Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differentiating malignant from benign portal vein thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 21, Issue 32, 2015, Pages 9457-9460

  Tarantino, Luciano ^a   Ambrosino, Pasquale ^b   Di Minno, Matteo Nicola Dario ^c  

^a Andrea Tortora Hospital   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^c CENTRO CARDIOLOGICO MONZINO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Benign thrombosis; Contrast enhanced ultrasound; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Malignant thrombosis; Portal vein thrombosis

Indexed keywords

BENIGN PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; CONTRAST ENHANCED ULTRASOUND; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ECHOGRAPHY; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALIGNANT PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; PORTAL VEIN; PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VASCULAR PATENCY; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; COLOR DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; COMPLICATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; LIVER NEOPLASMS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; TUMOR EMBOLISM; VENOUS THROMBOSIS; X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY;

CONTRAST MEDIUM;

CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NEOPLASTIC CELLS, CIRCULATING; PORTAL VEIN; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, COLOR; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84940109156     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9457     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. Cohen J, Edelman RR, Chopra S. Portal vein thrombosis: a review. Am J Med 1992; 92: 173-182 [PMID: 1543202]
2. Gaiani S, Bolondi L, Li Bassi S, Zironi G, Siringo S, Barbara L. Prevalence of spontaneous hepatofugal portal flow in liver cirrhosis. Clinical and endoscopic correlation in 228 patients. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 160-167 [PMID: 1983817]
3. Valla DC, Condat B. Portal vein thrombosis in adults: pathophysiology, pathogenesis and management. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 865-871 [PMID: 10845677]
4. Calvet X, Bruix J, Brú C, Ginés P, Vilana R, Solé M, Ayuso MC, Bruguera M, Rodes J. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma in Spain. Five year's experience in 249 cases. J Hepatol 1990; 10: 311-317 [PMID: 2164055]
5. Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Brancaccio V, Margaglione M, Manguso F, Iannaccone L, Grandone E, Balzano A. Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 736-741 [PMID: 15094219]
6. Okuda K, Ohnishi K, Kimura K, Matsutani S, Sumida M, Goto N, Musha H, Takashi M, Suzuki N, Shinagawa T. Incidence of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. An angiographic study in 708 patients. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 279-286 [PMID: 4007419]
7. Vilana R, Bru C, Bruix J, Castells A, Sole M, Rodes J. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of portal vein thrombus: value in detecting malignant thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160: 1285-1287 [PMID: 8388621]
8. Dusenbery D, Dodd GD, Carr BI. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of portal vein thrombi as a staging technique for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytologic findings of 46 patients. Cancer 1995; 75: 2057-2062 [PMID: 7697594]
9. Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Ohtomo K. Selection criteria for hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg 2001; 233: 379-384 [PMID: 11224626]
10. Llovet JM, Bustamante J, Castells A, Vilana R, Ayuso Mdel C, Sala M, Brú C, Rodés J, Bruix J. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale for the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials. Hepatology 1999; 29: 62-67 [PMID: 9862851]
11. Van Gansbeke D, Avni EF, Delcour C, Engelholm L, Struyven J. Sonographic features of portal vein thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985; 144: 749-752 [PMID: 3883708]
12. Lee HM, Lu DS, Krasny RM, Busuttil R, Kadell B, Lucas J. Hepatic lesion characterization in cirrhosis: significance of arterial hypervascularity on dual-phase helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 125-130 [PMID: 9207511]
13. Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, Esposito F, Giorgio A, Sorrentino P, de Stefano G, Di Sarno A, Ferraioli G, Sperlongano P. Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. Abdom Imaging 2006; 31: 537-544 [PMID: 16865315]
