The Prague Stroop Test: Normative standards in older Czech adults and discriminative validity for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinsons disease

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 37, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 794-807

  Bezdicek, Ondrej ^a,b   Lukavsky, Jiri ^b,c   Stepankova, Hana ^b   Nikolai, Tomas ^a   Axelrod, Bradley N ^d   Michalec, Jiri ^e   Růžička, Evžen ^a   Kopecek, Miloslav ^b  

^a CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (Czech Republic)

^c PSYCHOLOGICKÝ ÚSTAV AV CR   (Czech Republic)

^d VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Aging; Inhibition; Mild cognitive impairment; Normative data; Parkinson's disease; Stroop Test

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; COMPLICATION; CZECH REPUBLIC; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; PARKINSON DISEASE; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REFERENCE VALUE; STANDARDS; STROOP TEST; VERY ELDERLY;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CZECH REPUBLIC; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; PARKINSON DISEASE; REFERENCE VALUES; ROC CURVE; STROOP TEST;

EID: 84940543523     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: 1744411X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1057106     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., &, Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review in Neuroscience, 9, 357-381.
2. Ambler, G., &, Benner, A. (2015). mfp: Multivariable Fractional Polynomials. R package version 1.5.1. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mfp
3. Anstey, K. J., Dain, S., Andrews, S., &, Drobny, J. (2002). Visual abilities in older adults explain age-differences in Stroop and fluid intelligence but not face recognition: Implications for the vision-cognition connection. Aging, Neuropsychology, & Cognition, 9, 253-265.
4. Benton, A. L., Sivan, A. B., Hamsher, K., de S., Varney, N. R., &, Spreen, O. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment. Orlando, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
5. Bettner, L. G., Jarvik, L. E, &, Blum, J. E. (1971). Stroop Color-Word Test, non-psychotic organic brain syndrome, and chromosome loss in aged twins. Journal of Gerontology, 26, 458-469.
6. Bezdicek, O., Libon D. J., Stepankova H., Panenkova E., Lukavsky, J., Garrett, K. D.,., Kopecek, M. (2014). Development, validity and normative data study for the twelve-word Philadelphia Verbal Learning Test (czP(r)VLT-12) among older and very old Czech adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 1162-1181.
7. Bezdíček, O., Lukavský, J., &, Preiss, M. (2011). Validizační studie české verze dotazníku FAQ [Functional activities questionnaire, Czech version-a validation study]. Česká a Slovenská Neurologie a Neurochirurgie, 74 (107), 365-342.
8. Bezdicek, O., Motak, L., Axelrod, B. N., Preiss, M., Nikolai, T., Vyhnalek, M.,., Ruzicka, E. (2012). Czech version of the Trail Making Test: Normative data and clinical utility. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 906-914.
9. Bezdicek, O., Stepankova, H., Moták, L., Axelrod, B. N., Woodard, J. L., Preiss, M.,., Poreh A. (2014). Czech version of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Normative data. Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition, 21, 693-721.
10. Biundo, R., Weis, L., Pilleri, M., Facchini, S., Formento-Dojot, P., Vallelunga, A., &, Antonini A. (2013). Diagnostic and screening power of neuropsychological testing in detecting mild cognitive impairment in Parkinsons disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 120, 627-633.
11. Borkowska, A., &, Rybakowski, J. K. (2001). Neuropsychological frontal lobe tests indicate that bipolar depressed patients are more impaired than unipolar. Bipolar Disorders, 3, 88-94.
12. Brown, W. (1915). Practice in associating color names with colors. Psychological Review, 22, 45-55.
13. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
14. Cohn, N. B., Dustman, R. E., &, Bradford, D. C. (1984). Age-related decrements in Stroop Color Test performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1244-1250.
15. Comalli, P. E. Jr., Wapner, S., &, Werner, H. (1962). Interference effects of Stroop Color-Word Test in childhood, adulthood, and aging. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100, 47-53.
16. Crocker, L., &, Algina, J. (2008). Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
17. Cummings, J. L., &, Miller, B. L. (2007). Conceptual and clinical aspects of the frontal lobes. In B. L. Miller & J. L. Cummings. (Eds.), The human frontal lobes: Functions and disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
18. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., &, Kramer, J. (2001). Delis Kaplan Executive Function System. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
19. Dubois, B., Burn, D., Goetz, C., Aarsland, D., Brown, R. G., Broe, G. A.,., Emre, M. (2007). Diagnostic procedures for Parkinsons disease dementia: Recommendations from the movement disorder society task force. Movement Disorders, 22, 2314-2324.
20. Dubois, B., Pillon, B., &, McKeith, I. (2007). Parkinsons disease with and without dementia and Lewy body dementia. In: B. L. Miller & J. L. Cummings. (Eds.), The human frontal lobes: Functions and disorders (2nd. ed., pp. 472-504). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21. Dujardin, K., Degreef, J. F., Rogelet, P., Defebvre, L., &, Destee, A. (1999). Impairment of the supervisory attentional system in early untreated patients with Parkinsons disease. Journal of Neurology, 246, 783-788.
