Targeted therapies in advanced differentiated thyroid cancer

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 41, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 690-698

  Carneiro, Raquel M ^a,b,c   Carneiro, Benedito A ^a,b,d   Agulnik, Mark ^b,d   Kopp, Peter A ^b,d   Giles, Francis J ^a,b,d  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Differentiated thyroid cancer; Follicular thyroid carcinoma; Targeted therapy; Thyroid cancer; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AMYLASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AXITINIB; CABOZANTINIB; CREATININE; DABRAFENIB; EVEROLIMUS; LENVATINIB; MOTESANIB; PAZOPANIB; PLACEBO; SELUMETINIB; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TRAMETINIB; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; VANDETANIB; VEMURAFENIB; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CARBANILAMIDE DERIVATIVE; NICOTINAMIDE; QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; RAF PROTEIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ACNE; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; AGITATION; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALOPECIA; AMYLASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; ARTERIAL THROMBOEMBOLISM; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; ASTHENIA; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONFUSION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CYTOPENIA; DECREASED APPETITE; DESQUAMATION; DIARRHEA; DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSGEUSIA; DYSPNEA; FATIGUE; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HEADACHE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERKERATOSIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOPIGMENTATION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LUNG EMBOLISM; MACULOPAPULAR RASH; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; OLIGURIA; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PLEURA EFFUSION; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; PROTEINURIA; QT PROLONGATION; RASH; REVIEW; SKIN CARCINOMA; SKIN PAPILLOMA; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; STOMATITIS; THYROID CARCINOMA; THYROID FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA; THYROID MEDULLARY CARCINOMA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE BLOOD LEVEL; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VOMITING; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; CANCER STAGING; METABOLISM; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; THYROID NEOPLASMS; TRENDS;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; NIACINAMIDE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS; QUINOLINES; RAF KINASES; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; THYROID NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84941024956     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: 15321967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Pellegriti G., Frasca F., Regalbuto C., Squatrito S., Vigneri R. Worldwide increasing incidence of thyroid cancer: update on epidemiology and risk factors. J Cancer Epidemiol 2013, 2013:965212.
2. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011 2014, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, http://seercancergov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014. N.N. Howlader, A.M. Noone, M. Krapcho, J. Garshell, D. Miller, S.F. Altekruse (Eds.).
3. Chen A.Y., Jemal A., Ward E.M. Increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States, 1988-2005. Cancer 2009, 115:3801-3807.
4. Brenner H. Long-term survival rates of cancer patients achieved by the end of the 20th century: a period analysis. Lancet 2002, 360:1131-1135.
5. Durante C., Haddy N., Baudin E., Leboulleux S., Hartl D., Travagli J.P., et al. Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:2892-2899.
6. Cooper D.S., Doherty G.M., Haugen B.R., Kloos R.T., Lee S.L., Mandel S.J., et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009, 19:1167-1214.
7. Gottlieb J.A., Hill C.S. Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer with adriamycin. Experience with 30 patients. N Engl J Med 1974, 290:193-197.
8. Sarlis N.J. Metastatic thyroid cancer unresponsive to conventional therapies: novel management approaches through translational clinical research. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2001, 1:103-115.
9. Shimaoka K., Schoenfeld D.A., DeWys W.D., Creech R.H., DeConti R. A randomized trial of doxorubicin versus doxorubicin plus cisplatin in patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1985, 56:2155-2160.
10. Nikiforov Y.E., Nikiforova M.N. Molecular genetics and diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011, 7:569-580.
11. Xing M. Molecular pathogenesis and mechanisms of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2013, 13:184-199.
12. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell 2014, 159:676-690.
13. Lawrence M.S., Stojanov P., Polak P., Kryukov G.V., Cibulskis K., Sivachenko A., et al. Mutational heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes. Nature 2013, 499:214-218.
