A review on the effects of physical built environment attributes on enhancing walking and cycling activity levels within residential neighborhoods

Cities

Volumn 50, Issue , 2016, Pages 1-15

  Wang, Y ^a   Chau, C K ^b   Ng, W Y ^b   Leung, T M ^b  

^a HARBIN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Barriers; Neighborhood design; Physical activity; Walking and cycling

Indexed keywords

CYCLE TRANSPORT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEALTH GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH STATUS; NEIGHBORHOOD; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; URBAN AREA; URBAN DESIGN; WALKING;

EID: 84940029801     PISSN: 02642751     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.004     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. Addy C.L., Wilson D.K., Kirtland K.A., Ainsworth B.E., Sharpe P., Kimsey D. Associations of perceived social and physical environmental supports with physical activity and walking behavior. American Journal of Public Health 2004, 94(3):440-443. 10.2105/AJPH.94.3.440.
2. Andersen R.E., Franckowiak S.C., Snyder J., Bartlett S.J., Fontaine K.R. Can inexpensive signs encourage the use of stairs? Results from a community intervention. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998, 129(5):363-369.
3. Astell-Burt T., Feng X., Kolt G.S. Identification of the impact of crime on physical activity depends upon neighbourhood scale: multilevel evidence from 203,883 Australians. Health & Place 2015, 31:120-123. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.11.007.
4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare The Active Australia Survey: A guide and manual for implementation, analysis and reporting 2003.
5. Badland H., Knuiman M., Hooper P., Giles-Corti B. Socio-ecological predictors of the uptake of cycling for recreation and transport in adults: Results from the RESIDE study. Preventive Medicine 2013, 57(4):396-399. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.015.
6. Baert V., Gorus E., Mets T., Geerts C., Bautmans I. Motivators and barriers for physical activity in the oldest old: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews 2011, 10(4):464-474. 10.1016/j.arr.2011.04.001.
7. Ball K., Bauman A., Leslie E., Owen N. Perceived environmental aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for exercise among Australian adults. Preventive Medicine 2001, 33(5):434-440. 10.1006/pmed.2001.0912.
8. Ball K., Timperio A., Salmon J., Giles-Corti B., Roberts R., Crawford D. Personal, social and environmental determinants of educational inequalities in walking: A multilevel study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2007, 61(2):108-114. 10.1136/jech.2006.048520.
9. Barr-Anderson D.J., AuYoung M., Whitt-Glover M.C., Glenn B.A., Yancey A.K. Integration of short bouts of physical activity into organizational routine a systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011, 40(1):76-93. 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.033.
10. Bauman A., Smith B., Stoker L., Bellew B., Booth M. Geographical influences upon physical activity participation: Evidence of a "coastal effect". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 1999, 23(3):322-324. 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01265.x.
11. Bedimo-Rung A.L., Mowen A.J., Cohen D.A. The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: A conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005, 28(2 Suppl. 2):159-168. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024.
12. Bélanger M., Gray-Donald K., O'Loughlin J., Paradis G., Hanley J. Influence of weather conditions and season on physical activity in adolescents. Annals of Epidemiology 2009, 19(3):180-186. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.008.
13. Bize R., Johnson J.A., Plotnikoff R.C. Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine 2007, 45(6):401-415. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.017.
14. Blair S.N. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. JAMA 1989, 262(17):2395. 10.1001/jama.1989.03430170057028.
15. Brasche S., Bischof W. Daily time spent indoors in German homes-Baseline data for the assessment of indoor exposure of German occupants. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2005, 208(4):247-253. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.03.003.
16. Brawley L., Rejeski W., King A. Promoting physical activity for older adults: The challenges for changing behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003, 25(3):172-183. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00182-X.
17. Brown S.C., Lombard J., Toro M., Huang S., Perrino T., Perez-Gomez G., et al. Walking and proximity to the urban growth boundary and central business district. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014, 47(4):481-486. 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.008.
18. Brownell K.D., Stunkard A.J., Albaum J.M. Evaluation and modification of exercise patterns in the natural environment. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1980, 137(12):1540-1545.
19. Brownson R.C., Baker E.A., Housemann R.A., Brennan L.K., Bacak S.J. Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 2001, 91(12):1995-2003. 10.2105/AJPH.91.12.1995.
20. Brownson R.C., Housemann R.A., Brown D.R., Jackson-Thompson J., King A.C., Malone B.R., et al. Promoting physical activity in rural communities: Walking trail access, use, and effects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2000, 18(3):235-241. 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00165-8.
21. Bruce D.G., Devine A., Prince R.L. Recreational physical activity levels in healthy older women: The importance of fear of falling. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002, 50(1):84-89.
