Biotechnology: An Anatomy of the Debate

Library of Ethics and Applied Philosophy

Volumn 29, Issue , 2012, Pages 19-61

  Bovenkerk, Bernice ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Animal and plant biotechnology; Genetic engineering; Intractable disagreement; Novel technologies; Pluralism; Unstructured problems

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939272728     PISSN: 13876678     EISSN: 22150323     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2691-8_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (119)

1. Achterberg, Wouter (1994), Samenleving, Natuur en Duurzaamheid (Society, Nature and Sustainability) (Assen: Van Gorcum).
2. Attfield, Robin (1998), ‘Intrinsic Value and Transgenic Animals’, in Alan Holland and Andrew Johnson (eds.), Animal Biotechnology and Ethics (London: Chapman & Hall), 172–189.
3. Australian Financial Review (2002), ‘Sticky Labels: The New Barrier to Trade and Aid’, Australian Financial Review, November 2.
4. Balzer, Phillipp, Rippe, Klaus Peter, and Schaber, Peter (2000), ‘Two Concepts of Dignity for Humans and Non-Human Organisms in the Context of Genetic Engineering’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 13, 7–27.
5. Barinaga, Marcia (2000), ‘Asilomar Revisited: Lessons for Today’, Science, 287 (5458), 1584.
6. Barry, John (2001), ‘GM Food, Biotechnology, Risk and Democracy in the UK: A Sceptical Green Perspective’, paper given at ECPR (European Consortium for Political Research), Joint Sessions, Grenoble.
7. Benbrook, Charles (2001), ‘Do GM Crops Mean Less Pesticide Use?’ Pesticide Outlook, October, 204–207.
8. Bharathan, Geeta et al. (2002), ‘Crop Biotechnology and Developing Countries’, in John Bryant, Linda Baggott la Velle, and John Searle (eds.), Bioethics for Scientists (Chichester: Wiley), 171–198.
9. Bout, Henriëtte (ed.) (1998), Allemaal Klonen. Feiten, meningen en vragen over kloneren (All Clones. Facts, opinions, and questions about cloning) (Amsterdam/Den Haag: Boom/Rathenau Instituut).
10. Bovenkerk, Bernice, Brom, Frans W.A., and Van den Bergh, Babs J. (2002), ‘Brave New Birds. The Use of ‘Animal Integrity’ in Animal Ethics’, The Hastings Center Report, 32 (1), 16–22.
11. Brom, Frans W. A. (1997), Onherstelbaar verbeterd. Biotechnologie bij dieren als een moreel prob-leem (Irrepairibly Improved. Animal Biotechnology as a Moral Problem). (Utrecht: University of Utrecht).
12. Brom, Frans W. A. (2003), ‘The Expressive-Communicative Function of Bio-Patent Legislation: The Need for Further Public Debate’, in Christoph Baumgartner and Dietmar (Hrsg.) Mieth (eds.), Patente am Leben? Ethische, rechtliche und politische Aspekte der Biopatentierung (Paderborn, Germany: Mentis), 117–126.
13. Brom, Frans W.A. (2004a), ‘WTO, Public Reason and Food. Public Reasoning in the ‘Trade Conflict’ on GM-Food’, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 7 (4), 417–431.
14. Brookes, Martin (1998), ‘Running Wild’, New Scientist, 160 (2158), 38–41.
15. Brookes, Martin and Coghlan, Andy (1998), ‘Live and Let Live’, New Scientist, 160 (2158), 46–49.
16. Bruner, Michael and Oelschlaeger, Max (1994), ‘Rhetoric, Environmentalism, and Environmental Ethics’, Environmental Ethics, 16, 377–396.
17. Buiatti, Marcello (2005), ‘Biologies, Agricultures, Biotechnologies’, Tailoring Biotechnologies, 1 (2), 9–30.
18. Burkhardt, Jeffrey (2001), ‘Agricultural Biotechnology and the Future Benefits Argument’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 14, 135–145.
19. Burkhardt, Jeffrey (2003), ‘The Inevitability of Animal Biotechnology? Ethics and the Scientific Attitude’, in Susan J. Armstrong and Richard D. Botzler (eds.), The Animal Ethics Reader (London/New York: Routledge), 332–341.
20. Busch, Lawrence, Grove-White, Robin, Jasanoff, Sheila, Winickoff, David, and Wynne, Brian (30 April 2004), ‘Amicus Curiae Brief Submitted to the Dispute Settlement Panel of the World Trade Organization in the Case of EC: Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products’. http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/ieppp/wtoamicus/amicus.brief.wto.pdf
21. Callicott, J. Baird (1989), In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press).
22. Capron, Alexander M. and Schapiro, Renie (2001), ‘Remember Asilomar? Reexamining Science’s Ethical and Social Responsibility’, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 44 (2), 162.
