enterovirus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27:241-245.
57. Wolthers K.C., Benschop K.S., Schinkel J., et al. Human parechoviruses as an important viral cause of sepsis like illness and meningitis in young children. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:358-363.
58. Yamamoto M., Abe K., Kuniyori K., et al. Epidemic of human parechovirus type 3 in Hiroshima City, Japan in 2008. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009, 62:244-245.
59. Piñeiro L., Vicente D., Montes M., et al. Human parechovirus in infants with systemic infection. J Med Virol 2010, 82:1790-1796.
60. Pham N.T., Takanashi S., Tran D.N., et al. Human parechovirus infection in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Sri Lanka. J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49:364-366.
61. Selvarangan R., Nzabi M., Selvaraju S.B., et al. Human parechovirus 3 causing sepsis-like illness in children from Midwestern United States. Pediatr Infect Dis 2011, 30(3):238-242.
62. van der Sanden S., de Bruin E., Vennema H., et al. Prevalence of human parechovirus in The Netherlands in 2000 to 2007. J Clin Virol 2008, 46:2884-2889.
63. Pham N.T., Chan-It W., Khamrin P., et al. Detection of human parechovirus in stool samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan during 2007-2008. J Med Virol 2011, 83:331-336.
64. Berkovich S., Pangan J. Recoveries of virus form premature outbreaks of respiratory disease: the relation of ECHO virus type 22 to disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the premature infant. Bull N Y Acad Med 1968, 44:377-387.
65. Barbi Guidotti M., Cappellini D., Pedretti C.C., et al. Spread of echovirus 23 in a neonatal pathology unit. Ann Sclavo 1982, 24:76-84.
66. Pajkrt D., Benschop K.S., Westerhuis B., et al. Clinical characteristics of human parechoviruses 4-6 infections in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28:1008-1010.
67. Koskiniemi M., Paetau R., Linnavuori K. Severe encephalitis associated with disseminated echovirus 22 infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1989, 21:463-466.
68. Verboon-Maciolek M.A., Groenendaal F., Hahn C.D., et al. Human parechovirus causes encephalitis with white matter injury in neonates. Ann Neurol 2008, 64:266-273.
69. Levorson R.E., Jantausch B.A., Wiedermann B.L., et al. Human parechovirus-3 infection: emerging pathogen in neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28:545-547.
70. Boivin G., Abed Y., Boucher F.D. Human parechovirus 3 and neonatal infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2005, 11:103-107.
71. Legay V., Chomel J.J., Fernandez E., et al. Encephalomyelitis due to human parechovirus type 1. J Clin Virol 2002, 25:193-195.
72. Jenista J.A., Powell K.R., Menegus M.A. Epidemiology of neonatal enterovirus infection. J Pediatr 1984, 104:685-690.
73. Modlin J. Update on enterovirus infections in infants and children. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 1996, 12:155-180.
74. Benschop K.S., Schinkel J., Luken M.E., et al. Fourth human parechovirus serotype. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12:1572-1575.
75. Abzug M. Presentation, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus infections in neonates. Paediatr Drugs 2004, 6:1-10.
76. Maller H.M., Powars D.F., Horowitz R.E., et al. Fatal myocarditis associated with ECHO virus, type 22, infection, in a child with apparent immunological deficiency. J Pediatr 1967, 71:204-210.
77. Schnurr D., Dondero M., Holland D., et al. Characterization of echovirus 22 variants. Arch Virol 1996, 141:1749-1756.
78. O'Regan S., Robitaille P., Mongeau J.G., et al. The hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with ECHO 22 infection. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1980, 19:125-127.
79. Tauriainen S., Oikarinen S., Taimen K., et al. Temporal relationship between human parechovirus 1 infection and otitis media in young children. J Infect Dis 2008, 198:35-40.
80. Oberste M.S., Maher K., Pallansch M.A. Specific detection of echoviruses 22 and 23 in cell culture supernatants by RT-PCR. J Med Virol 1999, 58:178-181.
81. Legay V., Chomel, Lina B. Specific RT-PCR procedure for the detection of human parechovirus type 1 genome in clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2002, 102:157-160.
82. Jokela P., Joki-Korpela P., Maaronen M., et al. Detection of human picornaviruses by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR and liquid hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:1239-1245.
83. Corless C.E., Guiver M., Borrow R., et al. Development and evaluation of a 'real-time' RT-PCR for the detection of enterovirus and parechovirus RNA in CSF and throat swab samples. J Med Virol 2002, 67:555-562.
84. Benschop K., Molenkamp R., van der Ham A., et al. Rapid detection of human parechoviruses in clinical samples by real-time PCR. J Clin Virol 2008, 41:69-74.
85. Nix W.A., Maher K., Johansson E.S., et al. Detection of all known parechoviruses by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:2519-2524.
86. Benschop K., Minnaar R., Koen G., et al. Detection of human enterovirus and human parechovirus (HPeV) genotypes from clinical stool samples: polymerase chain reaction and direct molecular typing, culture characteristics, and serotyping. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010, 68:166-173.
87. Noordhoek G.T., Weel J.F., Poelstra E., et al. Clinical validation of a new real-time PCR assay for detection of enteroviruses and parechoviruses, and implications for diagnostic procedures. J Clin Virol 2008, 41:75-80.
88. Landry M.L. The molecular diagnosis of parechovirus infection: has the time come?. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:362-363.
89. de Vries M., Pyrc K., Berkhout R., et al. Human parechovirus type 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 detection in picornavirus cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:759-762.
90. Alho A., Marttila J., Ilonen J., et al. Diagnostic potential of parechovirus capsid proteins. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:2294-2299.
91. Siegel J.D., Rhinehart E., Jackson M., et al. Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings 2007 Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pub.html.