When top predators become prey: Black bears alter movement behaviour in response to hunting pressure

Behavioural Processes

Volumn 120, Issue , 2015, Pages 30-39

  Stillfried, Milena ^a   Belant, Jerrold L ^b   Svoboda, Nathan J ^b   Beyer, Dean E ^c   Kramer Schadt, Stephanie ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR ZOO AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Black bear; Carnivore hunting; GPS tracking; Movement behaviour; Optimal foraging; Predator avoidance; Risky place; Road crossing; Ursus americanus

Indexed keywords

AVOIDANCE REACTION; BEAR; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; CARNIVORE; DECISION MAKING; GPS; HUMAN ACTIVITY; HUNTING; MOVEMENT; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TRADE-OFF;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL HUNTING; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CARNIVORE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; MALE; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL FORAGING; PREDATOR; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; PRESSURE; PREY; URSUS AMERICANUS; ANIMAL; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BEAR; ECOSYSTEM; PHYSIOLOGY; PREDATION; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; MAMMALIA; URSUS AMERICANUS;

ANIMALS; AVOIDANCE LEARNING; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; ECOSYSTEM; FEMALE; MALE; MOVEMENT; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; URSIDAE;

EID: 84940050251     PISSN: 03766357     EISSN: 18728308     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Austin M.P. Spatial prediction of species distribution: an interface between ecological theory and statistical modelling. Ecol. Model. 2002, 157:101-118.
2. Arnold T. Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike's Information Criterion. J. Wildl. Manag. 2010, 74(6):1175-1178.
3. Basille M., Van Moorter B., Herfindal I., Martin J., Linnell J.D.C., Odden J., Andersen R., Gaillard J.-M. Selecting habitat to survive: the impact of road density on survival in a large carnivore. PLOS ONE 2013, 8.
4. Barbet-Massin M., Jiguet F., Albert C.H., Thuiller W. Selecting pseudo-absences for species distribution models: how, where and how many?. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2012, 3(2):327-338.
5. Beauchesne D., Jaeger J.A.G., St-Laurent M.H. Disentangling woodland caribou movements in response to clearcuts and roads across temporal scales. PLOS ONE 2013, 8.
6. Belant J.L., Etter D.R., Mayhew S.L., Visser L.G., Friedrich P.D. Improving large scale mark-recapture estimates for American black bear populations. Ursus 2011, 22:9-23.
7. Benhaiem S., Delon M., Lourtet B., Cargnelutti B., Aulagnier S., Hewison A.J.M., Morellet N., Verheyden H. Hunting increases vigilance levels in roe deer and modifies feeding site selection. Anim. Behav. 2008, 76:611-618.
8. Beyer H.L. Hawth's Analysis Tools for ArcGIS 2004, Available at http://www.spatialecology.com/htools.
9. Bischof R., Fujita R., Zedrosser A., Soderberg A., Swenson J.E. Hunting patterns, ban on baiting, and harvest demographics of brown bears in Sweden. J. Wildl. Manag. 2008, 72:79-88.
10. Borowski Z., Owadowska E. Field vole (Microtus agrestis) seasonal spacing behavior: the effect of predation risk by mustelids. Naturwissenschaften 2010, 97:487-493.
11. Boyce M.S. Scale for resource selection functions. Divers. Distrib. 2006, 12:269-276.
12. Boyce M.S., Vernier P.R., Nielsen S.E., Schmiegelow F.K.A. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecol. Model. 2002, 157:281-300.
13. Bridges A.S., Vaughan M.R., Klenzendorf S. Seasonal variation in American black bear Ursus americanus activity patterns: quantification via remote photography. Wildl. Biol. 2004, 10:277-284.
14. Brown J.S., Laundre J.W., Gurung M. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. J. Mammal. 1999, 80:385-399.
15. Charnov E.L. Optimal foraging, marginal value theorem. Theor. Popul. Biol. 1976, 9:129-136.
16. Chruszcz B., Clevenger A.P., Gunson K.E., Gibeau M.L. Relationships among grizzly bears, highways, and habitat in the Banff-Bow Valley, Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 2003, 81:1378-1391.
17. Crawley E.W. Statistics: An Introduction Using R 2005, 342. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester.