14. Kerbel R.S. Tumor angiogenesis. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2039-2049.
15. Klein M., Picard E., Vignaud J.M., Marie B., Bresler L., Toussaint B., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein: strong expression in thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol 1999, 161:41-49.
16. Bunone G., Vigneri P., Mariani L., Buto S., Collini P., Pilotti S., et al. Expression of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors in human thyroid tumors and correlation with clinical pathological features. Am J Pathol 1999, 155:1967-1976.
17. Yu X.M., Lo C.Y., Chan W.F., Lam K.Y., Leung P., Luk J.M. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C in papillary thyroid carcinoma correlates with cervical lymph node metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:8063-8069.
18. Lennard C.M., Patel A., Wilson J., Reinhardt B., Tuman C., Fenton C., et al. Intensity of vascular endothelial growth factor expression is associated with increased risk of recurrence and decreased disease-free survival in papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery 2001, 129:552-558.
19. Klein M., Vignaud J.M., Hennequin V., Toussaint B., Bresler L., Plenat F., et al. Increased expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor is a pejorative prognosis marker in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:656-658.
20. Hurwitz H., Fehrenbacher L., Novotny W., Cartwright T., Hainsworth J., Heim W., et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2335-2342.
21. Sandler A., Gray R., Perry M.C., Brahmer J., Schiller J.H., Dowlati A., et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2542-2550.
22. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W.M., Szczylik C., Oudard S., Siebels M., et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:125-134.
23. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., Michaelson M.D., Bukowski R.M., Rixe O., et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:115-124.
24. Grothey A., Galanis E. Targeting angiogenesis: progress with anti-VEGF treatment with large molecules. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009, 6:507-518.
25. Hou P., Liu D., Xing M. Functional characterization of the T1799-1801del and A1799-1816ins BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer. Cell Cycle 2007, 6:377-379.
26. Elisei R., Ugolini C., Viola D., Lupi C., Biagini A., Giannini R., et al. BRAF(V600E) mutation and outcome of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a 15-year median follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:3943-3949.
27. Namba H., Nakashima M., Hayashi T., Hayashida N., Maeda S., Rogounovitch T.I., et al. Clinical implication of hot spot BRAF mutation, V599E, in papillary thyroid cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:4393-4397.
28. Nikiforova M.N., Kimura E.T., Gandhi M., Biddinger P.W., Knauf J.A., Basolo F., et al. BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors are restricted to papillary carcinomas and anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:5399-5404.
29. Begum S., Rosenbaum E., Henrique R., Cohen Y., Sidransky D., Westra W.H. BRAF mutations in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: implications for tumor origin, diagnosis and treatment. Mod Pathol 2004, 17:1359-1363.
30. Ricarte-Filho J.C., Ryder M., Chitale D.A., Rivera M., Heguy A., Ladanyi M., et al. Mutational profile of advanced primary and metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancers reveals distinct pathogenetic roles for BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1. Cancer Res 2009, 69:4885-4893.
31. Xing M. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer: pathogenic role, molecular bases, and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 2007, 28:742-762.
32. Kebebew E., Weng J., Bauer J., Ranvier G., Clark O.H., Duh Q.Y., et al. The prevalence and prognostic value of BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Ann Surg 2007, 246:466-470. discussion 70-1.
33. O'Neill C.J., Bullock M., Chou A., Sidhu S.B., Delbridge L.W., Robinson B.G., et al. BRAF(V600E) mutation is associated with an increased risk of nodal recurrence requiring reoperative surgery in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery 2010, 148:1139-1145. discussion 45-6.
34. Riesco-Eizaguirre G., Gutierrez-Martinez P., Garcia-Cabezas M.A., Nistal M., Santisteban P. The oncogene BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I- targeting to the membrane. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006, 13:257-269.
35. Durante C., Puxeddu E., Ferretti E., Morisi R., Moretti S., Bruno R., et al. BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas inhibit genes involved in iodine metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:2840-2843.
