Do food deserts exist in Calgary, Canada?

Canadian Geographer

Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 267-282

  Lu, Wei ^a   Qiu, Feng ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

best location; farmers' market; food desert; road network; supermarket

Indexed keywords

DIET; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD CONSUMPTION; FOOD MARKET; FOOD QUALITY; RESEARCH WORK;

ALBERTA; CALGARY; CANADA;

EID: 84941182978     PISSN: 00083658     EISSN: 15410064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cag.12176     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. AARD (Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development). 2008. Alternative agricultural markets in Alberta: A report of the local market expansion project. http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/egovdocs/2008/alard/172446.pdf
2. AHS (Alberta Health Services). 2010. Childhood overweight and obesity: Summary of evidence from the cost of obesity in Alberta report. http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/poph/hi-poph-surv-phids-childhood-overweight-obesity-2010.pdf
3. -,. 2011. Vulnerable populations in Alberta. http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca/programs/diversity/diversity-resources/research-publications/vulnerable-populations.pdf
4. Alberta Treasury Board and Finance. 2014. Alberta population projection from 2013 to 2041. http://finance.alberta.ca/aboutalberta/population-projections/index.html
5. Apparicio, P., M. Cloutier, and, R. Shearmur,. 2007. The case of Montreal's missing food deserts: Evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets. International Journal of Health Geographics 6 (4): 4-16.
6. Beaumont, J., T. Lang, S. Leather, and, C. Mucklow,. 1995. Report from the policy sub-group to the Nutrition Task Force Low Income Project Team of the Department of Health. Radlett: Institute of Grocery Distribution.
7. Beckie, M. A., E.H. Kennedy, and, H. Wittman,. 2012. Scaling up alternative food networks: Farmers' markets and the role of clustering in Western Canada. Agriculture and Human Values 29 (3): 333-345.
8. Blanchard, T., and, T. Lyson,. 2002. Access to low cost groceries in nonmetropolitan counties: Large retailers and the creation of food deserts. Unpublished, Paper Presented at the Measuring Rural Diversity Conference, Washington DC.
9. Boeing, H. A. B., A. Bub, S. Ellinger, D. Haller, A. Kroke, E. Leschik-Bonnet, M. J. Miller, H. Oberritter, M. Schulze, P. Stehle, and, B. Watzl,. 2012. Critical review: Vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. European Journal of Nutrition 51: 637-663.
10. Burns, C., and, A. Inglis,. 2007. Measuring food access in Melbourne: Access to healthy and fast foods by car, bus and foot in an urban municipality in Melbourne. Health and Place 13 (4): 877-885.
11. Calgary Economic Development. 2014. The Calgary energy industry. http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/industries/energy
12. Chung, C., and, S. L. Myers,. 1999. Do the poor pay more for food? An analysis of grocery store availability and food price disparities. Journal of Consumer Affairs 33 (2): 276-296.
13. City of Calgary. 2010. Indices of community well-being, 2006 for Calgary neighbourhoods. http://www.calgary.ca/-layouts/cocis/DirectDownload.aspx?target=http%3a%2f%2fwww.calgary.ca%2fCSPS%2fCNS%2fDocuments%2findices-of-well-being.pdf&noredirect=1&sf=1
14. - 2011. Calgary's aging population-an overview of the changing and aging population in Calgary. 2011. http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/CNS/Documents/Social-research-policy-and-resources/calgary-aging-population.pdf?noredirect=1
15. - 2012. Calgary affordable housing needs assessment. http://www.calgary.ca/CS/OLSH/Documents/Affordable-housing/Housing%20Needs%20Assessment%20June%202012.pdf?noredirect=1
16. - 2013. Municipal development plan. http://arlingtonstreet.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/mdp-municipal-development-plan.pdf
17. Cummins, S. S., and, S. S. Macintyre,. 1999. The location of food stores in urban areas: A case study in Glasgow. British Food Journal 101 (7): 545-553.
18. Cushon, J., T. Creighton, T. Kershaw, J. Marko, and, T. Markham,. 2013. Deprivation and food access and balance in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 33 (3): 146-159.
19. Dalton, E., S. Ehrlich, M. Flores, E. Heberlein, and, N. Michael,. 2004. Food availability in Allegheny, Allegheny County, PA. Heinz School Review 1 (1): 1-15.
20. Darmon, N., E. Ferguson, and, A. Briend,. 2002. A cost constraint alone has adverse effects on food selection and nutrition density: An analysis of human diets by linear programming. The Journal of Nutrition 132 (12): 3764-3771.
21. Davis, B., and, C. Carpenter,. 2009. Proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools and adolescent obesity. American Journal of Public Health 99 (3): 505-510.
22. Engler-Stringer, R., T. Shah, S. Bell, and, N. Muhajarine,. 2014. Geographic access to healthy and unhealthy food sources for children in neighbourhoods and from elementary schools in a mid-sized Canadian city. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology 11: 23-32.
