Titanium dioxide nanoparticle penetration into the skin and effects on HaCaT cells

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 9282-9297

  Crosera, Matteo ^a   Prodi, Andrea ^a   Mauro, Marcella ^a   Pelin, Marco ^a   Florio, Chiara ^a   Bellomo, Francesca ^a   Adami, Gianpiero ^a   Apostoli, Pietro ^b   De Palma, Giuseppe ^b   Bovenzi, Massimo ^a   Campanini, Marco ^c   Filon, Francesca Larese ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

^c IMEM CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cytotoxicity; Human skin absorption; In vitro; Nanoparticles (NPs); Titanium dioxide

Indexed keywords

TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLE; NANOPARTICLE; TITANIUM; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

ABSORPTION; CELL ORGANELLE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); SKIN; TITANIUM; TOXICITY;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CELL VIABILITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOTOXICITY TEST; EC50; EPIDERMIS; EXPOSURE; HACAT CELL LINE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMORTALIZED CELL LINE; IN VITRO STUDY; KERATINOCYTE; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MTT ASSAY; NANOANALYSIS; PARTICLE SIZE; SHORT TERM EXPOSURE; SKIN ABSORPTION; SKIN EXAMINATION; SKIN PENETRATION; STRATUM CORNEUM; ZETA POTENTIAL; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFECTS; EVALUATION STUDY; METABOLISM; SKIN;

CELL SURVIVAL; HUMANS; KERATINOCYTES; NANOPARTICLES; SKIN; SKIN ABSORPTION; TITANIUM;