36. Xing M., Liu R., Liu X., Murugan A.K., Zhu G., Zeiger M.A., et al. BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations cooperatively identify the most aggressive papillary thyroid cancer with highest recurrence. J Clin Oncol 2014, 32:2718-2726.
37. Soares P., Sobrinho-Simoes M. Cancer: small papillary thyroid cancers-is BRAF of prognostic value?. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011, 7:9-10.
38. Liu X., Qu S., Liu R., Sheng C., Shi X., Zhu G., et al. TERT promoter mutations and their association with BRAF V600E mutation and aggressive clinicopathological characteristics of thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, 99. E1130-6.
39. Melo M., da Rocha A.G., Vinagre J., Batista R., Peixoto J., Tavares C., et al. TERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of poor outcome in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, 99. E754-65.
40. McArthur G.A., Chapman P.B., Robert C., Larkin J., Haanen J.B., Dummer R., et al. Safety and efficacy of vemurafenib in BRAF(V600E) and BRAF(V600K) mutation-positive melanoma (BRIM-3): extended follow-up of a phase 3, randomised, open-label study. Lancet Oncol 2014, 15:323-332.
41. Hauschild A., Grob J.J., Demidov L.V., Jouary T., Gutzmer R., Millward M., et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012, 380:358-365.
42. Flaherty K.T., Infante J.R., Daud A., Gonzalez R., Kefford R.F., Sosman J., et al. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:1694-1703.
43. Montero-Conde C., Ruiz-Llorente S., Dominguez J.M., Knauf J.A., Viale A., Sherman E.J., et al. Relief of feedback inhibition of HER3 transcription by RAF and MEK inhibitors attenuates their antitumor effects in BRAF-mutant thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Discov 2013, 3:520-533.
44. Chapman P.B., Hauschild A., Robert C., Haanen J.B., Ascierto P., Larkin J., et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:2507-2516.
45. Kim K.B., Cabanillas M.E., Lazar A.J., Williams M.D., Sanders D.L., Ilagan J.L., et al. Clinical responses to vemurafenib in patients with metastatic papillary thyroid cancer harboring BRAF(V600E) mutation. Thyroid 2013, 23:1277-1283.
46. Abubaker J., Jehan Z., Bavi P., Sultana M., Al-Harbi S., Ibrahim M., et al. Clinicopathological analysis of papillary thyroid cancer with PIK3CA alterations in a Middle Eastern population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:611-618.
47. Liu Z., Hou P., Ji M., Guan H., Studeman K., Jensen K., et al. Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:3106-3116.
48. Suarez H.G., du Villard J.A., Severino M., Caillou B., Schlumberger M., Tubiana M., et al. Presence of mutations in all three ras genes in human thyroid tumors. Oncogene 1990, 5:565-570.
49. Esapa C.T., Johnson S.J., Kendall-Taylor P., Lennard T.W., Harris P.E. Prevalence of Ras mutations in thyroid neoplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999, 50:529-535.
50. Motoi N., Sakamoto A., Yamochi T., Horiuchi H., Motoi T., Machinami R. Role of ras mutation in the progression of thyroid carcinoma of follicular epithelial origin. Pathol Res Pract 2000, 196:1-7.
51. Manenti G., Pilotti S., Re F.C., Della Porta G., Pierotti M.A. Selective activation of ras oncogenes in follicular and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 1994, 30A:987-993.
52. Namba H., Rubin S.A., Fagin J.A. Point mutations of ras oncogenes are an early event in thyroid tumorigenesis. Mol Endocrinol 1990, 4:1474-1479.
53. Karga H., Lee J.K., Vickery A.L., Thor A., Gaz R.D., Jameson J.L. Ras oncogene mutations in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 73:832-836.
54. Ezzat S., Zheng L., Kolenda J., Safarian A., Freeman J.L., Asa S.L. Prevalence of activating ras mutations in morphologically characterized thyroid nodules. Thyroid 1996, 6:409-416.
