Evaluating the advective Brewer-Dobson circulation in three reanalyses for the period 1979-2012

Journal of Geophysical Research

Volumn 120, Issue 15, 2015, Pages 7534-7554

  Abalos, Marta ^a   Legras, Bernard ^a   Ploeger, Felix ^b   Randel, William J ^c  

^a ECOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE   (France)

^b FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; CLIMATE MODELING; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EMISSION; GREENHOUSE GAS; OZONE DEPLETION; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; STRATOSPHERE; THERMODYNAMICS; UPWELLING;

EID: 84940417200     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21562202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023182     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Abalos, M., W. J. Randel, and E. Serrano (2012), Variability in upwelling across the tropical tropopause and correlations with tracers in the lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11,505-11,517, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-11505-2012.
2. Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C. B. Leovy (1987), Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
3. Austin, J., and F. Li (2006), On the relationship between the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the age of stratospheric air, J. Geophys. Res., 33, L17807, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026867.
4. Baldwin, M. P., et al. (2001), The quasi-biennial oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 39(2), 179-229, doi: 10.1029/1999RG000073.
5. Butchart, N., et al. (2010), Chemistry-climate model simulations of twenty-first century stratospheric climate and circulation changes, J. Clim., 23, 5349-5374, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3404.1.
6. Butchart, N., et al. (2010), Chapter 4: Stratospheric dynamics, CCMVal SPARC Rep. 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD, 1526, edited by V. Erying, T. Shepherd, and D. Waugh.
7. Butchart, N. (2014), The Brewer-Dobson circulation, Rev. Geophys., 52, 157-184, doi: 10.1002/2013RG000448.
8. Calvo, N., R. R. Garcia, W. J. Randel, and D. R. Marsh (2010), Dynamical mechanism for the increase in tropical upwelling in the lowermost tropical stratosphere during warm ENSO events, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2331-2340, doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3433.1.
9. Charlton, A. J., and L. M. Polvani (2007), A new look at stratospheric sudden warmings. Part I: Climatology and modeling benchmarks, J. Clim., 20, 449-469, doi: 10.1175/JCLI3996.1.
10. Davis, S. M., C. K. Liang, and K. H. Rosenlof (2013), Interannual variability of tropical tropopause layer clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2862-2866, doi: 10.1002/grl.50512.
11. Dee, D. P., et al. (2011), The ERA-interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi: 10.1002/qj.828.
12. Diallo, M., B. Legras, and A. Chédin (2012), Age of stratospheric air in the ERA-Interim, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12,133-12,154, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-12133-2012.
13. Ebita, A., et al. (2011), The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis JRA-55: An interim report, SOLA, 7, 147-152, doi: 10.2151/sola.2011-038.
14. Engel, A., et al. (2009), Age of stratospheric air unchanged within uncertainties over the past 30 years, Nat. Geosci., 2, 28-31, doi: 10.1038/ngeo388.
15. Eyring, V., et al. (2006), Assessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22308, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007327.
16. Fueglistaler, S., B. Legras, A. Beljaars, J. J. Morcrette, A. Simmons, A. M. Tompkins, and S. Uppala (2009), The diabatic heat budget of the upper troposphere and lower/mid stratosphere in ECMWF reanalysis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 21-37, doi: 10.1002/qj.361.
17. Fueglistaler, S., M. Abalos, T. J. Flannaghan, P. Lin, and W. J. Randel (2014), Variability and trends in dynamical forcing of tropical lower stratospheric temperatures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13,381-13,412, doi: 10.5194/acpd-14-13381-2014.
18. Garcia, R. R., and W. J. Randel (2008), Acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson circulation due to increases in greenhouse gases, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2731-2739, doi: 10.1175/2008JAS2712.1.
19. Garcia, R. R., D. R. Marsh, D. E. Kinnison, B. A. Boville, and F. Sassi (2007), Simulation of secular trends in the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09301, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007485.
20. Garcia, R. R., W. J. Randel, and D. E. Kinnison (2011), On the determination of age of air trends from atmospheric trace species, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 139-154, doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3527.1.