EID: 84938834802     PISSN: 16617827     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809282     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Shi, H.; Magaye, R.; Castranova, V.; Zhao, J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A review of current toxicological data. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2013, 10, 15-20.
2. Shukla, R.; Sharma, V.; Pandey, A.; Singh, S.; Sultana S.; Dhawan, A. ROS-mediated genotoxicity induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human epidermal cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 2001, 25, 231-241.
3. Kaida, T.; Kobayashi, K.; Adachi, M.; Suzuki, F. Optical characteristics of titanium oxide interference film and the film laminated with oxides and their application for cosmetics. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2004, 55, 219-220.
4. Wolf, R.; Matz, H.; Orion, E.; Lipozencic, J. Sunscreens-The ultimate cosmetic. Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat. 2003, 11, 158-162.
5. Wiesenthal, A.; Hunter, L.; Wang, S.; Wickliffe, J.; Wilkerson, M. Nanoparticles: Small and mighty. Int. J. Dermatol. 2011, 50, 247-254.
6. Robertson, T.A.; Sanchez, W.; Roberts, M. Are commercially available nanoparticles safe when applied to the skin? J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2010, 6, 452-468.
7. Koivisto, A.J.; Lyyränen, J.; Auvinen, A.; Vanhala, E.; Hämeri, K.; Tuomi, T.; Jokiniemi, J. Industrial worker exposure to airborne particles during the packing of pigment and nanoscale titanium dioxide. Inhal. Toxicol. 2012, 24, 839-849.
8. Larese Filon, F.; Mauro, M.; Adami, G.; Bovenzi, M.; Crosera, M. Nanoparticles skin absorption: New aspects for a safety profile evaluation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2015, 13, 310-322.
9. Dussert, A.S.; Gooris, E.; Hemmerle, J. Characterization of the mineral content of a physical sunscreen emulsion and its distribution onto human stratum corneum. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 1997, 19, 119-129.
10. Durand, L.; Habran, N.; Henschel, V.; Amighi, K. In vitro evaluation of the cutaneous penetration of sprayable sunscreen emulsions with high concentrations of UV filters. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2009, 31, 279-292.
11. Pflücker, F.; Hohenberg, H.; Hölzle, E.; Will, T.; Pfeiffer, S.; Wepf, R.; Diembeck, W.; Wenck, H.; Gers-Barlag, H. The outermost stratum corneum layer is an effective barrier against dermal uptake of topically applied micronized titanium dioxide. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 1999, 21, 399-411.
12. Peira, E.; Turci, F.; Corazzari, I.; Chirio, D.; Battaglia, L.; Fubini, B.; Gallarate, M. The influence of surface charge and photo-reactivity on skin-permeation enhancer property of nano-TiO2 in ex vivo pig skin model under indoor light. Int. J. Pharm. 2014, 5, 90-99.
13. Adachi, K.; Yamada, N.; Yamamoto, K.; Yoshida, Y.; Yamamoto, O. In vivo effect of industrial titanium dioxide nanoparticles experimentally exposed to hairless rat skin. Nanotoxicology 2010, 4, 296-306.
14. Monteiro-Riviere, N.A.; Wiench, K.; Landsiedel, R.; Schulte, S.; Inman, A.O.; Riviere, J.E. Safety evaluation of sunscreen formulations containing titanium dioxide and zincoxide nanoparticles in UVB sunburned skin: An in vitro and in vivo study. Toxicol. Sci. 2011, 123, 264-280.
15. Kiss, B.; Bíró, T.; Czifra, G.; Tóth, B.I.; Kertész, Z.; Szikszai, Z.; Kiss, A.Z.; Juhász, I.; Zouboulis, C.C.; Hunyadi, J. Investigation of micronized titanium dioxide penetration in human skin xenografts and its effect on cellular functions of human skin-derived cells. Exp. Dermatol. 2008, 17, 659-667.
16. Jaeger, A.; Weiss, D.G.; Jonas, L.; Kriehuber, R. Oxidative stress-induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of nano-sized titanium dioxide particles in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Toxicology 2012, 296, 27-36.
17. Chan, J.; Ying, T.; Guang, Y.F.; Lin, L.X.; Kai, T.; Fang, Z.Y.; Ting, Y.X.; Xing, L.F.; Ji, Y.Y. In vitro toxicity evaluation of 25-nm anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in immortalized keratinocyte cells. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2011, 144, 183-196.
18. Simon, M.; Barberet, P.; Delville, M.H.; Moretto, P.; Seznec, H. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced intracellular calcium homeostasis modification in primary human keratinocytes. Towards an in vitro explanation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles toxicity. Nanotoxicology 2011, 5, 125-139.
19. Xue, C.; Wu, J.; Lan, F.; Liu, W.; Yang, X.; Zeng, F.; Xu, H. Nano titanium dioxide induces the generation of ROS and potential damage in HaCaT cells under UVA irradiation. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2010, 10, 8500-8507.
20. Adachi, K.; Yamada, N.; Yoshida, Y.; Yamamoto, O. Subchronic exposure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to hairless rat skin. Exp. Dermatol. 2013, 22, 278-283.
21. Wu, J.; Liu, W.; Xue, C.; Zhou, S.; Lan, F.; Bi, L.; Xu, H.; Yang, X.; Zeng, F. Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 2009, 191, 1-8.
22. Jonaitis, T.S.; Card, J.W.; Magnuson, B. Concerns regarding nano-sized titanium dioxide dermal penetration and toxicity study. Toxicol. Lett. 2010, 192, 268-269.