55. Zhu Z., Gandhi M., Nikiforova M.N., Fischer A.H., Nikiforov Y.E. Molecular profile and clinical-pathologic features of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. An unusually high prevalence of ras mutations. Am J Clin Pathol 2003, 120:71-77.
56. Castellone M.D., De Falco V., Rao D.M., Bellelli R., Muthu M., Basolo F., et al. The beta-catenin axis integrates multiple signals downstream from RET/papillary thyroid carcinoma leading to cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2009, 69:1867-1876.
57. Miyagi E., Braga-Basaria M., Hardy E., Vasko V., Burman K.D., Jhiang S., et al. Chronic expression of RET/PTC 3 enhances basal and insulin-stimulated PI3 kinase/AKT signaling and increases IRS-2 expression in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Mol Carcinog 2004, 41:98-107.
58. Santoro M., Carlomagno F., Hay I.D., Herrmann M.A., Grieco M., Melillo R., et al. Ret oncogene activation in human thyroid neoplasms is restricted to the papillary cancer subtype. J Clin Invest 1992, 89:1517-1522.
59. Zhu Z., Ciampi R., Nikiforova M.N., Gandhi M., Nikiforov Y.E. Prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements in thyroid papillary carcinomas: effects of the detection methods and genetic heterogeneity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:3603-3610.
60. Ishizaka Y., Kobayashi S., Ushijima T., Hirohashi S., Sugimura T., Nagao M. Detection of retTPC/PTC transcripts in thyroid adenomas and adenomatous goiter by an RT-PCR method. Oncogene 1991, 6:1667-1672.
61. Wirtschafter A., Schmidt R., Rosen D., Kundu N., Santoro M., Fusco A., et al. Expression of the RET/PTC fusion gene as a marker for papillary carcinoma in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Laryngoscope 1997, 107:95-100.
62. Sheils O.M., O'Eary J.J., Uhlmann V., Lattich K., Sweeney E.C. Ret/PTC-1 activation in Hashimoto Thyroiditis. Int J Surg Pathol 2000, 8:185-189.
63. Elisei R., Romei C., Vorontsova T., Cosci B., Veremeychik V., Kuchinskaya E., et al. RET/PTC rearrangements in thyroid nodules: studies in irradiated and not irradiated, malignant and benign thyroid lesions in children and adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:3211-3216.
64. Chiappetta G., Toti P., Cetta F., Giuliano A., Pentimalli F., Amendola I., et al. The RET/PTC oncogene is frequently activated in oncocytic thyroid tumors (Hurthle cell adenomas and carcinomas), but not in oncocytic hyperplastic lesions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:364-369.
65. Sapio M.R., Guerra A., Marotta V., Campanile E., Formisano R., Deandrea M., et al. High growth rate of benign thyroid nodules bearing RET/PTC rearrangements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96. E916-9.
66. Guerra A., Sapio M.R., Marotta V., Campanile E., Moretti M.I., Deandrea M., et al. Prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangement in benign and malignant thyroid nodules and its clinical application. Endocr J 2011, 58:31-38.
67. Rabes H.M., Demidchik E.P., Sidorow J.D., Lengfelder E., Beimfohr C., Hoelzel D., et al. Pattern of radiation-induced RET and NTRK1 rearrangements in 191 post-chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas: biological, phenotypic, and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2000, 6:1093-1103.
68. Nikiforov Y.E., Rowland J.M., Bove K.E., Monforte-Munoz H., Fagin J.A. Distinct pattern of ret oncogene rearrangements in morphological variants of radiation-induced and sporadic thyroid papillary carcinomas in children. Cancer Res 1997, 57:1690-1694.
69. Bounacer A., Wicker R., Caillou B., Cailleux A.F., Sarasin A., Schlumberger M., et al. High prevalence of activating ret proto-oncogene rearrangements, in thyroid tumors from patients who had received external radiation. Oncogene 1997, 15:1263-1273.