23. Carman, Judy (2004), ‘Is GM Food Safe to Eat?’ in Richard Hindmarsh and Geoffrey Lawrence (eds.), Recoding Nature: Critical Perspectives on Genetic Engineering (Sydney: UNSW Press), 82–93.
24. Chin, Geraldine (2000), ‘The Role of Public Participation in the Genetically Modified Organisms Debate’, Environmental and Planning Law Journal, 17 (6), 519.
25. Clark, Ann E. and Lehman, Hugh (2001), ‘Assessment of GM Crops in Commercial Agriculture’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 14, 3–28.
26. Cohen, Phil (1998), ‘Strange Fruit’, New Scientist, 160 (2158), 42–45.
27. Comstock, Gary (2000), Vexing Nature? On the Ethical Case Against Agricultural Biotechnology (Boston/Dordrecht: Kluwer).
28. Conway, Gordon (2000), ‘Crop Biotechnology: Benefits, Risks and Ownership’, Speech delivered March 28, 2000 in Edinburgh, Scotland at: GM Food Safety: Facts, Uncertainties, And Assessment; The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Edinburgh Conference on the Scientific and Health Aspects of Genetically Modified Foods. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/conwayspeech.html
29. Coulter, John (2000), ‘Asilomar Revisited’, Science, 287 (5462), 2421.
30. Crook, Stephen (2001), ‘Risks, Regulations & Rhetorics’, in Richard Hindmarsh and Geoffrey Lawrence (eds.), Altered Genes II: The Future? (Melbourne: Scribe Publications), 126–142.
31. Davison, Aidan, Barns, Ian, and Schibeci, Renato (1997), ‘Problematic Publics: A Critical Review of Surveys of Public Attitudes to Biotechnology’, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 22 (3), 317–348.
32. Dawkins, Richard (1976), The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
33. De Vries, Rob (2006), ‘Genetic Engineering and the Integrity of Animals’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19, 469–493.
34. Decima Research (1993), ‘Final Report to the Canadian Institute of Biotechnology on Public Attitudes towards Biotechnology’ (Ottawa: Canadian Institution of Biotechnology).
35. Deckers, Jan (2005), ‘Are Scientists Right and Non-Scientists Wrong? Reflections on Discussions of GM’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 18, 451–478.
36. Des Jardins, Joseph R. (1993), Environmental Ethics. An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company).
37. Dietrich, Heather and Schibeci, Renato (2003), ‘Beyond Public Perceptions of Gene Technology: Community participation in public policy in Australia’, Public Understanding of Science, 12, 381–401.
38. Eckersley, Robyn (1992), Environmentalism and Political Theory. Toward an Ecocentric Approach (New York: UCL Press).
39. Eisenberg, Rebecca (1996), ‘Patents: Help or Hindrance to Technology Transfer?’ in Frederick B. Rudolph and Larry V. McIntire (eds.), Biotechnology. Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press), 161–172.
40. Fedoroff, Nina and Brown, Nancy Marie (2004), Mendel in the Kitchen. A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods (Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press).
41. Frempong, Godfred (2006), ‘Tailoring Biotechnology in Ghana: Implications for Genomics Development’, Tailoring Biotechnologies, 2 (1), 51–62.
42. Gaskell, George, Bauer, Martin, and Durant, John (1998), ‘Public Perceptions of Biotechnology in 1996: Eurobarometer 46.1’, in John Durant, Martin Bauer, and George Gaskell (eds.), Biotechnology in the Public Sphere: A European Sourcebook (London: Science Museum), 189–214.
43. Goldhorn, Wolfgang (1990), ‘The Welfare Implications of BST’, in Peter Wheale and Ruth McNally (eds.), The Bio-Revolution. Cornucopia or Pandora’s Box? (London: Pluto Press), 82–86.
44. Graham, Gordon (2002), Genes. A Philosophical Enquiry (London: Routledge).
45. Grommers, F.J., Rutgers, L.J.E., and Wijsmuller, J.M. (1995), ‘Welzijn – Intrinsieke Waarde – Integriteit: Ontwikkeling in de Herwaardering van het Gedomesticeerde Dier’ (Welfare – Intrinsic Value – Integrity: Developments in the revaluation of the domesticated animal). Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 120, 490–494.