22. Filoteo, J. V., Reed, J. D., Litvan, I., &, Harrington, D. L. (2014). Volumetric correlates of cognitive functioning in nondemented patients with Parkinsons disease. Movement Disorders, 29 (3), 360-367. doi: 10.1002/mds.25633
23. Geurtsen, G. J., Hoogland, J., Goldman, J. G., Schmand, B. A., Tröster, A. I., Burn, D. J.,. MDS Study Group on the Validation of PD-MCI Criteria. (2014). Parkinsons disease mild cognitive impairment: Application and validation of the criteria. Journal of Parkinsons Disease, 4, 131-137.
24. Golden, C. J. (1976). Identification of brain disorders by the Stroop Color and Word Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 654-658.
25. Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Chicago, IL: Stoelting.
26. Golden, C. J., &, Freshwater, S. M. (2002). The Stroop Color and Word Test. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.
27. Goldman, J. G., Holden, S., Ouyang, B., Bernard, B., Goetz, C. G., &, Stebbins, G. T. (2014). Diagnosing PD-MCI by MDS task force criteria: How many and which neuropsychological tests? Movement Disorders. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/mds.26084
28. Graf, P., Uttl, B., &, Tuokko, H. (1995). Color-and Picture-Word Stroop Tests: Performance changes in old age. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 390-415.
29. Houx, P. J., Jolles, J., &, Vreeling, F. W. (1993). Stroop interference: Aging effects assessed with the Stroop Color-Word Test. Experimental Aging Research, 19, 209-224.
30. Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L., &, Lees, A. J. (1992). Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinsons disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 55, 181-184.
31. Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., &, Petersen, R. C. (1996). Neuropsychological test norms above age 55: COWAT, BNT, MAE token, WRAT-R reading, AMNART, Stroop, TMT, and JLO. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 262-278.
32. Janvin, C. C., Aarsland, D., &, Larsen, J. P. (2005). Cognitive predictors of dementia in Parkinsons disease: A community-based, 4-year longitudinal study. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18, 149-154.
33. Klein, M., Ponds, R. W. H. M., Houx, P. J., &, Jolles, J. (1997). Effect of test duration on age-related differences in Stroop interference. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 77-82.
34. Lee, J. E., Cho, K. H., Song, S. K., Kim, H. J., Lee, H. S., Sohn, Y. H., &, Lee, P. H. (2014). Exploratory analysis of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of progressive mild cognitive impairment in Parkinsons disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 85, 7-16.
35. Litvan, I., Goldman, J. G., Tröster, A. I., Schmand, B. A., Weintraub, D., Petersen, R. C.,., Mollenhauer, B. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinsons disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Movement Disorders 27, 349-356.
36. Ludwig, C., Borella, E., Tettamanti, M., &, de Ribaupierre, A. (2010). Adult age differences in the Color Stroop Test: A comparison between an item-by-item and a blocked version. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51, 135-142.
37. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
38. MacLeod, C. M. (2007). The concept of inhibition in cognition. In D. S. Gorfein & C. M. MacLeod. (Eds.), Inhibition in cognition (pp. 3-23). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Mahieux, F., Fénelon, G., Flahault, A., Manifacier, M. J., Michelet, D., &, Boller, F. (1998). Neuropsychological prediction of dementia in Parkinsons disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 64, 178-183.
40. Matthews, F. E., Arthur, A., Barnes, L. E., Bond, J., Jagger, C., Robinson, L.,. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Collaboration. (2013). A two-decade comparison of prevalence of dementia in individuals aged 65 years and older from three geographical areas of England: Results of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study I and II. Lancet, 382, 1405-1412.
41. Miller, E. K., &, Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review in Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
42. Mitrushina, M., Boone, K. B., Razani, J., &, DElia, L. F. (2005). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
43. Moering, R. G., Schinka, J. A., Mortimer, J. A., &, Graves, A. B. (2004). Normative data for elderly African Americans for the Stroop Color and Word Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 61-71.
44. Moritz, S., Birkner, C., Kloss, M., Jahn, H., Hand, I., Haasen, C., &, Krausz, M. (2002). Executive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder, unipolar depression, and schizophrenia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 477-483.
45. Naglieri, J. A., &, Das, J. P. (1997). Cognitive assessment systems interpretive handbook. Itaska, IL: Riverside.
46. Nathan, J., Wilkinson, D., Stammers, S., &, Low, J. L. (2001). The role of tests of frontal executive function in the detection of mild dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 18-26.