70. Placzkowski K.A., Reddi H.V., Grebe S.K., Eberhardt N.L., McIver B. The role of the PAX8/PPARgamma fusion oncogene in thyroid cancer. PPAR Res 2008, 2008:672829.
71. French C.A., Alexander E.K., Cibas E.S., Nose V., Laguette J., Faquin W., et al. Genetic and biological subgroups of low-stage follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Pathol 2003, 162:1053-1060.
72. Nikiforova M.N., Lynch R.A., Biddinger P.W., Alexander E.K., Dorn G.W., Tallini G., et al. RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:2318-2326.
73. Dwight T., Thoppe S.R., Foukakis T., Lui W.O., Wallin G., Hoog A., et al. Involvement of the PAX8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma rearrangement in follicular thyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:4440-4445.
74. Nikiforova M.N., Biddinger P.W., Caudill C.M., Kroll T.G., Nikiforov Y.E. PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. Am J Surg Pathol 2002, 26:1016-1023.
75. Marques A.R., Espadinha C., Catarino A.L., Moniz S., Pereira T., Sobrinho L.G., et al. Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:3947-3952.
76. Kroll T.G., Sarraf P., Pecciarini L., Chen C.J., Mueller E., Spiegelman B.M., et al. PAX8-PPARgamma1 fusion oncogene in human thyroid carcinoma [Corrected]. Science 2000, 289:1357-1360.
77. Eberhardt N.L., Grebe S.K., McIver B., Reddi H.V. The role of the PAX8/PPARgamma fusion oncogene in the pathogenesis of follicular thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010, 321:50-56.
78. Klopper J.P., Hays W.R., Sharma V., Baumbusch M.A., Hershman J.M., Haugen B.R. Retinoid X receptor-gamma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression predicts thyroid carcinoma cell response to retinoid and thiazolidinedione treatment. Mol Cancer Ther 2004, 3:1011-1020.
79. Schneider T.C., Abdulrahman R.M., Corssmit E.P., Morreau H., Smit J.W., Kapiteijn E. Long-term analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib in advanced radio-iodine refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma: final results of a phase II trial. Eur J Endocrinol 2012, 167:643-650.
80. Ahmed M., Barbachano Y., Riddell A., Hickey J., Newbold K.L., Viros A., et al. Analysis of the efficacy and toxicity of sorafenib in thyroid cancer: a phase II study in a UK based population. Eur J Endocrinol 2011, 165:315-322.
81. Brose M.S., Nutting C.M., Jarzab B., Elisei R., Siena S., Bastholt L., et al. Sorafenib in radioactive iodine-refractory, locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2014, 384:319-328.
82. Sherman S.I., Jarzab B., Cabanillas M.E., Licitra L.F., Pacini F., Martins R., et al. A phase II trial of the multitargeted kinase inhibitor E7080 in advanced radioiodine (RAI)-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). J Clin Oncol 2011, 29. abstract 5503.
83. Schlumberger M., Jarzab B., Cabanillas M.E., Robinson B., Pacini F., Ball D.W., et al. A phase II trial of the multitargeted kinase inhibitor lenvatinib (E7080) in advanced medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). J Clin Oncol 2012, 30. abstract 5591.
84. Schlumberger M., Tahara M., Wirth L.J., Robinson B., Brose M.S., Elisei R., et al. Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2015, 372:621-630.
85. Carr L.L., Mankoff D.A., Goulart B.H., Eaton K.D., Capell P.T., Kell E.M., et al. Phase II study of daily sunitinib in FDG-PET-positive, iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with functional imaging correlation. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:5260-5268.
86. Cohen E.E., Rosen L.S., Vokes E.E., Kies M.S., Forastiere A.A., Worden F.P., et al. Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4708-4713.
