Should we use statins in all patients with chronic kidney disease without dialysis therapy? The current state of knowledge

International Urology and Nephrology

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 805-813

  Rysz, Jacek ^a,b   Gluba Brzózka, Anna ^a,b   Banach, Maciej ^a,b   Więcek, Andrzej ^a,b  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA   (Poland)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Dyslipidemia; Guidelines; Recommendations; Statins

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMAN; MORTALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RENAL DIALYSIS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84939973885     PISSN: 03011623     EISSN: 15732584     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0937-9     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Strippoli GFM, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, Perkovic V, Pellegrini F, Nicolucci A, Craig JC (2008) Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 336(7645):645–651
2. Foley RN, Collins AJ (2007) End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States renal data system. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2644–2648
3. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu C (2004) Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 351:1296–1305
4. Nikolic D, Banach M, Nikfar S, Salari P, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PT, Abdollahi M, Ray KK, Pencina MJ, Malyszko J, Rysz J, Rizzo M, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group (2013) A meta-analysis of the role of statins on renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Is the duration of therapy important? Int J Cardiol 168:5437–5447
5. Uhlig K, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ (2003) Traditional cardiac risk factors in individuals with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 16:118–127
6. Jungers P, Massy ZA, Khoa TN, Fumeron C, Labrunie M, Lacour B et al (1997) Incidence and risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular accidents in predialysis chronic renal failure patients: a prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transpl 12:2597–2602
7. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Tripei G et al (2002) CREED Investigators Hyperhomocysteinemia predicts cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 61:609–614
8. Schaeffner ES, Kurth T, Curhan GC et al (2003) Cholesterol and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2084–2091
9. Gluba A, Rysz J, Banach M (2010) Statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: why, who and when? Expert Opin Pharmacother 11:2665–2674
10. Rossouw JE, Lewis B, Rifkind BM (1990) The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 323:1112–1119
11. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG (1994) By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 308:367–372
12. Douglas K, O’Malley PG, Jackson JL (2006) Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Med 145:117–124
13. Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, van Gilst WH, de Zeeuw D, van Veldhuisen DJ et al (2002) Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 106:1777–1782
14. Barylski M, Nikfar S, Mikhailidis DP, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group (2013) Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy—a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants. Pharmacol Res 72:35–44
15. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in (1994) 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344:1383–1389
16. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels (1998) The long-term intervention with pravastatin in ischaemic disease (LIPID) study group. N Engl J Med 339:1349–1357
17. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Braunwald E (2005) Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) investigators: C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 352:20–28
18. Tonelli M, Isles C, Curhan GC et al (2004) Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in people with chronic kidney disease. Circulation 110:1557–1563
19. Epstein M, Campese VM (2005) Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 45:2–14
20. Tonelli M, Moye L, Sacks FM, Cole T, Curhan GC, For the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial Investigators (2003) Effect of pravastatin on loss of renal function in people with moderate chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:1605–1613
21. O’Driscoll G, Green D, Taylor RR (1997) Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 95:1126–1131
22. Zhu XY, Daghini E, Chade A, Napoli C, Ritman EL, Lerman A et al (2007) Simvastatin prevents coronary microvascular remodelling in renovascular hypertensive pigs. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1209–1217
23. Yoshimura A, Nemoto T, Sugenoya Y, Inui K, Watanabe S, Inoue Y et al (1999) Effect of simvastatin on proliferative nephritis and cell-cycle protein expression. Kidney Int Suppl 71:S84–S87
24. Tonelli M (2008) Statins for slowing kidney disease progression: an as yet unproven indication. Am J Kid Dis 52:391–394
25. Franczyk-Skora B, Gluba A, Banach M et al (2012) Prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 13:162