22. Brunekreef B., Holgate S.T. Air pollution and health. Lancet 2002, 360(9341):1233-1242. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8.
23. Buehler R. Determinants of bicycle commuting in the Washington, DC region: The role of bicycle parking, cyclist showers, and free car parking at work. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2012, 17(7):525-531. 10.1016/j.trd.2012.06.003.
24. Buller D.B., Callister M.A., Reichert T. Skin cancer prevention by parents of young children: Health information sources, skin cancer knowledge, and sun-protection practices. Oncology Nursing Forum 1995, 22(10):1559-1566.
25. Burchfiel C.M., Sharp D.S., Curb J.D., Rodriguez B.L., Hwang L.-J., Marcus E.B., et al. Physical activity and incidence of diabetes: The Honolulu Heart Program. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995, 141(4):360-368. 10.1093/aje/141.4.360.
26. Carver A., Timperio A., Crawford D. Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children's physical activity. A review. Health & Place 2008, 14(2):217-227. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.004.
27. Cerin E., Lee K., Barnett A., Sit C.H.P., Cheung M., Chan W., et al. Walking for transportation in Hong Kong Chinese urban elders: A cross-sectional study on what destinations matter and when. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2013, 10(1):78. 10.1186/1479-5868-10-78.
28. Cervero R., Kockelman K. Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 1997, 2(3):199-219.
29. Chan C.B., Ryan D.A. Assessing the effects of weather conditions on physical activity participation using objective measures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2009, 6(10):2639-2654. 10.3390/ijerph6102639.
30. Chen Y., Zheng Z., Yi J., Yao S. Associations between physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors among adolescents in 10 cities in China. BMC Public Health 2014, 14(1):744. 10.1186/1471-2458-14-744.
31. Cleland V.J., Timperio A., Crawford D. Are perceptions of the physical and social environment associated with mothers' walking for leisure and for transport? A longitudinal study. Preventive Medicine 2008, 47(2):188-193. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.05.010.
32. Cohen D.A., Ashwood J.S., Scott M.M., Overton A., Evenson K.R., Staten L.K., et al. Public parks and physical activity among adolescent girls. Pediatrics 2006, 118(5):e1381-e1389. 10.1542/peds.2006-1226.
33. Cohen D.A., Marsh T., Williamson S., Derose K.P., Martinez H., Setodji C., et al. Parks and physical activity: Why are some parks used more than others?. Preventive Medicine 2010, 50(Suppl. 1):S9-S12. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.08.020.
34. Coupland C.A., Cliffe S.J., Bassey E.J., Grainge M.J., Hosking D.J., Chilvers C.E. Habitual physical activity and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in England. International Journal of Epidemiology 1999, 28(2):241-246. 10.1093/ije/28.2.241.
35. Craig S.B., Bandini L.G., Lichtenstein A.H., Schaefer E.J., Dietz W.H. The impact of physical activity on lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure in preadolescent girls. Pediatrics 1996, 98(3):389-395.
36. Craig C.L., Brownson R.C., Cragg S.E., Dunn A.L. A study examining walking to work 2002, 23(02):36-43.
37. Cutt H., Giles-Corti B., Knuiman M., Burke V. Dog ownership, health and physical activity: A critical review of the literature. Health & Place 2007, 13(1):261-272. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.01.003.
38. Cutt H., Giles-Corti B., Knuiman M., Timperio A., Bull F. Understanding dog owners' increased levels of physical activity: Results from RESIDE. American Journal of Public Health 2008, 98(1):66-69.
39. Dahlgren G., Whitehead M. Policies and strategies to promote social equity in health. Background document to WHO - Strategy paper for Europe 1991, Institute for Futures Studies.
40. Ding X.fei. Reviving the sense of place - Changli road streetscape design: Exploration of temporal-spatial landscape 2011, The University of Hong Kong.
41. Dishman R.K., Hales D.P., Pfeiffer K.A., Felton G.A., Saunders R., Ward D.S., et al. Physical self-concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health Psychology 2006, 25(3):396-407. 10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.396.
42. Doescher M.P., Lee C., Berke E.M., Adachi-Mejia A.M., Lee C.K., Stewart O., et al. The built environment and utilitarian walking in small U.S. towns. Preventive Medicine 2014, 69:80-86. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.027.
43. Dolan M.S., Weiss L.A., Lewis R.A., Pietrobelli A., Heo M., Faith M.S. "Take the stairs instead of the escalator": Effect of environmental prompts on community stair use and implications for a national "small steps" campaign. Obesity Reviews 2006, 7(1):25-32. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00219.x.
44. Dumith S.C., Hallal P.C., Reis R.S., Kohl H.W. Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. Preventive Medicine 2011, 53(1-2):24-28. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.02.017.