14. Tanaka K, Numata K, Okazaki H, Nakamura S, Inoue S, Takamura Y. Diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy of color Doppler sonography compared with angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160: 1279-1283 [PMID: 8388620]
15. Furuse J, Matsutani S, Yoshikawa M, Ebara M, Saisho H, Tsuchiya Y, Ohto M. Diagnosis of portal vein tumor thrombus by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. J Clin Ultrasound 1992; 20: 439-446 [PMID: 1324947]
16. Rossi S, Rosa L, Ravetta V, Cascina A, Quaretti P, Azzaretti A, Scagnelli P, Tinelli C, Dionigi P, Calliada F. Contrast-enhanced versus conventional and color Doppler sonography for the detection of thrombosis of the portal and hepatic venous systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 763-773 [PMID: 16498104]
17. Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, Nocera V. Contrast-Enhanced Us: a Simple, quick and sensitive tool in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2008; 48: S12 [DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(08)60027-6]
18. Rossi S, Ghittoni G, Ravetta V, Torello Viera F, Rosa L, Serassi M, Scabini M, Vercelli A, Tinelli C, Dal Bello B, Burns PN, Calliada F. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and spiral computed tomography in the detection and characterization of portal vein thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2008; 18: 1749-1756 [PMID: 18369630 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-0931-z]
19. Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T, Bolondi L, Bosio M, Calliada F, Correas JM, Darge K, Dietrich C, D'Onofrio M, Evans DH, Filice C, Greiner L, Jäger K, Jong Nd, Leen E, Lencioni R, Lindsell D, Martegani A, Meairs S, Nolsøe C, Piscaglia F, Ricci P, Seidel G, Skjoldbye B, Solbiati L, Thorelius L, Tranquart F, Weskott HP, Whittingham T. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) - update 2008. Ultraschall Med 2008; 29: 28-44 [PMID: 18270887 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-963785]
20. Raza SA, Jang HJ, Kim TK. Differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom Imaging 2014; 39: 153-161 [PMID: 24002440 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-013-0034-4]
21. Lin JP, Lu DS. Early enhancement of tumor thrombus in the portal vein on two-phase helical CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996; 20: 653-655 [PMID: 8708075]
22. Okumura A, Watanabe Y, Dohke M, Ishimori T, Amoh Y, Oda K, Dodo Y. Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR portography. Radiographics 1999; 19: 973-987 [PMID: 10464804]
23. Tublin ME, Dodd GD, Baron RL. Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 719-723 [PMID: 9057522]
24. Qian LJ, Zhu J, Zhuang ZG, Xia Q, Cheng YF, Li JY, Xu JR. Differentiation of neoplastic from bland macroscopic portal vein thrombi using dual-energy spectral CT imaging: a pilot study. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 2178-2185 [PMID: 22622347 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2477-3]
25. Catalano OA, Choy G, Zhu A, Hahn PF, Sahani DV. Differentiation of malignant thrombus from bland thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 2010; 254: 154-162 [PMID: 20032150 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09090304]
26. Hu S, Zhang J, Cheng C, Liu Q, Sun G, Zuo C. The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in differentiating malignant from benign portal vein thrombosis. Abdom Imaging 2014; 39: 1221-1227 [PMID: 24913670 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0170-5]
27. Ahn SJ, Park MS, Kim KA, Park JY, Kim I, Kang WJ, Lee SK, Kim MJ. 18F-FDG PET metabolic parameters and MRI perfusion and diffusion parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma: a preliminary study. PLoS One 2013; 8: e71571 [PMID: 23940769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071571]
28. Zhang XY, Luo Y, Wen TF, Jiang L, Li C, Zhong XF, Zhang JY, Ling WW, Yan LN, Zeng Y, Wu H. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound: Improving the preoperative staging of hepatocellular carcinoma and guiding individual treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 12628-12636 [PMID: 25253968 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12628]
29. Soresi M, Giannitrapani L, Cervello M, Licata A, Montalto G. Non invasive tools for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 18131-18150 [PMID: 25561782 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18131]
30. Kim TK, Jang HJ. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of nodules in liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 3590-3596 [PMID: 24707142 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3590]