87. Bible K.C., Suman V.J., Molina J.R., Smallridge R.C., Maples W.J., Menefee M.E., et al. Efficacy of pazopanib in progressive, radioiodine-refractory, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancers: results of a phase 2 consortium study. Lancet Oncol 2010, 11:962-972.
88. Sherman S.I., Wirth L.J., Droz J.P., Hofmann M., Bastholt L., Martins R.G., et al. Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:31-42.
89. Wells S.A., Robinson B.G., Gagel R.F., Dralle H., Fagin J.A., Santoro M., et al. Vandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2012, 30:134-141.
90. Leboulleux S., Bastholt L., Krause T., de la Fouchardiere C., Tennvall J., Awada A., et al. Vandetanib in locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13:897-905.
91. Cabanillas M.E., Brose M.S., Holland J., Ferguson K.C., Sherman S.I. A phase I study of cabozantinib (XL184) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2014, 24:1508-1514.
92. Dai J., Zhang H., Karatsinides A., Keller J.M., Kozloff K.M., Aftab D.T., et al. Cabozantinib inhibits prostate cancer growth and prevents tumor-induced bone lesions. Clin Cancer Res 2014, 20:617-630.
93. Sherman S.I. Advances in chemotherapy of differentiated epithelial and medullary thyroid cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:1493-1499.
94. Robert C., Arnault J.P., Mateus C. RAF inhibition and induction of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2011, 23:177-182.
95. Brose M.S., Cabanillas M.E., Cohen E.E.W., Wirth L., Sherman S.I., Riehl T., et al. An open-label, multi-center phase 2 study of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in patients with metastatic or unresectable papillary thyroid cancer positive for the BRAF V600 mutation and resistant to radioactive iodine. Eur J Cancer 2013, 49. abstract 28.
96. Dadu R., Shah K., Busaidy N.L., Waguespack S.G., Habra M.A., Ying A.K., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of vemurafenib in patients with BRAF(V600E)-positive papillary thyroid cancer: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center off label experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015, 100. E77-81.
97. Falchook G.S., Millward M., Hong D., Naing A., Piha-Paul S., Waguespack S.G., et al. BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2015, 25:71-77.
98. Lorch J.H., Busaidy N., Ruan D.T., Janne P.A., Limaye S.A., Wirth L.J., et al. A phase II study of everolimus in patients with aggressive RAI refractory (RAIR) thyroid cancer (TC). J Clin Oncol 2013, 31. abstract 6023.
99. Lim S.M., Chang H., Yoon M.J., Hong Y.K., Kim H., Chung W.Y., et al. A multicenter, phase II trial of everolimus in locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer of all histologic subtypes. Ann Oncol 2013, 24:3089-3094.
100. Ahmed M., Hussain A.R., Bavi P., Ahmed S.O., Al Sobhi S.S., Al-Dayel F., et al. High prevalence of mTOR complex activity can be targeted using Torin2 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2014, 35:1564-1572.
101. Liu Y.Y., van der Pluijm G., Karperien M., Stokkel M.P., Pereira A.M., Morreau J., et al. Lithium as adjuvant to radioiodine therapy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: clinical and in vitro studies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006, 64:617-624.
102. Handkiewicz-Junak D., Roskosz J., Hasse-Lazar K., Szpak-Ulczok S., Puch Z., Kukulska A., et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid re-differentiation therapy and recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment of non-Functional metastatic thyroid cancer: a single-center, 53-patient phase 2 study. Thyroid Res 2009, 2:8.
103. Kebebew E., Lindsay S., Clark O.H., Woeber K.A., Hawkins R., Greenspan F.S. Results of rosiglitazone therapy in patients with thyroglobulin-positive and radioiodine-negative advanced differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009, 19:953-956.
104. Ho A.L., Grewal R.K., Leboeuf R., Sherman E.J., Pfister D.G., Deandreis D., et al. Selumetinib-enhanced radioiodine uptake in advanced thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2013, 368:623-632.
