Observed temporal evolution of global mean age of stratospheric air for the 2002 to 2010 period

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 3311-3331

  Stiller, G P ^a   Von Clarmann, T ^a   Haenel, F ^a   Funke, B ^b   Glatthor, N ^a   Grabowski, U ^a   Kellmann, S ^a   Kiefer, M ^a   Linden, A ^a   Lossow, S ^a   Lopez Puertas M ^b  

^a KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTO DE ASTROFÍSICA DE ANDALUCÍA CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPLITUDE; ANNUAL VARIATION; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; DATA SET; MESOSPHERE; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEASONAL VARIATION; STRATOSPHERE; TEMPORAL EVOLUTION;

EID: 84859556150     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-3311-2012     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Andrews, A. E., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Hintsa, E. J., Weinstock, E. M., and Bui, T. P.: Empirical age spectra for the lower tropical stratosphere from in situ observations of CO2: Implications for stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26581-26595, 1999.
2. Andrews, A. E., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Loewenstein, M., Jost, H., Podolske, J. R., Webster, C. R., Herman, R. L., Scott, D. C., Flesch, G. J., Moyer, E. J., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Hurst, D. F., Moore, F. L., Ray, E. A., Romashkin, P. A., and Strahan, S. E.: Mean ages of stratospheric air derived from in situ observations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32295-32314, doi:10.1029/2001JD000465, 2001.
3. Austin, J. and Li, F.: On the relationship between the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the age of stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17807, doi:10.1029/2006GL026867, 2006. (Pubitemid 44945678)
4. Austin, J., Wilson, J., Li, F., and Vömel, H.: Evolution of water vapor and age of air in coupled chemistry climate model simulations of the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 905-921, 2007. (Pubitemid 46554484)
5. Baldwin, M. P., Dameris, M., and Shepherd, T. G.: How will the Stratosphere affect climate change?, Science, 316, 1576-1577, doi:10.1126/science.1144303, 2007. (Pubitemid 46982020)
6. Birner, T. and Bönisch, H.: Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 11, 817-827, doi:10.5194/acp-11-817-2011, 2011.
7. Bönisch, H., Engel, A., Birner, Th., Hoor, P., Tarasick, D. W., and Ray, E. A.: On the structural changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation after 2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3937-3948, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3937-2011, 2011.
8. Boering, K. A., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Schneider, H. R., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., and Conway, T. J.: Stratospheric Mean Ages and Transport Rates from Observations of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide, Science, 274, 1340-1343, doi:10.1126/science.274.5291.1340, 1996. (Pubitemid 26391450)
9. Butchart, N. and Scaife, A. A.: Removal of chlorofluorocar-bons by increased mass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere in a changing climate, Nature, 410, 799-802, doi:10.1038/35071047, 2001. (Pubitemid 32303774)
10. Butchart, N., Scaife, A. A., Bourqui, M., de Grandpre, J., Hare, S. H. E., Kettleborough, J., Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Sassi, F., Shibata, K., Shindell, D., and Sigmond, M.: Simulations of anthropogenic change in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, Clim. Dynam., 27, 727-741, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0162-4, 2006. (Pubitemid 44550671)
11. Chen, B., Xu, X. D., Yang, S., and Zhao, T. L.: Climatolog-ical perspectives of air transport from atmospheric boundary layer to tropopause layer over Asian monsoon regions during boreal summer inferred from Lagrangian approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 4185-4219, doi:10.5194/acpd-12-4185- 2012, 2012.
12. Chirkov, M., Laeng, A., von Clarmann, T., Kellmann, S., Stiller, G., Glatthor, N., Wiegele, A., and Orphal, J.: Global HCFC-22 measurements with MIPAS: retrieval, validation, climatologies and trends, to be submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys, 2012.
13. Dhomse, S., Weber, M., and Burrows, J.: The relationship between tropospheric wave forcing and tropical lower stratospheric water vapor, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 471-480, doi:10.5194/acp-8-471-2008, 2008.
14. Douglass, A. R., Stolarski, R. S., Schoeberl, M. R., Jackman, C. H., Gupta, M. L., Newman, P. A., Nielsen, J. E., and Fleming, E. L.: Relationship of loss, mean age of air and the distribution of CFCs to stratospheric circulation and implications for atmospheric lifetimes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14309, doi:10.1029/2007JD009575, 2008.
15. Elkins, J. W. and Dutton, G. S.: Nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluo-ride (in "State of the Climate in 2008"), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, S38-S39, 2009.
16. Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Gilligan, J. M., Dutton, G. S., Baring, T. J., Volk, C. M., Dunn, R. E., Myers, R. C., Montzka, S. A., Wamsley, P. R., Hayden, A. H., Butler, J. H., Thompson, T. M., Swanson, T. H., Dlugokencky, E. J., Novelli, P. C., Hurst, D. F., Lobert, J. M., Ciciora, S. J., McLaughlin, R. J., Thompson, T. L., Winkler, R. H., Fraser, P. J., Steele, L. P., and Lucarelli, M. P.: Airborne gas chromatograph for in situ measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 347-350, doi:10.1029/96GL00244, 1996. (Pubitemid 26467979)
17. Engel, A., Strunk, M., Müller, M., Haase, H.-P., Poss, C., Levin, I., and Schmidt, U.: Temporal development of total chlorine in the high-latitude stratosphere based on reference distributions of mean age derived from CO2 and SF6, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000584, 2002.
18. Engel, A., Möbius, T., Haase, H.-P., Bönisch, H., Wetter, T., Schmidt, U., Levin, I., Reddmann, T., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Grunow, K., Huret, N., and Pirre, M.: Observation of meso-spheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 267-282, doi:10.5194/acp-6-267-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 43263660)
19. Engel, A., Möbius, T., Bönisch, H., Schmidt, U., Heinz, R., Levin, I., Atlas, E., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Sugawara, S., Moore, F., Hurst, D., Elkins, J., Schauffler, S., Andrews, A., and Boer-ing, K.: Age of stratospheric air unchanged within uncertainties over the past 30 yr, Nat. Geosci., 2, 28-31, doi:10.1038/ngeo388, 2009.
20. Fischer H. Birk M., Blom, C., Carli, B., Carlotti M., von Clar-mann, T., Delbouille, L., Dudhia, A., Ehhalt, D., Endemann, M., Flaud, J. M., Gessner, R., Kleinert, A., Koopman, R., Langen, J., López-Puertas, M., Mosner, P., Nett, H., Oelhaf, H., Perron, G., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., Stiller, G., and Zander, R.: MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2151-2188, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2151-2008, 2008.
21. Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A., Dunkerton, T., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009.
22. Garcia, R. R. and Randel, W. J.: Acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson Circulation due to Increases in Greenhouse Gases, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2731-2739, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2712.1, 2008.
23. Garcia, R. R., Randel, W. J., and Kinnison, D. E.: On the determination of age of air trends from atmospheric trace species, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 139-154, 2011.
24. Hall, B. D., Dutton, G. S., Mondeel, D. J., Nance, J. D., Rigby, M., Butler, J. H., Moore, F. L., Hurst, D. F., and Elkins, J. W.: Improving measurements of SF6 for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2441-2451, doi:10.5194/amt-4-2441-2011, 2011.
25. Hall, T. M. and Plumb, R. A.: Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, 1994. (Pubitemid 24402568)
26. Hall, T. M. and Waugh, D. W.: Influence of nonlocal chemistry on tracer distributions: Inferring the mean age of air from SF6, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13327-13336, doi:10.1029/98JD00170, 1998. (Pubitemid 28469512)
27. Hall, T. M., Waugh, D. W., Boering, K. A., and Plumb, R. A.: Evaluation of transport in stratospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 18815-18839, 1999.
28. Harnisch, J., Bischof, W., Borchers, R., Fabian, P., and Maiss, M.: Tropospheric trends for CF4 and C2H6 since 1982 derived from SF6 dated stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1099-1102, doi:10.1029/96GL01198, 1996.
29. IPCC: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Av-eryt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp., 2007.
30. Kellmann, S., von Clarmann, T., Eckert, E., Glatthor, N., Höpfner, M., Kiefer, M., Orphal, J., Stiller, P., Funke, B., Grabowski, U., Linden, A., and Wiegele, A.: Global CFC-11 (CFCl3) and CFC-12 (CF2Cl2) Measurements with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS): Retrieval, Climatologies and Trends, to be submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys, 2012.
31. Kodera, K. and Kuroda, Y.: Dynamical response to the solar cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4749, doi:10.1029/2002JD002224, 2002.
32. Kyrölä, E., Tamminen, J., Sofieva, V., Bertaux, J. L., Hauchecorne, A., Dalaudier, F., Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F., Fanton d'Andon, O., Barrot, G., Guirlet, M., Fehr, T., and Saavedra de Miguel, L.: GOMOS O3, NO2, and NO3 observations in 2002-2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7723-7738, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7723-2010, 2010.