46. Grove-White, Robin and Szerszynski, Bronislaw (1992), ‘Getting Behind Environmental Ethics’, Environmental Values, 1 (4), 285–296.
47. Hindmarsh, Richard (1991), ‘The Flawed “Sustainable” Promise of Genetic Engineering’, The Ecologist, 21 (5), 196–205.
48. Hindmarsh, Richard (1994), ‘Power Relations, Social-Ecocentrism, and Genetic Engineering: Agro-Biotechnology in the Australian Context’, Doctoral Thesis (Griffith University).
49. Hindmarsh, Richard (2001), ‘Constructing Bio-utopia: Laying Foundations Amidst Dissent’, in Richard Hindmarsh and Geoffrey Lawrence (eds.), Altered Genes II: The Future? (Melbourne: Scribe Publications), 36–53.
50. Hisschemöller, Matthijs (1993), ‘De Democratie van Problemen. De relatie tussen de inhoud van beleidsproblemen en methoden van politieke besluitvorming (The Democracy of Problems. The relationship between the content of policy problems and methods of political decision-making)’, University of Amsterdam.
51. Hisschemöller, Matthijs and Hoppe, Rob (1995), ‘Coping with Intractable Controversies: The case for problem structuring in policy design and analysis’, The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer and Utilization, 8 (4), 40–60.
52. Ho, Mae-Wan (1998), Genetic Engineering Dream or Nightmare? The Brave New World of Bad Science and Big Business (Bath: Gateway Books).
53. Ho, Mae-Wan (1999), Genetic Engineering: Dream or Nightmare? (Second edn.; Dublin: Gateway), 385.
54. Hughes, Steve and Bryant, John (2002), ‘GM Crops and Food: A Scientific Perspective’, in John Bryant, Linda Baggott la Velle, and John Searle (eds.), Bioethics for Scientists (Chichester: Wiley), 115–140.
55. Jasanoff, Sheila (2001), ‘Citizens at Risk: Reflections on the US and EU’, in Matias Pasquali (ed.), Third Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics. Food Safety, Food Quality and Food Ethics (Florence, Italy: University of Milan), 43–49.
56. Jochemsen, H. (ed.) (2000), Toetsen en Begrenzen. Een ethische en politieke beoordeling van de moderne biotechnologie (Testing and Limiting. An Ethical and Political Assessment of Modern Biotechnology) (Amsterdam: ChristenUnie).
57. Johnson, Lawrence (1992), ‘Toward the Moral Considerability of Species and Ecosystems’, Environmental Ethics, 14 (2), 145–157.
58. Jongerden, Joost (2006), ‘Luddites, or the Politics in Technology. An Introduction’, Tailoring Biotechnologies, 2 (1), 63–68.
59. Kasanmoentalib, Soemini (1996), ‘Science and Values in Risk Assessment: The Case of Deliberate Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 9 (1), 42–60.
60. King, Robert C. and Stansfield, William D. (1997), A Dictionary of Genetics (Fifth edn.; New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press).
61. Kleinman, Daniel Lee and Kloppenburg, Jack, Jr. (1991), ‘Aiming for the Discursive High Ground: Monsanto and the Biotechnology Controversy’, Sociological Forum, 6 (3), 427–447.
62. Kloppenburg, Jack Ralph, Jr. (1988), First the Seed. The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology 1492–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
63. Kolata, Gina (1997), Clone. The Road to Dolly and the Path Ahead (London: Penguin Press).
64. Lawrence, Matthew (1996), ‘Pluralism, Liberalism, and the Role of Overriding Values’, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 77, 335–350.
65. Levidow, Les (2001), ‘The GM Crops Debate: Utilitarian Bioethics?’ A Journal of Socialist Ecology, 12, 44–55.
66. Levidow, Les and Carr, Susan (1997), ‘How Biotechnology Regulation Sets a Risk/Ethics Boundary’, Agriculture and Human Values, 14 (1), 29–43.
67. Lindhout, Pim and Danial, Daniel (2006), ‘Participatory Genomics in Quinoa’, Tailoring Biotechnologies, 2 (1), 31–50.
68. Love, Rosaleen (2001), ‘Knowing Your Genes: Who Will Have the Last Laugh?’ in Richard Hindmarsh and Geoffrey Lawrence (eds.), Altered Genes II: The Future? (Carlton North, VIC: Scribe Publications), 112–125.
69. Lund, Peter and Mepham, Ben (1998), ‘Comments of the Food Ethics Council Submitted to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics Enquiry into Genetically Modified Crops: Social and Ethical Issues’.