23. Gould, A. C., P. Apparicio, and, M. S. Cloutier,. 2012. Classifying neighbourhoods by level of access to stores selling fresh fruit and vegetables and groceries: identifying problematic areas in the City of Gatineau, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Public Health 103 (6): 433-437.
24. Government of Alberta. 2010. Cost of eating in Alberta in 2008. http://www.dietitians.ca/Downloadable-Content/Public/Alberta - Cost-of-Eating-2008.aspx
25. Hendrickson, D., C. Smith, and, N. Eikenberry,. 2004. Fruit and vegetable access in four low income food desert communities in Minnesota. Agriculture and Human Values 23 (3): 371-383.
26. Jiao, J., A. Moudon, J. Ulmer, P. Hurvitz, and, A. Drewnowski,. 2012. How to identify food deserts: Measuring physical and economic access to supermarkets in King County, Washington. American Journal of Public Health 102 (10): 32-39.
27. Jilcott, S. B., T. Keyserling, T. Crawford, J. T. McGuirt, and, A. Ammerman,. 2011. Examining associations among obesity and per capita farmers' markets, grocery stores/supermarkets, and supercenters in US counties. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111 (4): 567-572.
28. Kolodinsky, J., and, M. Cranwell,. 2000. The poor pay more? Now they don't even have a store to choose from: Bringing a supermarket back to the city. Consumer Interests Annual (46): 24-29.
29. Larsen, K., and, J. Gilliland,. 2009. A farmers' market in a food desert: Evaluating impacts on the price and availability of healthy food. Health and Place 15 (4): 1158-1162.
30. -, 2008. Mapping the evolution of "food deserts" in a Canadian city: Supermarket accessibility in London, Ontario. International Journal of Health Geographics 7: 1-16.
31. Larson, N. I., M. T. Story, and, M. C. Nelson,. 2009. Neighborhood environments: Disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36 (1): 74-81.
32. Liu, G. C., J. S. Wilson, R. Qi, and, Y. Jun,. 2007. Green neighborhoods, food retail and childhood overweight: Differences by population density. American Journal of Health Promotion 21 (4): 317-325.
33. Maddock, J., 2004. The relationship between obesity and the prevalence of fast food restaurants: State level analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion 19 (2): 137-143.
34. McCormack, L., M. Laska, N. I. Larson, and, M. Story,. 2010. Review of the nutritional implications of farmers' markets and community gardens: A call for evaluation and research efforts. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110 (3): 399-408.
35. Morland, K., S. Wing, and, A. D. Roux,. 2002. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of Public Health 92 (11): 1761-1767.
36. Morland, K., A. D. Roux, and, S. Wing,. 2006. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30 (4): 333-339.
37. Must, A., J. Spadano, E. H. Coakley, A. Field, G. Colditz, and, W. H. Dietz,. 1999. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (16): 1523-1529.
38. Pearson, T., J. Russell, M. J. Campbell, and, M. E. Barker,. 2005. Do "food deserts" influence fruit and vegetable consumption? A cross-sectional study. Appetite 45 (2): 195-197.
39. Pitts, S., A. Gustafson, W. Qiang, M. Mayo, R. K. Ward, J. T. McGuirt, and, A. Ammerman,. 2014. Farmers' market use is associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in diverse southern rural communities. Nutrition Journal 13 (1): 1-22.
40. Powell, L., M. Auld, F. Chaloupka, P. O'Malley, and, L. Johnston,. 2007. Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33 (4): 301-307.
41. Public Health Agency of Canada and Canadian Institute for Health Information,. 2011. Obesity in Canada: A joint report from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Institute for Health Information.
42. Sage, J. L., V. McCracken, and, R. A. Sage,. 2013. Bridging the gap: Do farmers' markets help alleviate impacts of food deserts? American Journal of Agricultural Economics 95 (5): 1273-1279.
43. Smoyer-Tomic, K. E., J. Spence, and, C. Amrhein,. 2006. Food deserts in the prairies? Supermarket accessibility and neighborhood need in Edmonton, Canada. Professional Geographer 58 (3): 307-326.
44. Spence J. C., N. Cutumisu, J. Edwards, K. D. Raine, and, K. Smoyer-Tomic,. 2009. Relation between local food environments and obesity among adults. BMC Public Health 9: 192.
45. Statistics Canada. 2009. Immigrant low-income rates: The role of market income and government transfers. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2009112/article/11055-eng.htm
46. - 2014a. Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0
47. - 2014b. Consumer price index, by province (monthly). http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm
48. Tighe, T., 2013. Competition leads to grocery wars in Calgary. http://globalnews.ca/news/887871/competition-leads-to-grocery-wars-in-calgary/
49. US Department of Agriculture. 2009. Access to affordable and nutritious food: Measuring and understanding food deserts and their consequences. http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/242675/ap036-1-.pdf.
50. Wang, H., F. Qiu, and, B. Swallow,. 2014. Can community gardens and farmers' market relieve food desert problems? A study in Edmonton, Canada. Applied Geography 55: 127-137.
51. Wittman, H., M. Beckie, and, C. Hergesheimer,. 2012. Linking local food systems and the social economy? Future roles for farmers' markets in Alberta and British Columbia. Rural Sociology 77 (1): 36-61.