18. Creel S., Winnie J., Maxwell B., Hamlin K., Creel M. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 2005, 86:3387-3397.
19. Creel S., Winnie J.A., Christianson D., Liley S. Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk. Anim. Behav. 2008, 76:1139-1146.
20. DNR M. Michigan Government: Department of Natural Resources 2012, http://www.michigan.gov/dnr (accessed 16.3.12).
21. Duquette J.F., Belant J.L., Svoboda N.J., Beyer D.E., Albright C.A. Comparison of occupancy modeling and radiotelemetry to estimate ungulate population dynamics. Popul. Ecol. 2014, 56:481-492.
22. Fecske D.M., Barry R.E., Precht F.L., Quigley H.B., Bittner S.L., Webster T. Habitat use by female black bears in western Maryland. Southeast. Nat. 2002, 1:77-92.
23. Ferrari M.C.O., Sih A., Chivers D.P. The paradox of risk allocation: a review and prospectus. Anim. Behav. 2009, 78:579-585.
24. Fieberg J. Kernel density estimators of home range: smoothing and the autocorrelation red herring. Ecology 2007, 88:1059-1066.
25. Fieberg J. Utilization distribution estimation using weighted kernel density estimators. J. Wildl. Manag. 2007, 71:1669-1675.
26. Frid A., Dill L. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conserv. Ecol. 2002, 6.
27. Garrison E.P., McCown J.W., Oli M.K. Reproductive ecology and cub survival of Florida black bears. J. Wildl. Manag. 2007, 71:720-727.
28. Gervasi V., Sand H.K., Zimmermann B., Mattisson J., Wabakken P., Linnell J.D.C. Decomposing risk: landscape structure and wolf behavior generate different predation patterns in two sympatric ungulates. Ecol. Appl. 2013, 23:1722-1734.
29. Gillies C.S., Hebblewhite M., Nielsen S.E., Krawchuk M.A., Aldridge C.L., Frair J.L., Saher D.J., Stevens C.E., Jerde C. Application of random effects to the study of resource selection by animals. J. Anim. Ecol. 2006, 75:887-898.
30. Graham K., Boulanger J., Duval J., Stenhouse G. Spatial and temporal use of roads by grizzly bears in west-central Alberta. Ursus 2010, 21:43-56.
31. Hastie T.J., Tibshirani R.J. Generalize Additive Models 1990, Chapman & Hall, London.
32. Hertzog L.R., Besnard A., Jay-Robert P. Field validation shows bias-corrected pseudo-absence selection is the best method for predictive species-distribution modelling. Divers. Distrib. 2014, 20:1403-1413.
33. Horejsi B.L., Hornbeck G.E., Raine R.M. Wolves, canis-lupus, kill female black bear, Ursus Americanus, in Alberta. Can. Field Nat. 1984, 3:368-369.
34. Johnson D.H. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 1980, 61:65-71.
35. Johnson K.G., Pelton M.R. Prebaiting and snaring techniques for black bears. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1980, 8:46-54.
36. Kaczensky P., Knauer F., Jonozovic M., Huber T., Adamic M. The Ljubljana-Postojna highway - a deadly barrier for brown bears in Slovenia. J. Wildl. Res. 1996, 1:263-267.
37. Klar N., Fernandez N., Kramer-Schadt S., Herrmann M., Trinzen M., Buettner I., Niemitz C. Habitat selection models for European wildcat conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2008, 141:308-319.
38. Koehler G.M., Pierce D.J. Black bear home-range sizes in Washington: climatic, vegetative, and social influences. J. Mammal. 2003, 84:81-91.
39. Kohlmann S.G., Green R.L., Trainer C.E. Effects of collection method on sex and age composition of black bear (Ursus americanus) harvest in Oregon. Northwest Sci. 1999, 73:34-38.
40. Kohn B.E. Status and management of black bears in Wisconsin 1982, 1-31. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin.
41. Kuijper D.P.J., Kleine C.D., Churski M., Hooft P.V., Bubnicki J., Jędrzejewska B. Landscape of fear in Europe: wolves affect spatial patterns of ungulate browsing in Białowiez˙a Primeval Forest, Poland. Ecography 2013, 36:1-13.
42. Legendre P. Spatial autocorrelation - trouble or new paradigm. Ecology 1993, 74:1659-1673.
43. Lewis J.S., Rachlow J.L. Activity patterns of black bears in relation to sex, season, and daily movement rates. West. North Am. Nat. 2011, 71:388-395.
44. Lewis J.S., Rachlow J.L., Horne J.S., Garton E.O., Wakkinen W.L., Hayden J., Zager P. Identifying habitat characteristics to predict highway crossing areas for black bears within a human-modified landscape. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2011, 101:99-107.
45. Lima S.L., Bednekoff P.A. Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: the predation risk allocation hypothesis. Am. Nat. 1999, 153:649-659.