45. Dunn A., Trivedi M.H., O'Neal H.A. Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001, 33:S587-S597. (Supplement). 10.1097/00005768-200106001-00027.
46. Dunstan D.W., Barr E.L.M., Healy G.N., Salmon J., Shaw J.E., Balkau B., et al. Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation 2010, 121(3):384-391. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894824.
47. Eronen J., von Bonsdorff M.B., Törmäkangas T., Rantakokko M., Portegijs E., Viljanen A., et al. Barriers to outdoor physical activity and unmet physical activity need in older adults. Preventive Medicine 2014, 67:106-111. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.020.
48. Ferreira I., van der Horst K., Wendel-Vos W., Kremers S., van Lenthe F.J., Brug J. Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth - A review and update. Obesity Reviews 2007, 8(2):129-154. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00264.x.
49. Field A.P., Gillett R. How to do a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 2010, 63(3):665-694. 10.1348/000711010X502733.
50. Foster S., Giles-Corti B. The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: An exploration of inconsistent findings. Preventive Medicine 2008, 47(3):241-251. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.017.
51. Foster S., Giles-Corti B., Knuiman M. Neighbourhood design and fear of crime: A social-ecological examination of the correlates of residents' fear in new suburban housing developments. Health & Place 2010, 16(6):1156-1165. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.07.007.
52. Foster S., Knuiman M., Hooper P., Christian H., Giles-Corti B. Do changes in residents' fear of crime impact their walking? Longitudinal results from RESIDE. Preventive Medicine 2014, 62:161-166. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.02.011.
53. Foster S., Wood L., Christian H., Knuiman M., Giles-Corti B. Planning safer suburbs: Do changes in the built environment influence residents' perceptions of crime risk?. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 2013, 97:87-94. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.010.
54. Frank L.D., Andresen M.A., Schmid T.L. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004, 27(2):87-96. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.04.011.
55. Frank L.D., Schmid T.L., Sallis J.F., Chapman J., Saelens B.E. Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005, 28(2 Suppl. 2):117-125. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001.
56. Fraser S.D.S., Lock K. Cycling for transport and public health: A systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling. European Journal of Public Health 2011, 21(6):738-743. 10.1093/eurpub/ckq145.
57. Garrard J., Rose G., Lo S.K. Promoting transportation cycling for women: The role of bicycle infrastructure. Preventive Medicine 2008, 46(1):55-59. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.010.
58. Giles-Corti B., Broomhall M.H., Knuiman M., Collins C., Douglas K., Ng K., et al. Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space?. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005, 28(2):169-176. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.018.
59. Giles-Corti B., Donovan R.J. Socioeconomic status differences in recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment. Preventive Medicine 2002, 35(6):601-611. 10.1006/pmed.2002.1115.
60. Giles-Corti B., Donovan R.J. The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine 2002, 54(12):1793-1812. 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00150-2.
61. Gómez L.F., Parra D.C., Buchner D., Brownson R.C., Sarmiento O.L., Pinzón J.D., et al. Built environment attributes and walking patterns among the elderly population in Bogotá. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010, 38(6):592-599. 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.02.005.
62. Gordon-Larsen P., McMurray R.G., Popkin B.M. Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics 2000, 105(6):E83.
63. Gray J.A., Zimmerman J.L., Rimmer J.H. Built environment instruments for walkability, bikeability, and recreation: Disability and universal design relevant?. Disability and Health Journal 2012, 5(2):87-101. 10.1016/j.dhjo.2011.12.002.
64. Guthold R., Ono T., Strong K.L., Chatterji S., Morabia A. Worldwide variability in physical inactivity a 51-country survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008, 34(6):486-494. 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.02.013.
65. Hallal P.C., Andersen L.B., Bull F.C., Guthold R., Haskell W., Ekelund U. Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012, 380(9838):247-257. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1.
66. Handy S.L., Boarnet M.G., Ewing R., Killingsworth R.E. How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002, 23(2):64-73.
67. Hanson H.M., Schiller C., Winters M., Sims-Gould J., Clarke P., Curran E., et al. Concept mapping applied to the intersection between older adults' outdoor walking and the built and social environments. Preventive Medicine 2013, 57(6):785-791. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.08.023.
68. Healy G.N., Dunstan D.W., Salmon J., Shaw J.E., Zimmet P.Z., Owen N. Television time and continuous metabolic risk in physically active adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2008, 40(4):639-645. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181607421.
69. Heesch K.C., Giles-Corti B., Turrell G. Cycling for transport and recreation: Associations with socio-economic position, environmental perceptions, and psychological disposition. Preventive Medicine 2014, 63:29-35. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.003.
70. Hjorthol R. Winter weather - An obstacle to older people's activities?. Journal of Transport Geography 2013, 28:186-191. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.09.003.