21. Garny, H., M. Dameris, W. J. Randel, G. E. Bodeker, and R. Deckert (2011), Dynamically forced increase of tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1214-1233, doi: 10.1175/2011JAS3701.1.
22. Gillett, N., and D. W. J. Thompson (2003), Simulation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change, Science, 302, 273-275, doi: 10.1126/science.1087440.
23. Graf, H.-F., Q. Li, and M. A. Giorgetta (2007), Volcanic effects on climate: Revisiting the mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4503-4511, doi: 10.5194/acp-7-4503-2007.
24. Hall, T. M., and R. A. Plumb (1994), Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, doi: 10.1029/93JD03192.
25. Haynes, P. H., C. J. Marks, M. E. McIntyre, T. G. Shepherd, and K. P. and Shine (1991), On the “downward control” of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651-678.
26. Iwasaki, T., H. Hamada, and K. Miyazaki (2009), Comparisons of Brewer-Dobson circulations diagnosed from reanalyses, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 87, 997-1006, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.87.997.
27. Kobayashi, S., et al. (2015), The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 93, 5-48, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2015-001.
28. Lamarque, J.-F., and S. Solomon (2010), Impact of changes in climate and halocarbons on recent lower stratosphere, J. Atm. Sci., 23, 2599-2611, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3179.1.
29. Li, F., et al. (2012), Long-term changes in stratospheric age spectra in the 21st century in the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOSCCM), J. Geophys. Res., 117, D20119, doi: 10.1029/2012JD017905.
30. McCormick, M. P., and R. E. Veiga (1992), SAGE II measurements of early Pinatubo aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19(2), 155-158, doi: 10.1029/91GL02790.
31. McLandress, C., A. I. Jonsson, D. A. Plummer, M. C. Reader, J. F. Scinocca, and T. G. Shepherd (2010), Separating the dynamical effects of climate change and ozone depletion. Part I: Southern Hemisphere stratosphere, J. Clim., 23, 5002-5020, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3586.1.
32. Monge-Sanz, B. M., M. P. Chipperfield, A. J. Simmons, and S. M. Uppala (2007), Mean age of air and transport in a CTM: Comparison of different ECMWF analyses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04801, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028515.
33. Monge-Sanz, B. M., M. P. Chipperfield, D. P. Dee, A. J. Simmons, and S. M. Uppala (2013), Improvements in the stratospheric transport achieved by a chemistry transport model with ECMWF (re)analyses: Identifying effects and remaining challenges, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 139, 654-673, doi: 10.1002/qj.1996.
34. Murgatroyd, R. J., and F. Singleton (1961), Possible meridional circulations in the stratosphere and mesosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 125-135, doi: 10.1002/qj.49708737202.
35. Oman, L., D. W. Waugh, S. Pawson, R. S. Stolarski, and P. A. Newman (2009), On the influence of anthropogenic forcings on changes in the stratospheric mean age, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03105, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010378.
36. Ploeger, F., M. Abalos, T. Birner, P. Konopka, B. Legras, R. Müller, and M. Riese (2015b), Quantifying the effects of mixing and residual circulation on trends of stratospheric mean age of air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 2047-2054, doi: 10.1002/2014GL062927.
37. Plumb, R. A. (2002), Stratospheric transport, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 793-809, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.80.793.
38. Polvani, L. M., D. W. Waugh, G. J. P. Correa, and S.-W. Son (2011), Stratospheric ozone depletion: The main driver of twentieth-century atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere, J. Clim., 24, 795-812, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3772.1.
39. Ramaswamy, V., et al. (2001), Stratospheric temperature trends: Observations and model simulations, Rev. Geophys., 39(1), 71-122, doi: 10.1029/1999RG000065.
40. Randel, W. J., and A. M. Thompson (2011), Interannual variability and trends in tropical ozone derived from SAGE II satellite data and SHADOZ ozonesondes, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D07303, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015195.
41. Randel, W. J., R. R. Garcia, and F. Wu (2002), Time-dependent upwelling in the tropical lower stratosphere estimated from the zonal-mean momentum budget, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2141-2152, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2141: TDUITT>2.0.CO;2.