47. Norman, M. A., Moore, D. J., Taylor, M., Franklin, D. Jr, Cysique, L., Ake, C.,., HNRC Group. (2011). Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 793-804.
48. Obeso, I., Wilkinson, L., Casabona, E., Bringas, M. L., Álvarez, M., Álvarez, L.,., Jahanshahi, M. (2011). Deficits in inhibitory control and conflict resolution on cognitive and motor tasks in Parkinsons disease. Experimental Brain Research, 212, 371-384.
49. Ojeda, N., Aretouli, E., Peña, J., &, Schretlen, D. J. (2014). Age differences in cognitive performance: A study of cultural differences in historical context. Journal of Neuropsychology. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
50. Panek, P. E., Rush, M. C., &, Slade, L. A. (1984). Locus of the age-Stroop interference relationship, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 145, 209-216.
51. Pedraza, O., &, Mungas, D. (2008). Measurement in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Neuropsychology Review, 18, 184-193.
52. Perret, E. (1974). The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behavior. Neuropsychologia, 12, 323-330.
53. Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183-194.
54. Pfeffer, R. I., Kurosaki, T. T., Harrah, CH. Jr, Chance, J. M., &, Filos, S. (1982). Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. The Journal of Gerontology, 37, 323-329.
55. Pirogovsky, E., Schiehser, D. M., Litvan, I., Obtera, K. M., Burke, M. M., Lessig, S. L.,., Filoteo, J. V. (2014). The utility of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Parkinsons disease mild cognitive impairment. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 20 (6), 627-631.
56. Preiss, M., Bartoš, A., Čermáková, R., Nondek, M., Benešová, M., Rodriguez, M.,. &, Nikolai, T. (2012). Neuropsychologická baterie Psychiatrického centra Praha [Neuropsychological battery of Prague Psychiatric Center: Clinical assessment of basic cognitive functions] (3rd ed.). Praha: Psychiatrické centrum Praha.
57. Rabin, L. A., Barr, W. B., &, Burton, L. A. (2005). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 33-65.
58. Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Santisi, M. N., Arecco, Mdel R., Salvatierra, J., Conde, A., &, Lenis, B. (2002). Stroop effect in Spanish-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 819-827.
59. Royall, D. R., Cordes, J. A., &, Polk, M. (1998). CLOX: An executive clock drawing task. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 64, 588-594.
60. Royston, P., &, Altman, G. G. (1994). Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: Parsimonious parametric modeling. Applied Statistics, 43, 429-467.
61. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
62. Sheikh, J. I., &, Yesavage, J. A. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. The Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 165-173.
63. Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., &, Faust, M. E. (1996). Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimers type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 22, 461-479.
64. Steinberg, B. A., Bieliauskas, L. A., Smith, G. E., &, Ivnik, R. J. (2005). Mayos Older Americans Normative Studies: Age-and IQ-adjusted norms for the Trail-Making Test, the Stroop Test, and MAE Controlled Oral Word Association Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 329-377.
65. Stepankova, H., Bezdicek, O., Nikolai, T., Horakova, K., Lukavsky, J., &, Kopecek, M. (2015). National normative study of cognitive determinants of healthy aging-status report. E-Psychologie, 9 (1), 43-64. Retrieved from http://e-psycholog.eu/pdf/stepankova-etal-zp3.pdf
66. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., &, Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
67. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
68. Stuss, D. T., Floden, D., Alexander, M. P., Levine, B., &, Katz, D. (2001). Stroop performance in focal lesion patients: Dissociation of processes and frontal lobe lesion location. Neuropsychologia, 39, 771-786.
69. Trenerry, M. R., Crosson, B., DeBoe, J., &, Leber, W. R. (1989). Stroop Neurological Screening Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
70. Tröster, A. I. (2011). A précis of recent advances in the neuropsychology of mild cognitive impairment(s) in Parkinsons disease and a proposal of preliminary research criteria. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 393-406.
71. Troyer, A. K., Leach, L., &, Strauss, E. (2006). Aging and response inhibition: Normative data for the Victoria Stroop Test. Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition, 13, 20-35.
72. Verhaeghen, P., &, De Meersman, L. (1998). Aging and the Stroop effect: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 13, 120-126.
73. Wechsler, D. (2010). Wechslerova inteligenční škála pro dospělé, WAIS-III [. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third. Edition]. Praha: Hogrefe-Testcentrum.
74. Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechslerova zkrácená pamě͗ová škála, WMS-IIIa [. Wechsler Memory Scale, Third. Edition Abbreviated]. Praha: Hogrefe-Testcentrum.
75. Weintraub, D., Moberg, P. J., Culbertson, W. C., Duda, J. E., Katz, I. R., &, Stern, M. B. (2005). Dimensions of executive function in Parkinsons disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 20, 140-144.
76. West, R. (1999). Age differences in lapses of intention in the Stroop task. The Journal of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, P34-P43.