71. Hoehner C.M., Brennan Ramirez L.K., Elliott M.B., Handy S.L., Brownson R.C. Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005, 28(2 Suppl. 2):105-116. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.023.
72. Hou N., Popkin B.M., Jacobs D.R., Song Y., Guilkey D., Lewis C.E., et al. Longitudinal associations between neighborhood-level street network with walking, bicycling, and jogging: The CARDIA study. Health & Place 2010, 16(6):1206-1215. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.005.
73. Huang S.-C.L. A study of outdoor interactional spaces in high-rise housing. Landscape and Urban Planning 2006, 78(3):193-204. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.07.008.
74. Humpel N., Owen N., Iverson D., Leslie E., Bauman A. Perceived environment attributes, residential location, and walking for particular purposes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004, 26(2):119-125.
75. Humpel N., Owen N., Leslie E. Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity: A review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002, 22(3):188-199. 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00426-3.
76. Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L. Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings 2004.
77. Inoue M., Iso H., Yamamoto S., Kurahashi N., Iwasaki M., Sasazuki S., et al. Daily total physical activity level and premature death in men and women: Results from a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan (JPHC study). Annals of Epidemiology 2008, 18(7):522-530. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.03.008.
78. Inoue S., Murase N., Shimomitsu T., Ohya Y., Odagiri Y., Takamiya T., et al. Association of physical activity and neighborhood environment among Japanese adults. Preventive Medicine 2009, 48(4):321-325. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.01.014.
79. Inoue S., Ohya Y., Odagiri Y., Takamiya T., Ishii K., Kitabayashi M., et al. Association between perceived neighborhood environment and walking among adults in 4 cities in Japan. Journal of Epidemiology 2010, 20(4):277-286. 10.2188/jea.JE20090120.
80. Iojă C.I., Rozylowicz L., Pătroescu M., Niţă M.R., Vânau G.O. Dog walkers' vs. other park visitors' perceptions: The importance of planning sustainable urban parks in Bucharest, Romania. Landscape and Urban Planning 2011, 103(1):74-82. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.06.002.
81. Ishikawa S., Silverstein M. A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction 1977, Oxford University Press, New York.
82. Jia Y.N., Fu H. Associations between perceived and observational physical environmental factors and the use of walking paths: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014, 14(1):627. 10.1186/1471-2458-14-627.
83. Kaczynski A.T., Potwarka L.R., Saelens B.E. Association of park size, distance, and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks. American Journal of Public Health 2008, 98(8):1451-1456. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129064.
84. Kahn E.B., Ramsey L.T., Brownson R.C., Heath G.W., Howze E.H., Powell K.E., et al. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002, 22(4):73-107.
85. Kario K., Schwartz J.E., Davidson K.W., Pickering T.G. Gender differences in associations of diurnal blood pressure variation, awake physical activity, and sleep quality with negative affect: The Work Site Blood Pressure Study. Hypertension 2001, 38(5):997-1002. 10.1161/hy1101.095009.
86. Katzmarzyk P.T., Church T.S., Craig C.L., Bouchard C. Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009, 41(5):998-1005. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930355.
87. Kerr Z., Evenson K.R., Moore K., Block R., Diez Roux A.V. Changes in walking associated with perceived neighborhood safety and police-recorded crime: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Preventive Medicine 2015, 73:88-93. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.017.
88. Kerr J., Eves F., Carroll D. Encouraging stair use: Stair-riser banners are better than posters. American Journal of Public Health 2001, 91(8):1192-1193. 10.2105/AJPH.91.8.1192.
89. King W.C., Belle S.H., Brach J.S., Simkin-Silverman L.R., Soska T., Kriska A.M. Objective measures of neighborhood environment and physical activity in older women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005, 28(5):461-469. 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.02.001.
90. King A.C., Castro C., Wilcox S., Eyler A.A., Sallis J.F., Brownson R.C. Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inactivity among different racial-ethnic groups of U.S. middle-aged and older-aged women. Health Psychology 2000, 19(4):354-364. 10.1037//0278-6133.19.4.354.
91. Kirtland K.A., Porter D.E., Addy C.L., Neet M.J., Williams J.E., Sharpe P.A., et al. Environmental measures of physical activity supports. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003, 24(4):323-331. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00021-7.
92. Koohsari M.J., Kaczynski A.T., Giles-Corti B., Karakiewicz J.A. Effects of access to public open spaces on walking: Is proximity enough?. Landscape and Urban Planning 2013, 117:92-99. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.020.
93. Kremers S.P.J., Eves F.F., Andersen R.E. Environmental changes to promote physical activity and healthy dietary behavior. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012, 2012:470858. 10.1155/2012/470858.