42. Randel, W. J., R. R. Garcia, and F. Wu (2008), Dynamical balances and tropical stratospheric upwelling, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3584-3595, doi: 10.1175/2008JAS2756.1.
43. Randel, W. J., et al. (2009), An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02107, doi: 10.1029/2008JD01042.
44. Ray, E. A., et al. (2010), Evidence for changes in stratospheric transport and mixing over the past three decades based on multiple data sets and tropical leaky pipe analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21304, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014206.
45. 2 measurements, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 14,110-14,128, doi: 10.1002/2014JD021802.
46. Rienecker, M. M., et al. (2011), MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, J. Clim., 24, 3624-3648, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1.
47. Rood, R. B. (2003), Reanalysis, in Data Assimilation for the Earth System, vol. 26, edited by Swinbank et al., pp. 361-372, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Netherlands.
48. Schoeberl, M. R., A. R. Douglass, R. S. Stolarski, S. Pawson, S. E. Strahan, andW. Read (2008), Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24109, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010221.
49. Seidel, D. J., N. P. Gillett, J. R. Lanzante, K. P. Shine, and P. W. Thorne (2011), Stratospheric temperature trends: Our evolving understanding, WIREs Clim. Change, 2, 592-616, doi: 10.1002/wcc.125.
50. Seviour, W. J. M., N. Butchart, and S. C. Hardiman (2011), The Brewer-Dobson circulation inferred from ERA-Interim, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 878-888, doi: 10.1002/qj.966.
51. Shepherd, T. G. (2007), Transport in the middle atmosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 85, 165-191.
52. Shepherd, T. G., and C. McLandress (2011), A robust mechanism for strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation in response to climate change: Critical-layer control of subtropical wave breaking, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 784-797, doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3608.1.
53. Simmons, A. J., P. Poli, D. P. Dee, P. Berrisford, H. Hersbach, S. Kobayashib, and C. Peubeya (2014), Estimating low-frequency variability and trends in atmospheric temperature using ERA-Interim, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 329-353, doi: 10.1002/qj.2317.
54. Son, S.-W., L. M. Polvani, D. W. Waugh, H. Akiyoshi, R. Garcia, D. Kinnison, S. Pawson, E. Rozanov, T. G. Shepherd, and K. Shibata (2008), The impact of stratospheric ozone recovery on the Southern Hemisphere westerly jet, Science, 320(5882), 1486-1489, doi: 10.1126/science.1155939.
55. Son, S.-W., et al. (2010), Impact of stratospheric ozone on Southern Hemisphere circulation change: A multimodel assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00M07, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014271.
56. Stiller, G. P., et al. (2012), Observed temporal evolution of global mean age of stratospheric air for the 2002 to 2010 period, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3311-3331, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-3311-2012.
57. Thompson, D. W. J., and S. Solomon (2002), Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change, Science, 296(895), doi: 10.1126/science.1069270.
58. Young, P. J. A. H. B., N. Calvo, L. Haimberger, P. J. Kushner, D. R. Marsh, W. J. Randel, and K. H. Rosenlof (2013), Agreement in late twentieth century Southern Hemisphere stratospheric temperature trends in observations and CCMVal-2, CMIP3, and CMIP5 models, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 605-613, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50126.
59. von Storch, H., and F. W. Zwiers (1999), Statistical Analysis in Climate Research, 494 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
60. Wallace, J. M., R. L. Panetta, and J. Estberg (1993), Representation of the equatorial stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation in EOF phase space, J. Atmos. Sci., 50(12), 1751-1762.
61. Waugh, D. (2009), The age of stratospheric air, Nat. Geosci., 2, 14-16, doi: 10.1038/ngeo397.
62. Waugh, D. W., and T. M. Hall (2002), Age of stratospheric air: Theory, observations and models, Rev. Geophys., 40(4), 1010, doi: 10.1029/2000RG000101.
63. Waugh, D. W., W. J. Randel, S. Pawson, P. A. Newman, and E. R. Nash (1999), Persistence of the lower stratospheric polar vortices, J. Geophys. Res, 104, 27,191-27,201, doi: 10.1029/1999JD900795.
64. Wolter, K., and M. S. Timlin (1998), Measuring the strength of ENSO-How does 1997/98 rank?, Weather, 53, 315-324, doi: 10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb06408.x.
65. Wright, J. S., and S. Fueglistaler (2013), Large differences in reanalyses of diabatic heating in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9565-9576, doi: 10.5194/acp-13-9565-2013.