26. Nikolic D, Nikfar S, Salari P, Rizzo M, Ray KK, Pencina MJ, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Nicholls SJ, Rysz J, Abdollahi M (2013) Banach M; lipid and blood pressure meta-analysis collaboration group. Effects of statins on lipid profile in chronic kidney disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 29(5):435–451
27. Kujawa-Szewieczek A, Piecha G, Więcek A (2014) Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for progression of CKD in Nondiabetics. In: Covic A et al (eds) Dyslipidemias in kidney disease. Springer Science + Business Media, New York
28. Muntner P, Hamm LL, Kusek JW, Chen J, Whelton PK, He J (2004) The prevalence of nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 140:9–17
29. Cheung AK, Wu LL, Kablitz C, Leypoldt JK (1993) Atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 22:271–276
30. Rapoport J, Aviram M, Chaimovitz C, Brook JG (1978) Defective high-density lipoprotein composition in patients on chronic hemodialysis. A possible mechanism for accelerated atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 299:1326–1329
31. Guarnieri GF, Moracchiello M, Campanacci L, Ursini F, Ferri L, Valente M et al (1978) Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in chronic uremia. Kidney Int Suppl 13:26–30
32. McLeod R, Reeve CE, Frohlich J (1984) Plasma lipoproteins and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase distribution in patients on dialysis. Kidney Int 25:683–688
33. Hirano T, Sakaue T, Misaki A, Murayama S, Takahashi T, Okada K et al (2003) Very low-density lipoprotein-apoprotein CI is increased in diabetic nephropathy: comparison with apoprotein CIII. Kidney Int 63:2171–2177
34. Vaziri ND (2006) Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290:262–272
35. Chmielewski M, Carrero JJ, Nordfors L, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P (2008) Lipid disorders in chronic kidney disease: reverse epidemiology and therapeutic approach. J Nephrol 21:635–644
36. Lin J, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Rifai N, Curhan GC (2006) The association of serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers with renal function in men with type II diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 69:336–342
37. Wheeler DC, Bernard DB (1994) Lipid abnormalities in the nephrotic syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 23:331–346
38. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Caiazza A, Campese VM (2003) A controlled prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 41:565–570
39. Takemura T, Yoshioka K, Aya N et al (1993) Apolipoproteins and lipoprotein-receptors in glomeruli in human kidney diseases. Kidney Int 43:918–927
40. Keane WF, O’Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Kim Y (1993) Oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins by mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:187–194
41. Coritsidis G, Rifici V, Gupta S et al (1991) Preferential binding of oxidized LDL to rat glomeruli in vivo and cultured mesangial cells in vitro. Kidney Int 39:858–866
42. Shurraw S, Tonelli M (2006) Statins for treatment of dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease. Perit Dial Int 26:523–539
43. Nitta K (2012) Clinical assessment and management of dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 16:522–529
44. Banach M, Hering D, Narkiewicz K, Mysliwiec M, Rysz J, Malyszko J (2012) Lipids, blood pressure, kidney—what was new in 2012? Int J Pharmacol 8:659–678
45. Di Lullo L, Addesse R, Comegna C et al (2005) Effects of fluvastatin treatment on lipid profile, C-reactive protein trend, and renal function in dyslipidemic patients with chronic renal failure. Adv Ther 22:601–612
46. Sawara Y, Takei T, Uchida K et al (2008) Effects of lipid-lowering therapy with rosuvastatin on atherosclerotic burden in patients with chronic kidney disease. Inter Med 47:1505–1510
47. DouglasK O’, Malley PG, Jackson JL (2006) Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Med 145:117–124
48. Kimura K, Shimano H, Yokote K, Urashima M, Teramoto T (2010) Effects of pitavastatin (LIVALO tablet) on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in hypercholesterolemic patients with chronic kidney disease. Sub-analysis of the LIVALO Effectiveness and Safety (LIVES) study. J Atheroscler Thromb 17:601–609
49. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M (2006) Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:2006–2016
50. Abe M, Maruyama N, Yoshida Y, Ito M, Okada K, Soma M (2011) Efficacy analysis of the lipid-lowering and renoprotective effects of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic kidney disease. Endocr J 58:663–674
51. Ozsoy RC, Koopman MG, Kastelein JJ, Arisz L (2005) The acute effect of atorvastatin on proteinuria in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 63:245–249
52. Douglas K, O’Malley PG, Jackson JL (2006) Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Me 145(2):117–124
53. O’Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Kim Y et al (1993) Lovastatin retards the progression of established glomerular disease in obese Zucker rats. Am J Kidney Dis 22:83–89
54. Campese VM, Nadim MK, Epstein M (2005) Are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors renoprotective? J Am Soc Nephrol 16:S11–S17