94. Krenichyn K. "The only place to go and be in the city": Women talk about exercise, being outdoors, and the meanings of a large urban park. Health & Place 2006, 12(4):631-643. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.015.
95. Kubinyi E., Turcsán B., Miklósi A. Dog and owner demographic characteristics and dog personality trait associations. Behavioural Processes 2009, 81(3):392-401. 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.04.004.
96. Lau W.L., Chan L.Y. Commuter exposure to aromatic VOCs in public transportation modes in Hong Kong. The Science of the Total Environment 2003, 308(1-3):143-155. 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00647-2.
97. Lee K.K. Active design guidelines: Promoting physical activity and health in design 2011, (New York).
98. Lee C., Moudon A.V. Physical activity and environment research in the health field: Implications for urban and transportation planning practice and research. Journal of Planning Literature 2004, 19(2):147-181. 10.1177/0885412204267680.
99. Lee H.S., Shepley M., Huang C.S. Evaluation of off-leash dog parks in Texas and Florida: A study of use patterns, user satisfaction, and perception. Landscape and Urban Planning 2009, 92(3-4):314-324. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.05.015.
100. Leslie E., Cerin E. Are perceptions of the local environment related to neighbourhood satisfaction and mental health in adults?. Preventive Medicine 2008, 47(3):273-278. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.014.
101. Leslie E., Owen N., Salmon J., Bauman A., Sallis J.F., Lo S.K. Insufficiently active Australian college students: Perceived personal, social, and environmental influences. Preventive Medicine 1999, 28(1):20-27. 10.1006/pmed.1998.0375.
102. Levine J.A., Baukol P.A., Westerterp K.R. Validation of the Tracmor triaxial accelerometer system for walking. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001, 33(9):1593-1597. 10.1097/00005768-200109000-00024.
103. Li F., Fisher K.J., Harmer P. Improving physical function and blood pressure in older adults through cobblestone mat walking: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005, 53(8):1305-1312. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53407.x.
104. Lim J.-Y., Jang S.-N., Park W.-B., Oh M.K., Kang E.K., Paik N.-J. Association between exercise and fear of falling in community-dwelling elderly Koreans: Results of a cross-sectional public opinion survey. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011, 92(6):954-959. 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.12.041.
105. Lopez R.P., Hynes H.P. Obesity, physical activity, and the urban environment: Public health research needs. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 2006, 5:25. 10.1186/1476-069X-5-25.
106. Loy S.F., Conley L.M., Sacco E.R., Vincent W.J., Holland G.J., Sletten E.G., et al. Effects of stairclimbing on VO2max and quadriceps strength in middle-aged females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1994, 26(2):241-247.
107. Mahmood A., Chaudhury H., Michael Y.L., Campo M., Hay K., Sarte A. A photovoice documentation of the role of neighborhood physical and social environments in older adults' physical activity in two metropolitan areas in North America. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 2012, 74(8):1180-1192. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.039.
108. Martens K. Promoting bike-and-ride: The Dutch experience. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2007, 41(4):326-338. 10.1016/j.tra.2006.09.010.
109. Mårtensson F., Boldemann C., Söderström M., Blennow M., Englund J.-E., Grahn P. Outdoor environmental assessment of attention promoting settings for preschool children. Health & Place 2009, 15(4):1149-1157. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.07.002.
110. Mason P., Kearns A. To what extent may local crime rates, perceptions of crime and personal safety limit walking in deprived neighbourhoods?. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012, 15(15):S219. 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.532.
111. Mason P., Kearns A., Livingston M. "Safe going": The influence of crime rates and perceived crime and safety on walking in deprived neighbourhoods. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 2013, 91:15-24. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.011.
112. Matisoff D., Noonan D. Managing contested greenspace: Neighborhood commons and the rise of dog parks. International Journal of the Commons 2012, 60(1):28-51.
113. McAuley E., Elavsky S., Motl R.W., Konopack J.F., Hu L., Marquez D.X. Physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem: Longitudinal relationships in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2005, 60(5):268-275.
114. McCormack G.R., Giles-Corti B., Bulsara M. The relationship between destination proximity, destination mix and physical activity behaviors. Preventive Medicine 2008, 46(1):33-40. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.01.013.
115. McCormack G., Giles-Corti B., Lange A., Smith T., Martin K., Pikora T.J. An update of recent evidence of the relationship between objective and self-report measures of the physical environment and physical activity behaviours. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2004, 7(1):81-92. 10.1016/S1440-2440(04)80282-2.
116. McCormack G.R., Rock M., Toohey A.M., Hignell D. Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health & Place 2010, 16(4):712-726. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003.
117. McCormack G.R., Shiell A. In search of causality: A systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011, 8(1):125. 10.1186/1479-5868-8-125.
118. Mentens J., Raes D., Hermy M. Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century?. Landscape and Urban Planning 2006, 77(3):217-226. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.010.