70. Marris, Claire (2001), ‘Public Views on GMOs: Deconstructing the Myths. Stakeholders in the GMO Debate Often Describe Public Opinion as Irrational. But Do They Really Understand the Public?’ EMBO Reports, 2 (7), 545–548.
71. Mayer, Jorge E. (2005), ‘The Golden Rice Controversy: Useless Science or Unfounded Criticism?’ BioScience, 55 (9), 726–727.
72. Mayer, Sue (2002), ‘Questioning GM Foods’, in John Bryant, Linda Baggott la Velle, and John Searle (eds.), Bioethics for Scientists (Chichester: Wiley), 141–152.
73. McAfee, Kathleen (2003), ‘Neoliberalism on the Molecular Scale. Economic and Genetic Reductionism in Biotechnology Battles’, Geoforum, 34, 203–219.
74. McHughen, Alan (2000), A Consumer’s Guide to GM Food: From Green Genes to Red Herrings, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
75. Meyer, Gitte (2001), ‘Fighting Poverty with Biotechnology? Report from a Copenhagen Workshop on Biotechnology and the Third World’ (Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen. Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment).
76. Miller, Henry I. (1999), ‘Substantial Equivalence: Its Uses and Abuses’, Nature Biotechnology, 17 (11), 1042–1043.
77. Millstone, Erik, Brunner, Eric, and Mayer, Sue (1999), ‘Beyond ‘Substantial Equivalence’’, Nature, 401, 525–526.
78. Mørkeberg, Annette and Porter, John R. (2001), ‘Organic Movement Reveals a Shift in the Social Position of Science’, Nature, 412, 677.
79. Norton, Janet (1998), ‘Throwing Up Concerns About Novel Foods’, in Richard Hindmarsh, Geoffrey Lawrence, and Janet Norton (eds.), Altered Genes. Reconstructing Nature: The Debate (St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin), 173–185.
80. Norton, Janet, Lawrence, Geoffrey, and Wood, Graham (1998), ‘Australian Public’s Perception of Genetically-Engineered Foods’, Australasian Biotechnology, 8 (3), 172–181.
81. Nuffield Council on Bioethics (1999), ‘Genetically Modified Crops: The Ethical and Social Issues’ (London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics).
82. Nussbaum, Martha C. and Sunstein, Cass R. (eds.) (1998), Clones and Clones. Facts and Fantasies About Human Cloning (New York/London: W. W. Norton and Company).
83. Ortiz, Sarah Elizabeth Gavrell (2004), ‘Beyond Welfare. Animal Integrity, Animal Dignity, and Genetic Engineering’, Ethics and the Environment, 9 (1), 94–120.
84. Paula, Lino (2008), Ethics Committees, Public Debate and Regulation: An Evaluation of Policy Instruments in Bioethics Governance (Amsterdam: Free University).
85. Paula, Lino and Birrer, Frans (2006), ‘Including Public Perspectives in Industrial Biotechnology and the Biobased Economy’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19, 253–267.
86. Peacock, Jim (1994), ‘Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Will Enhance the Quality and Diversity of Foods’, Food Australia, 46 (8), 379–381.
87. Reiss, Michael J. and Straughan, Roger (1996), Improving Nature? The Science and Ethics of Genetic Engineering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
88. Rifkin, Jeremy (1998), The Biotech Century. Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World (London: Victor Gollancz).
89. Rowland, Robyn (2001), ‘The Quality-Control of Human Life: Masculine Science & Genetic Engineering’, in Richard Hindmarsh and Geoffrey Lawrence (eds.), Altered Genes II: The Future? (Melbourne: Scribe Publications), 85–98.
90. Ruivenkamp, Guido and Jongerden, Joost (2006), ‘Editorial: From Rejection and Resistance Towards Redesign’, Tailoring Biotechnologies, 2 (1), 5–8.
91. Russo, Eugene (2000), ‘Reconsidering Asilomar. Scientists See a Much More Complex Modern-Day Environment’, The Scientist, 14 (7), 14.
92. Rutgers, L.J.E. and Heeger, F.R. (1999), ‘Inherent Worth and Respect for Animal Integrity’, in Marcel Dol et al. (eds.), Recognizing the Intrinsic Value of Animals: Beyond Animal Welfare (Assen: Van Gorcum), 41–51.
93. Sale, Kirkpatrick (2006), ‘The Achievements of ‘General Ludd’. A Brief History of the Luddites’, Tailoring Biotechnologies, 2 (1), 69–78.