105. Hayes D.N., Lucas A.S., Tanvetyanon T., Krzyzanowska M.K., Chung C.H., Murphy B.A., et al. Phase II efficacy and pharmacogenomic study of Selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886) in iodine-131 refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma with or without follicular elements. Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:2056-2065.
106. Knauf J.A., Ma X., Smith E.P., Zhang L., Mitsutake N., Liao X.H., et al. Targeted expression of BRAFV600E in thyroid cells of transgenic mice results in papillary thyroid cancers that undergo dedifferentiation. Cancer Res 2005, 65:4238-4245.
107. Riesco-Eizaguirre G., Rodriguez I., De la Vieja A., Costamagna E., Carrasco N., Nistal M., et al. The BRAFV600E oncogene induces transforming growth factor beta secretion leading to sodium iodide symporter repression and increased malignancy in thyroid cancer. Cancer Res 2009, 69:8317-8325.
108. Chakravarty D., Santos E., Ryder M., Knauf J.A., Liao X.H., West B.L., et al. Small-molecule MAPK inhibitors restore radioiodine incorporation in mouse thyroid cancers with conditional BRAF activation. J Clin Invest 2011, 121:4700-4711.
109. Rothenberg S.M., McFadden D.G., Palmer E.L., Daniels G.H., Wirth L.J. Redifferentiation of iodine-refractory BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic papillary thyroid cancer with dabrafenib. Clin Cancer Res 2015, 21:1028-1035.
110. Carhill A.A., Cabanillas M.E., Jimenez C., Waguespack S.G., Habra M.A., Hu M., et al. The noninvestigational use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer: establishing a standard for patient safety and monitoring. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013, 98:31-42.
111. Brose M.S., Frenette C.T., Keefe S.M., Stein S.M. Management of sorafenib-related adverse events: a clinician's perspective. Semin Oncol 2014, 41(Suppl 2). S1-S16.
112. Schlumberger M., Jarzab B., Elisei R., Siena S., Bastholt L., de la Fouchardiere C., et al. Phase III randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib in locally advanced or metastatic patients with radioactive iodine (RAI)-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) - exploratory analyses of patient-reported outcomes. Thyroid 2013, 23. abstract 100.
113. Liu D., Xing J., Trink B., Xing M. BRAF mutation-selective inhibition of thyroid cancer cells by the novel MEK inhibitor RDEA119 and genetic-potentiated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus. Int J Cancer 2010, 127:2965-2973.
114. Von Hoff D.D., Stephenson J.J., Rosen P., Loesch D.M., Borad M.J., Anthony S., et al. Pilot study using molecular profiling of patients' tumors to find potential targets and select treatments for their refractory cancers. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:4877-4883.
115. Roychowdhury S., Iyer M.K., Robinson D.R., Lonigro R.J., Wu Y.M., Cao X., et al. Personalized oncology through integrative high-throughput sequencing: a pilot study. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3:111ra21.
116. Flaherty K.T., Puzanov I., Kim K.B., Ribas A., McArthur G.A., Sosman J.A., et al. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:809-819.
117. Van Allen E.M., Wagle N., Sucker A., Treacy D.J., Johannessen C.M., Goetz E.M., et al. The genetic landscape of clinical resistance to RAF inhibition in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Discov 2014, 4:94-109.
118. Liu D., Xing M. Potent inhibition of thyroid cancer cells by the MEK inhibitor PD0325901 and its potentiation by suppression of the PI3K and NF-kappaB pathways. Thyroid 2008, 18:853-864.
119. Jin N., Jiang T., Rosen D.M., Nelkin B.D., Ball D.W. Synergistic action of a RAF inhibitor and a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011, 17:6482-6489.
120. Liu R., Liu D., Xing M. The Akt inhibitor MK2206 synergizes, but perifosine antagonizes, the BRAF(V600E) inhibitor PLX4032 and the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 in the inhibition of thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97. E173-82.