119. Meyers A.R., Anderson J.J., Miller D.R., Shipp K., Hoenig H. Barriers, facilitators, and access for wheelchair users: Substantive and methodologic lessons from a pilot study of environmental effects. Social Science & Medicine 2002, 55(8):1435-1446. 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00269-6.
120. Miles R., Panton L.B., Jang M., Haymes E.M. Residential context, walking and obesity: Two African-American neighborhoods compared. Health & Place 2008, 14(2):275-286. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.07.002.
121. Moudon A.V., Lee C., Cheadle A.D., Collier C.W., Johnson D., Schmid T.L., et al. Cycling and the built environment, a US perspective. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2005, 10(3):245-261. 10.1016/j.trd.2005.04.001.
122. Mowat D.L., Wang F., Pickett W., Brison R.J. A case-control study of risk factors for playground injuries among children in Kingston and area. Injury Prevention 1998, 4(1):39-43.
123. Mytton O.T., Townsend N., Rutter H., Foster C. Green space and physical activity: An observational study using Health Survey for England data. Health & Place 2012, 18(5):1034-1041. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.003.
124. Ng S.W., Norton E.C., Popkin B.M. Why have physical activity levels declined among Chinese adults? Findings from the 1991-2006 China Health and Nutrition Surveys. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 2009, 68(7):1305-1314. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.035.
125. Nordfjærn T., Lind H.B., Şimşekoğlu Ö., Jørgensen S.H., Lund I.O., Rundmo T. Habitual, safety and security factors related to mode use on two types of travels among urban Norwegians. Safety Science 2015, 76:151-159. 10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.001.
126. Ohmatsu S., Nakano H., Tominaga T., Terakawa Y., Murata T., Morioka S. Activation of the serotonergic system by pedaling exercise changes anterior cingulate cortex activity and improves negative emotion. Behavioural Brain Research 2014, 270:112-117. 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.017.
127. Owen N., Cerin E., Leslie E., duToit L., Coffee N., Frank L.D., et al. Neighborhood walkability and the walking behavior of Australian adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007, 33(5):387-395. 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.025.
128. Owen N., Humpel N., Leslie E., Bauman A., Sallis J.F. Understanding environmental influences on walking; Review and research agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004, 27(1):67-76. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.03.006.
129. Parks S.E. Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2003, 57(1):29-35. 10.1136/jech.57.1.29.
130. Parra D.C., Hoehner C.M., Hallal P.C., Ribeiro I.C., Reis R., Brownson R.C., et al. Perceived environmental correlates of physical activity for leisure and transportation in Curitiba, Brazil. Preventive Medicine 2011, 52(3-4):234-238. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.12.008.
131. Pikora T.J., Bull F.C., Jamrozik K., Knuiman M., Giles-Corti B., Donovan R.J. Developing a reliable audit instrument to measure the physical environment for physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002, 23(3):187-194. 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00498-1.
132. Pikora T., Giles-Corti B., Bull F., Jamrozik K., Donovan R. Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. Social Science & Medicine 2003, 56(8):1693-1703. 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00163-6.
133. Pikora T.J., Giles-Corti B., Knuiman M.W., Bull F.C., Jamrozik K., Donovan R.J. Neighborhood environmental factors correlated with walking near home: Using SPACES. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2006, 38(4):708-714. 10.1249/01.mss.0000210189.64458.f3.
134. Powell L.M., Slater S., Chaloupka F.J., Harper D. Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: a national study. American Journal of Public Health 2006, 96(9):1676-1680. 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065573.
135. Pucher J., Dill J., Handy S. Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Preventive Medicine 2010, 50(Suppl. 1):S106-S125. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.028.
136. Rank J., Folke J., Jespersen P.H. Differences in cyclists and car drivers exposure to air pollution from traffic in the city of Copenhagen. The Science of the Total Environment 2001, 279(1-3):131-136.
137. Retting R.A., Ferguson S.A., McCartt A.T. A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures designed to reduce pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health 2003, 93(9):1456-1463.
138. Rimmer J.H., Riley B., Wang E., Rauworth A., Jurkowski J. Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: Barriers and facilitators. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004, 26(5):419-425. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.02.002.
139. Rind E., Jones A. "I used to be as fit as a linnet" - beliefs, attitudes, and environmental supportiveness for physical activity in former mining areas in the North-East of England. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 2015, 126:110-118. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.002.
140. Rodríguez D.A., Evenson K.R., Diez Roux A.V., Brines S.J. Land use, residential density, and walking. The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009, 37(5):397-404. 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.008.
141. Rothman L., To T., Buliung R., Macarthur C., Howard A. Preventive Medicine 2014, 60:10-15. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.005.