23. Sadrieh, N.; Wokovich, A.M.; Gopee, N.V.; Zheng, J.; Haines, D.; Parmiter, D.; Siitonen, P.H.; Cozart, C.R.; Patri, A.K.; McNeil, S.E.; et al. Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicol. Sci. 2010, 115, 156-166.
24. Sagawa, Y.; Futakuchi, M.; Xu, J.; Fukamachi, K.; Sakai, Y.; Ikarashi, Y.; Nishimura, T.; Suzui, M.; Tsuda, H.; Morita, A. Lack of promoting effect of titanium dioxide particles on chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis in rats and mice. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2012, 37, 317-327.
25. Xu, J.; Sagawa, Y.; Futakuchi, M.; Fukamachi, K.; Alexander, D.B.; Furukawa, F.; Ikarashi, Y.; Uchino, T.; Nishimura, T.; Morita, A.; et al. Lack of promoting effect of titanium dioxide particles on ultraviolet B-initiated skin carcinogenesis in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49, 1298-1302.
26. Tan, M.; Commens, C.A.; Burnett, L.; Snitch, P.J. A pilot study on the percutaneous absoprtion of microfine titanium dioxide from sunscreens. Australas. J. Dermatol. 1996, 37, 185-187.
27. Bennat, C.; Müller-Goymann, C.C. Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2000, 22, 271-283.
28. Senzui, M.; Tamura, T.; Miura, K.; Ikarashi, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Fujii, M. Study on penetration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles into intact and damaged skin in vitro. J. Toxicol. Sci. 2010, 35, 107-113.
29. Bauer, A.; Schmitt, J.; Bennett, C.; Coenraads, P.J.; Elsner, P.; English, J.; Williams, H.C. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004414.pub2.
30. Williams, F.M. EDETOX. Evaluations and Predictions of Dermal Absorption of Toxic Chemicals. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2004, 77, 150-151.
31. Larese, F.F.; D'Agostin, F.; Crosera, M.; Adami, G.; Renzi, N.; Bovenzi, M.; Maina, G. Human skin penetration of silver nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin. Toxicology 2009, 255, 33-37.
32. Filon, F.L.; Crosera, M.; Adami, G.; Bovenzi, M.; Rossi, F.; Maina, G. Human skin penetration of gold nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin. Nanotoxicology 2011, 5, 493-501.
33. Larese Filon, F.; Crosera, M.; Timeus, E.; Adami, G.; Bovenzi, M.; Ponti, J.; Maina, G. Human skin penetration of cobalt nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin. Toxicol. In Vitro 2013, 27, 121-127.
34. Alinovi, R.; Goldoni, M.; Pinelli, S.; Campanini, M.; Aliatis, I.; Bersani, D.; Lottici, P.P.; Iavicoli, S.; Petyx, M.; Mozzoni, P.; et al. Oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of cobalt and titanium oxide nanoparticles on aortic and venous endothelial cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 2015, 29,426-437.
35. Bronaugh, R.; Stewart, R. Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies V: Permeation trough damaged skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 1985, 10, 1062-1066.
36. Fasano, W.J.; Manning, L.A.; Green, J.W. Rapid assessment of rat and human epidermal membranes for in vitro dermal regulatory testing: Correlation of electrical resistance with tritiated water permeability. Toxicol. In Vitro 2002, 16, 731-740.
37. Davies, D.J.; Ward, R.J.; Heylings, J.R. Multi-species assessment of electrical resistance as a skin integrity marker for in vivo percutaneous absorption studies. Toxicol. In Vitro 2004, 18, 351-358.
38. Franz, T.J. Percutaneous absorption on the relevance of in vitro data. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1975, 64, 190-195.
39. Boukamp, P.; Petrussevska, R.; Breitkreutz, D.; Hornung, J.; Markham, A.; Fusenig, N. Normal keratinization in a spontaneously immortalized aneuploid human keratinocyte cell line. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 106, 761-771.
40. Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 1983, 65, 55-63.
41. Pelin, M.; Sosa, S.; Della Loggia, R.; Poli, M.; Tubaro, A.; Decorti, G.; Florio, C. The cytotoxic effect of palytoxin on Caco-2 cells hinders their use for in vitro absorption studies. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 206-211.
42. Pelin, M.; Sosa, S.; Pacor, S.; Tubaro, A.; Florio, C. The marine toxin palytoxin induces necrotic death in HaCaT cells through a rapid mitochondrial damage. Toxicol. Lett. 2014, 229, 440-450.
43. Gibbs, S. In vitro irritation models and immune reactions. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2009, 22, 103-113.
44. Gao, X.; Wang, Y.; Peng, S.; Yue, B.; Fan, C.; Chen, W.; Li, X. Comparative toxicities of bismuth oxybromide and titanium dioxide exposure on human skin keratinocyte cells. Chemosphere 2015, 135, 83-93.
45. Hamid, R.; Rotshteyn, Y.; Rabadi, L.; Parikh, R.; Bullock, P. Comparison of alamar blue and MTT assays for high through-put screening. Toxicol. In Vitro 2004, 18, 703-710.
46. Kocbek, P.; Teskac, K.; Kreft, M.E.; Kristl, J. Toxicological aspects of long-term treatment of keratinocytes with ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles. Small 2010, 6, 1908-1917.
47. Park, Y.H.; Jeong, S.H.; Yi, S.M.; Choi, B.H.; Kim, Y.R.; Kim, I.K.; Kim, M.K.; Son, S.W. Analysis for the potential of polystyrene and TiO2 nanoparticles to induce skin irritation, phototoxicity, and sensitization. Toxicol. In Vitro 2011, 25, 1863-1869.
48. Newman, M.D.; Stotland, M.; Ellis, J.I. The safety of nanosized particles in titanium dioxide-and zinc oxide-based sunscreens. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2009, 61, 685-692.