94. Scientific American, Editors (2004), ‘The Green Gene Revolution’, Scientific American, 291 (2), 8.
95. Scott, Maggie and Carr, Susan (2003), ‘Cultural Theory and Plural Rationalities: Perspectives on GM among UK Scientists’, Innovation, 16 (4), 349–368.
96. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000), Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety, (Montreal, Canada), Article 3 (I).
97. Shaw, Alison (2002), ‘It Just Goes Against the Grain. Public Understandings of Genetically Modified (GM) Food in the UK’, Public Understanding of Science, 11, 273–291.
98. Shiva, Vandana (2000), Stolen Harvest. The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply (Cambridge, MA: South End Press), 127.
99. Singer, Peter (1975), Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York: New York Review).
100. Sterckx, Sigrid (2004), ‘Ethical Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Biodiversity’. Plenary Lecture at the Fifth Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics: Science, Ethics & Society (Leuven, Belgium).
101. Straughan, Roger (1992), ‘Ethics, Morality and Crop Biotechnology’ (UK: Reading University).
102. Taylor, Paul (1986), Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
103. Thompson, Paul B. (1997a), ‘Food Biotechnology’s Challenge to Cultural Integrity and Individual Consent’, Hastings Center Report, 27 (4), 34–38.
104. Thompson, Paul B. (1997b), ‘Ethics and the Genetic Engineering of Food Animals’, The Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 10, 1–23.
105. Trewavas, A. (2002), ‘Malthus Foiled Again and Again’, Nature, 418, 668–670.
106. Trias, José E. (1996), ‘Conflict of Interest in Basic Biomedical Research’, in Frederick B. Rudolph and Larry V. McIntire (eds.), Biotechnology. Science, Engineering, and Ethical Challenges for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press), 152–160.
107. Turner, Gillian and Wynne, Brian (1992), ‘Risk Communication: A Literature Review and Some Implications for Biotechnology’, in John Durant (ed.), Biotechnology in Public: A Review of Recent Research (London: Science Museum), 109–141.
108. United Nations (1992), ‘Rio Declaration on Environment and Development’, paper given at Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 3–14 1992).
109. Van Staveren, G.D. (1991), Het overschrijden van soortgrenzen. De rol van het soortbegrip binnen de discussie rond genetische manipulatie (Crossing of Species Barriers. The Role of the Notion of Species in the Discussion About Genetic Manipulation).
110. Van Willigenburg, Theo. (1997), ‘Natuurberoep in de Bio-ethiek en Verantwoordelijkheid voor Handelen (The Appeal to Nature in Bio-ethics and the Responsibility for Action)’ in Jozef Keulartz and Michiel Korthals (eds.), Museum Aarde. Natuur: criterium of contructie? (Meppel: Boom), 166–180.
111. Vasil, Indra K. (2003), ‘The Science and Politics of Plant Biotechnology – A Personal Perspective’, Nature Biotechnology, 21, 849–851.
112. Verhoog, Henk (1991), ‘Genetische Manipulatie van Dieren (Genetic Manipulation of Animals)’, Filosofie in Praktijk, 12 (2), 87–106.
113. Vint, Robert (2002), ‘Force-Feeding the World. America’s ‘GM or Death’ Ultimatum to Africa Reveals the Depravity of Its GM Marketing Policy’, Genetic Food Alert, 1. http://www.ukabc. org/forcefeeding.pdf.
114. Wambugu, Florence (1999), ‘Why Africa Needs Agricultural Biotech’, Nature, 400, 15–16.
115. Wheale, Peter and McNally, Ruth (eds.) (1990), The Bio Revolution. Cornucopia or Pandora’s Box? (London: Pluto Press).
116. Wills, Peter (2002), ‘Biological Complexity and Genetic Engineering’, Environment, Community and Culture (Brisbane).
117. Wynne, Brian (2001), ‘Public lack of confidence in science? Have We Understood Its Causes Correctly?’ in Matias Pasquali (ed.), Third Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics. Food Safety, Food Safety, Food Quality and Food Ethics (Florence, Italy: University of Milan), 103–106.
118. Xenotransplantation Working Party (2003), Animal-to-Human Transplantation: A Guide for the Community. Public Consultation on Xenotransplantation 2003–2004 (Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council).
119. Zoeteman, Bastiaan C.J., Berendsen, Miranda, and Kuyper, Pepijn (2005), Biotechnologie en de Dialoog der Doven. Dertig jaar genetische modificatie in Nederland (Biotechnology and the Dialogue of the Deaf. Thirty years of genetic modification in the Netherlands) (Bilthoven: Commissie Genetische Modificatie), 120.