142. Rowe D.B. Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 2010, 159(8-9):2100-2110. 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029.
143. Saelens B.E., Handy S.L. Built environment correlates of walking: A review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2008, 40(Suppl. 7):S550-S566. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4.
144. Saelens B.E., Sallis J.F., Black J.B., Chen D. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: An environment scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health 2003, 93(9):1552-1558. 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552.
145. Sallis J., Bauman A., Pratt M. Environmental and policy interventions to promote physical activityaaThis work was prepared for the CIAR Conference on Physical Activity Promotion: An ACSM Specialty Conference. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998, 15(4):379-397. 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00076-2.
146. Sallis J.F., Floyd M.F., Rodríguez D.A., Saelens B.E. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2012, 125(5):729-737. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022.
147. Sallis J.F., Frank L.D., Saelens B.E., Kraft M.K. Active transportation and physical activity: Opportunities for collaboration on transportation and public health research. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2004, 38(4):249-268. 10.1016/j.tra.2003.11.003.
148. Salmon J., Owen N., Crawford D., Bauman A., Sallis J.F. Physical activity and sedentary behavior: A population-based study of barriers, enjoyment, and preference. Health Psychology 2003, 22(2):178-188.
149. Schmitt N.M., Schmitt J., Dören M. The role of physical activity in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women-An update. Maturitas 2009, (1):34-38. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.002.
150. Sesso H.D., Paffenbarger R.S., Lee I.-M. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation 2000, 102(9):975-980. 10.1161/01.CIR.102.9.975.
151. Shigematsu R., Sallis J.F., Conway T.L., Saelens B.E., Frank L.D., Cain K.L., et al. Age differences in the relation of perceived neighborhood environment to walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009, 41(2):314-321. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318185496c.
152. Singhal N., Siddhu A. Barriers to leisure-time physical activity in Asian Indian men. Public Health 2014, 128(8):749-751. 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.05.014.
153. Slater M.R., Di Nardo A., Pediconi O., Villa P.D., Candeloro L., Alessandrini B., et al. Cat and dog ownership and management patterns in central Italy. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2008, 85(3-4):267-294. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.001.
154. Spinney J.E.L., Millward H. Weather impacts on leisure activities in Halifax, Nova Scotia. International Journal of Biometeorology 2011, 55(2):133-145. 10.1007/s00484-010-0319-z.
155. Stafford M., Cummins S., Ellaway A., Sacker A., Wiggins R.D., Macintyre S. Pathways to obesity: Identifying local, modifiable determinants of physical activity and diet. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 2007, 65(9):1882-1897. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.042.
156. Strawbridge W.J. Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002, 156(4):328-334. 10.1093/aje/kwf047.
157. Su J.G., Winters M., Nunes M., Brauer M. Designing a route planner to facilitate and promote cycling in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2010, 44(7):495-505. 10.1016/j.tra.2010.03.015.
158. Sugiyama T., Cerin E., Owen N., Oyeyemi A.L., Conway T.L., Van Dyck D., et al. Perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes associated with adults' recreational walking: IPEN Adult study in 12 countries. Health & Place 2014, 28:22-30. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.03.003.
159. Sumukadas D., Witham M., Struthers A., McMurdo M. Day length and weather conditions profoundly affect physical activity levels in older functionally impaired people. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009, 63(4):305-309. 10.1136/jech.2008.080838.
160. Swinburn B., Shelly A. Effects of TV time and other sedentary pursuits. International Journal of Obesity (2005) 2008, 32(Suppl. 7(S7)):S132-S136. 10.1038/ijo.2008.249.
161. Templer J. The Staircase: Studies of hazards, falls, and safer design 1995, MIT Press.
162. Tian Y., Jim C.Y. Development potential of sky gardens in the compact city of Hong Kong. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2012, 11(3):223-233. 10.1016/j.ufug.2012.03.003.
163. Timperio A., Crawford D., Telford A., Salmon J. Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Preventive Medicine 2004, 38(1):39-47. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.026.
164. Timperio A., Veitch J., Carver A. Safety in numbers: does perceived safety mediate associations between the neighborhood social environment and physical activity among women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods?. Preventive Medicine 2015, 74:49-54. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.02.012.
165. Titze S., Stronegger W.J., Janschitz S., Oja P. Association of built-environment, social-environment and personal factors with bicycling as a mode of transportation among Austrian city dwellers. Preventive Medicine 2008, 47(3):252-259. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.019.
166. Troped P.J., Saunders R.P., Pate R.R., Reininger B., Addy C.L. Correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity among adults in a New England community. Preventive Medicine 2003, 37(4):304-310. 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00137-3.
167. Tu K.J., Lin L.T. Evaluative structure of perceived residential environment quality in high-density and mixed-use urban settings: An exploratory study on Taipei City. Landscape and Urban Planning 2008, 87(3):157-171. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.05.009.