33. Labitzke, K.: Sunspots, the QBO, and the stratospheric temperature in the north polar region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 535-537, 1987.
34. Levin, I., Naegler, T., Heinz, R., Osusko, D., Cuevas, E., Engel, A., Ilmberger, J., Langenfelds, R. L., Neininger, B., Rohden, C. v.,Steele, L. P., Weller, R., Worthy, D. E., and Zimov, S. A.: The global SF6 source inferred from long-term high precision atmospheric measurements and its comparison with emission inventories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2655-2662, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 2655-2010, 2010.
35. Li, S. and Waugh, D. W.: Sensitivity of mean age and long-lived tracers to transport parameters in a two-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30559-30569, doi:10.1029/1999JD900913, 1999.
36. McLandress, C. and Shepherd, T. G.: Simulated anthropogenic changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation, including its extension to high latitudes, J. Climate, 22, 1516-1540, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2679.1, 2009.
37. Oman, L., Waugh, D. W., Pawson, S., Stolarski, R. S., and Newman, P. A.: On the influence of anthropogenic forcings on changes in the stratospheric mean age, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03105, doi:10.1029/2008JD010378, 2009.
38. Park, S., Jiménez, R., Daube, B. C., Pfister, L., Conway, T. J., Gottlieb, E. W., Chow, V. Y., Curran, D. J., Matross, D. M., Bright, A., Atlas, E. L., Bui, T. P., Gao, R.-S., Twohy, C. H., and Wofsy, S. C.: The CO2 tracer clock for the Tropical Tropopause Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3989-4000, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3989-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47174539)
39. Patra, P., Lal, S., Subbaraya, B. H., Jackman, C. H., and Rajaratnam, P.: Observed vertical profile of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its atmospheric applications, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8855-8859, doi:10.1029/96JD03503, 1997.
40. Plumb, R. A., Heres, W., Neu, J. L., Mahowald, N., del Corral, J., Toon, G. C., Ray, E., Moore, F., and Andrews, A. E.: Global tracer modeling during SOLVE: High-latitude descent and mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8309, doi:10.1029/2001JD001023, 2002.
41. Randel, W. J. and Thompson, A.: Interannual variability and trends in tropical ozone derived from SAGE II satellite data and SHADOZ ozonesondes, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D07303, doi:10.1029/2010JD015195, 2011.
42. Randel, W. J., Wu, F., Vömel, H., Nedoluha, G. E., and Forster, P.: Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer-Dobson circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12312, doi:10.1029/2005JD006744, 2006. (Pubitemid 44687651)
43. Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Fahey, D. W., Vömel, H., Oltmans, S. J., and Rosenlof, K. H.: Transport into the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere revealed by in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26565-26580, doi:10.1029/1999JD900323, 1999.
44. Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Elkins, J. W., Hurst, D. F., Ro-mashkin, P. A., Dutton, G. S., and Fahey, D. W.: Descent and mixing in the 1999-2000 northern polar vortex inferred from in situ tracer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8285, doi:10.1029/2001JD000961, 2002.
45. Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Rosenlof, K. H., Davis, S. M., Boenisch, H., Morgenstern, O., Smale, D., Rozanov, E., Hegglin, M., Pitari, G., Mancini, E., Braesicke, P., Butchart, N., Hardiman, S., Li, F., Shibata, K., and Plummer, D. A.: Evidence for changes in stratospheric transport and mixing overi the past three decades based on multiple data sets and tropical leaky pipe analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21304, doi:10.1029/2010JD014206, 2010.
46. Reddmann, T., Ruhnke, R., and Kouker, W.: Three-dimensional model simulations of SF6 with mesospheric chemistry, J. Geo-phys. Res., 106, 14525-14537, doi:10.1029/2000JD900700, 2001.
47. Rigby, M., Mühle, J., Miller, B. R., Prinn, R. G., Krummel, P. B., Steele, L. P., Fraser, P. J., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Weiss, R. F., Greally, B. R., O'Doherty, S., Simmonds, P. G., Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Kim, J., Kim, K.-R., Wang, H. J., Olivier, J. G. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dutton, G. S., Hall, B. D., and Elkins, J. W.: History of atmospheric SF6 from 1973 to 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10305-10320, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10305-2010, 2010.
48. Rosenlof, K. H. and Reid, G. C.: Trends in the temperature and water vapor content of the tropical lower stratosphere: Sea surface connection, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06107, doi:10.1029/2007JD009109, 2008.