46. Litvaitis J.A., Kane D.M. Relationship of hunting technique and hunter selectivity to composition of black bear harvest. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1994, 22:604-606.
47. Malcolm K.D., Van Deelen T.R. Effects of habitat and hunting framework on American black bear harvest structure in Wisconsin. Ursus 2010, 21:14-22.
48. Manly B.F.J., McDonald L.L., Thomas D.L., McDonald T.L., Erickson W.P. Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Analysis and Design for Field Studies 2002, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA.
49. Martin J., Calenge C., Quenette P.Y., Allaine D. Importance of movement constraints in habitat selection studies. Ecol. Model. 2008, 213:257-262.
50. Martin J., et al. On the use of telemetry in habitat selection studies. Telemetry: Research, Technology and Applications 2009, 37-55. Nova Science Publishers Inc. D. Barculo, J. Daniels (Eds.).
51. Massopust J.L., Anderson R.K. The response of black bear to being chased by hunting dogs. Proceedings of the Eastern Workshop for Black Bear Management and Research, vol. 7 1984, 59-65.
52. Mohr C.O. Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. Am. Midl. Nat. 1947, 37:223-249.
53. Nelson R.A., Edgar F.J., Pfeifferd E., Craigheadd J.J., Jonkeld C., Steigerc D. Behavior, biochemistry, and hibernation in black, grizzly, and polar bears. International Conference of Bear Research and Management, vol. 5 1983, 284-290.
54. Ordiz A., Støen O.-G., Sæbø S., Kindberg J., Delibes M., Swenson J.E. Do bears know they are being hunted?. Biol. Conserv. 2012, 152:21-28.
55. Ordiz A., Stoen O.G., Delibes M., Swenson J.E. Predators or prey? Spatio-temporal discrimination of human-derived risk by brown bears. Oecologia 2011, 166:59-67.
56. Paquet P.C., Carbyn L.N. Wolves, canis-lupus, killing denning black bears, ursus-americanus, in the riding-mountain-national-park area. Can. Field Nat. 1986, 3:371-372.
57. Pelton M.R. Black bear. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation 2003, 547-555. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA. G.A. Feldhammer, B.C. Thompson, J.A. Chapman (Eds.).
58. Periquet S., Valeix M., Loveridge A.J., Madzikanda H., Macdonald D.W., Fritz H. Individual vigilance of African herbivores while drinking: the role of immediate predation risk and context. Anim. Behav. 2010, 79:665-671.
59. Pierce G.J., Ollason J.G. Eight reasons why optimal foraging theory is a complete waste of time. OIKOS 1987, 49:111-118.
60. Polis G.A., Anderson W.B., Holt R.D. Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1997, 28:289-316.
61. Powell R.A., Zimmermann J.W., Seaman D.E. Ecology and behaviour of North American black bears: home ranges, habitat and social organization. Wildl. Ecol. Behav. Ser. 1997, 4. i-xvi, 1-203.
62. Pyke G.H., Pulliam H.R., Charnov E.L. Optimal foraging - selective review of theory and tests. Q. Rev. Biol. 1977, 52:137-154.
63. R-Development-Core-Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2011, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed 20.2.12).
64. Reynolds-Hogland M.J., Mitchell M.S. Effects of roads on habitat quality for bears in the Southern Appalachians: a long-term study. J. Mammal. 2007, 88:1050-1061.
65. Roever C.L., Boyce M.S., Stenhouse G.B. Grizzly bear movements relative to roads: application of step selection functions. Ecography 2010, 33:1113-1122.
66. Sih A., Ziemba R., Harding K.C. New insights on how temporal variation in predation risk shapes prey behavior. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2000, 15:3-4.
67. Svoboda N.J., Belant J.L., Beyer D.E., Duquette J.F., Stricker H.K., Albright C.A. American black bear predation of an adult white-tailed deer. Ursus 2011, 22:91-94.
68. Valeix M., Hemson G., Loveridge A.J., Mills G., Macdonald D.W. Behavioural adjustments of a large carnivore to access secondary prey in a human-dominated landscape. J. Appl. Ecol. 2012, 49:73-81.
69. Walther F.R. Flight behaviour and avoidance of predators in Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni: Guenther 1884). Behaviour 1969, 34:184-221.
70. ® and ketamine-xylazine for immobilizing black bears. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1996, 24:521-527.
71. Wood S.N. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R 2006, Chapman and Hall/CRC.