55. Joyce M, Kelly C, Winter D et al (2001) Pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, attenuates renal injury in an experimental model of ischemia–reperfusion. J Surg Res 101:79–84
56. Fassett RG, Robertson IK, Ball MJ, Geraghty DP, Coombes JS (2010) Effect of atorvastatin on kidney function in chronic kidney disease: a randomized double-blind placebo—controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 213:218–224
57. Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ (2010) Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention-an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1266–1273
58. Rahman M, Baimbridge C, Davis BR, Barzilay J, Basile JN, Henriquez MA et al (2008) Progression of kidney disease in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin versus usual care: a report from the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Am J Kidney Dis 52:412–424
59. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C et al (2011) The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 377:2181–2192
60. Banach M, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group (2013) Statins in patients with chronic kidney disease—an attempt at recommendations. Curr Med Res Opin 29(11):1419–1422
61. Palmer SC, Craig JC, Navaneethan SD, Tonelli M, Pellegrini F, Strippoli GF (2012) Benefits and harms of statin therapy for persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 157(4):263–275
62. Upadhyay A, Earley A, Lamont JL, Haynes S, Wanner C, Balk EM (2012) Lipid-lowering therapy in persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 157(4):251–262
63. Koren MJ, Davidson MH, Wilson DJ, Fayyad RS, Zuckerman A, Reed DP (2009) Focused atorvastatin therapy in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease and CKD. Am J Kid Dis 53:741–750
64. Navaneethan SD, Pansini F, Perkovic V, Manno C, Pellegrini F, Johnson DW, et al. (2009) HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD007784
65. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ et al (2009) Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the collaborative atorvastatin diabetes study (CARDS). Am J Kid Dis 54:810–819
66. Tonelli M, Moye L, Sacks FM, Kiberd B, Curhan G (2003) Pravastatin for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in persons with mild chronic renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 138:98–104
67. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, van Boven AJ, Janssen WM, Voors AA et al (2004) Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 110:2809–2816
68. Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A et al (2015) Lipid and blood pressure Meta-analysis collaboration group. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 90(1):24–34
69. Vrablik M, Zlatohlavek L, Stulc T et al (2014) Statin-associated myopathy: from genetic predisposition to clinical management. Physiol Res 63(suppl 3):S327–S334
70. Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), Catapano AL, Reiner Z, De Backer G, et al. (2011) ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines 2008–2010 and 2010–2012 Committees ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 217(Suppl 1):S1–44
71. An International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) Position Paper: Global Recommendations for the Management of Dyslipidemia. Updated 25 July 2013. http://www.athero.org/IASPositionPaper.asp. Accessed 2 Aug 2013
72. Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Hegele RA et al (2013) 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol 29:151–167
73. (2013) KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kid Int Suppl 3(3):259–305
74. Banach M, Rysz J (2010) Current problems in hypertension and nephrology. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11(16):2575–2578
75. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH et al (2014) 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 129(Suppl 2):S1–S45
76. Colantonio LD, Baber U, Banach M, et al. (2014) Contrasting cholesterol management guidelines for adults with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print]
77. Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D’Agostino RB Sr, Williams K, Neely B, Sniderman AD, Peterson ED (2014) Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med 370:1422–1431
78. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD et al (2005) Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 352:1425–1435
79. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJP, Bittner V et al (2008) Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:1448–1454
80. Shepherd J, Kastelein JP, Bittner VA et al (2008) Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc 83:870–879
81. Sharp Collaborative Group (2010) Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9438 patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 160(785–794):e10
82. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH et al (2014) 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 129(Suppl 2):S1–S45
83. Olyaei A, Greer E, Delos Santos R, Rueda J (2011) The efficacy and safety of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors in chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and transplant patients. Clin J Am SocNephrol 6:664–678