168. Tudor-Locke C., Ainsworth B., Adair L., Du S., Popkin B. Physical activity and inactivity in Chinese school-aged youth: The China Health and Nutrition Survey. International Journal of Obesity (2003) 2003, 27(9):1093-1099. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802377.
169. Turrell G., Haynes M., Wilson L.-A., Giles-Corti B. Can the built environment reduce health inequalities? A study of neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and walking for transport. Health & Place 2013, 19:89-98. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.10.008.
170. Van Cauwenberg J., Clarys P., De Bourdeaudhuij I., Van Holle V., Verté D., De Witte N., et al. Physical environmental factors related to walking and cycling in older adults: The Belgian aging studies. BMC Public Health 2012, 12:142. 10.1186/1471-2458-12-142.
171. Van Dyck D., Cerin E., Conway T.L., De Bourdeaudhuij I., Owen N., Kerr J., et al. Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with adults' leisure-time physical activity: Findings from Belgium, Australia and the USA. Health & Place 2013, 19:59-68. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.017.
172. Van Wijnen J.H., Verhoeff A.P., Jans H.W., van Bruggen M. The exposure of cyclists, car drivers and pedestrians to traffic-related air pollutants. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1995, 67(3):187-193.
173. Vancampfort D., Probst M., Adriaens A., Pieters G., De Hert M., Stubbs B., et al. Changes in physical activity, physical fitness, self-perception and quality of life following a 6-month physical activity counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy program in outpatients with binge eating disorder. Psychiatry Research 2014, 219(2):361-366. 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.016.
174. Veitch J., Bagley S., Ball K., Salmon J. Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents' perceptions of influences on children's active free-play. Health & Place 2006, 12(4):383-393. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.009.
175. Wang Z., Lee C. Site and neighborhood environments for walking among older adults. Health & Place 2010, 16(6):1268-1279. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.015.
176. Weir L.A., Etelson D., Brand D.A. Parents' perceptions of neighborhood safety and children's physical activity. Preventive Medicine 2006, 43(3):212-217. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.024.
177. Wen L.M., Rissel C. Inverse associations between cycling to work, public transport, and overweight and obesity: Findings from a population based study in Australia. Preventive Medicine 2008, 46(1):29-32. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.009.
178. Wijlhuizen G.J., Chorus A.M.J., Hopman-Rock M. Fragility, fear of falling, physical activity and falls among older persons: Some theoretical considerations to interpret mediation. Preventive Medicine 2008, 46(6):612-614. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.016.
179. Wijlhuizen G.J., de Jong R., Hopman-Rock M. Older persons afraid of falling reduce physical activity to prevent outdoor falls. Preventive Medicine 2007, 44(3):260-264. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.003.
180. Wilkinson W., Eddy N., MacFadden G., Burgess B. Increasing physical activity through community design 2002.
181. Winters M., Brauer M., Setton E.M., Teschke K. Built environment influences on healthy transportation choices: Bicycling versus driving. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2010, 87(6):969-993. 10.1007/s11524-010-9509-6.
182. Witten K., Blakely T., Bagheri N., Badland H., Ivory V., Pearce J., et al. Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity: Findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand. Environmental Health Perspectives 2012, 120(7):971-977. 10.1289/ehp.1104584.
183. World Health Organization Protection against exposure to ultraviolet radiation 1995.
184. World Health Organization Promoting physical activity and active living in urban environments: The role of local government 2006.
185. World Health Organization Global recommendations on physical activity for health 2010.
186. Yee W.Y., Cameron P., Bailey M. Road traffic injuries in the elderly. Emergency Medicine Journal 2006, 23(1):42-46. 10.1136/emj.2005.023754.
187. Yu C.Y. Environmental supports for walking/biking and traffic safety: Income and ethnicity disparities. Preventive Medicine 2014, 67:12-16. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.028.
188. Yuen B., Wong N.H. Resident perceptions and expectations of rooftop gardens in Singapore. Landscape and Urban Planning 2005, 73(4):263-276. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.001.
189. Zakaria El Adli Imam K. Role of urban greenway systems in planning residential communities: A case study from Egypt. Landscape and Urban Planning 2006, 76(1-4):192-209. 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.032.
190. Zamora T., Alcántara E., Artacho M.Á., Cloquell V. Influence of pavement design parameters in safety perception in the elderly. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 2008, 38(11-12):992-998. 10.1016/j.ergon.2008.03.007.
191. Zietz D., Johannsen L., Hollands M. Stepping characteristics and Centre of Mass control during stair descent: Effects of age, fall risk and visual factors. Gait & Posture 2011, 34(2):279-284. 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.05.017.