49. Rosenlof, K. H., Tuck, A. F., Kelly, K. K., Russell III, J. M., and McCormick, M. P.: Hemispheric asymmetries in water vapor and inferences about transport in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13213-13234, 1997. (Pubitemid 127683131)
50. Schmidt, U. and Khedim, A.: In situ measurements of carbon dioxide in the winter Arctic vortex and at midlatitudes: An indicator of the "age" of stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 763-766, 1991.
51. Schoeberl, M. R., Douglass, A. R., Polansky, B., Boone, C., Walker, K. A., and Bernath, P.: Estimation of stratospheric age spectrum from chemical tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006125, 2005. (Pubitemid 41825039)
52. Shepherd, T. G.: Dynamics, Stratospheric Ozone, and Climate Change, Atmosphere-Ocean, 46, 117-138, doi:10.3137/ao.460106, 2008.
53. Solomon, S.: Progress towards a quantitative understanding of Antarctic ozone depletion, Nature, 347, 347-354, 1990.
54. Solomon, S., Rosenlof, K. H., Portmann, R. W., Daniel, J. S., Davis, S. M., Sanford, T. J., and Plattner, G.-K.: Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming, Science, 327, 1219-1223, doi:10.1126/science.1182488, 2010.
55. SPARC CCMVal: Neu, J. and Strahan, S., Chapter 5. Transport, in: SPARC Report on the Evaluation of Chemistry-Climate Models, edited by: Eyring, V., Shepherd, T. G., and Waugh, D. W., SPARC Report No. 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD-No. 1526, available at: http://www.sparc-climate.org/publications/sparc-reports/ sparc-report-no5/, 2010.
56. Steck, T. and von Clarmann, T.: Constrained profile retrieval applied to the observation mode of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, Appl. Optics, 40, 3559-3571, 2001.
57. Stiller, G. P.: Interactive comment on "Observed temporal evolution of global mean age of stratospheric air for the 2002 to 2010 period" by G. P. Stiller et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, C14654-C14654, 2012.
58. Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Höpfner, M., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kleinert, A., Linden, A., Milz, M., Reddmann, T., Steck, T., Fischer, H., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., and Engel, A.: Global distribution of mean age of stratospheric air from MIPAS SF6 measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 677-695, doi:10.5194/acp-8-677-2008, 2008.
59. Strahan, S., Douglass, A., Nielsen, J., and Boering, K.: The CO2 seasonal cycle as tracer of transport, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13729-13741, doi:10.1029/98JD01143, 1998.
60. Strunk, M., Engel, A., Schmidt, U., Volk, C. M., Wetter, T., Levin, I., and Glatzel-Mattheier, H.: CO2 and SF6 as stratospheric age tracers: consistency and the effect of mesospheric SF6-loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 341-344, doi:10.1029/1999GL011044, 2000.
61. Thompson, D. W. J. and Solomon, S.: Recent stratospheric climate trends as evidenced in radiosonde data: Global structure and tropospheric linkages, J. Climate, 18, 4785-4795, doi:10.1175/JCLI3585.1, 2005. (Pubitemid 43051409)
62. Tikhonov, A.: On the solution of incorrectly stated problems and method of regularization, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR+, 151, 501-504, 1963.
63. Volk, C. M., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Dutton, G. S., Gilli-gan, J. M., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chan, K. R., and Gunson, M. R.: Evaluation of source gas lifetimes from stratospheric observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25543-25564, doi:10.1029/97JD02215, 1997.
64. von Clarmann, T., Grabowski, U., and Kiefer, M.: On the role of non-random errors in inverse problems in radiative transfer and other applications, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 71, 39-46, 2001. (Pubitemid 32792280)
65. von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G., Grabowski, U., Eckert, E., and Or-phal, J.: Technical Note: Trend estimation from irregularly sampled, correlated data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6737-6747, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6737-2010, 2010.
66. Waugh, D. W.: The age of stratospheric air, Nat. Geosci., 2, 14-16, 2009.
67. Waugh, D. W. and Hall, T. M.: Age of stratospheric air: theory, observations, and models, Rev. Geophys., 40, 1010, doi:10.1029/2000RG000101, 2002.
68. Waugh, D. W., Plumb, R. A., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Boer-ing, K. A., Dutton, G. S., Volk, C. M., Keim, E., Gao, R.-S., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chan, K. R., Proffitt, M. H., Kelly, K. K., Newman, P. A., and Lait, L. R.: Mixing of polar votex air into middle latitudes as revealed by tracer-tracer scatterplots, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13119-13134, 1997. (Pubitemid 127683124)