A first chronology for the north greenland eemian ice drilling (NEEM) ice core

Climate of the Past

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 2713-2730

  Rasmussen, S O ^a   Abbott, P M ^b   Blunier, T ^a   Bourne, A J ^b   Brook, E ^c   Buchardt, S L ^a   Buizert, C ^c   Chappellaz, J ^d   Clausen, H B ^a   Cook, E ^b   Dahl Jensen, D ^a   Davies, S M ^b   Guillevic, M ^a,e   Kipfstuhl, S ^f   Laepple, T ^f   Seierstad, I K ^a   Severinghaus, J P ^g   Steffensen, J P ^a   Stowasser, C ^a   Svensson, A ^a   Vallelonga, P ^a   Vinther, B M ^a   Wilhelms, F ^f   Winstrup, M ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d CNRS   (France)

^e LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^f ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; CHRONOLOGY; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; GEOACCUMULATION; ICE CORE; NUMERICAL MODEL; RECONSTRUCTION; TIMESCALE;

ARCTIC; GREENLAND;

EID: 84890307130     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Abbott, P. M. and Davies, S. M.: Volcanism and the Greenland ice-cores: the tephra record, Earth-Sci. Rev., 115, 173-191, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012. 09.001, 2012.
2. Abbott, P. M., Davies, S. M., Steffensen, J. P., Pearce, N. J. G., Bigler, M., Johnsen, S. J., Seierstad, I. K., Svensson, A. and Wastegård, S.: A detailed framework of Marine Isotope Stages 4 and 5 volcanic events recorded in two Greenland ice-cores, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 36, 59 -77, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.001, 2012.
3. Alley, R. B., Meese, D. A., Shuman, C. A., Gow, A. J. , Taylor, K. C., Grootes, P. M., White, J. W. C., Ram, M., Waddington, E. D., Mayewski, P. A., and Zielinski, G. A.: Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event, Nature, 362, 527-529, 1993.
4. Andersen, K. K., Ditlevsen, P. D., Rasmussen, S. O., Clausen, H. B., Vinther, B. M., Johnsen, S. J., and Steffensen, J. P.: Retrieving a common accumulation record from Greenland ice cores for the past 1800 years, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15106, doi:10.1029/2005jd006765, 2006a.
5. Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., Johnsen, S. J., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger , R., Ruth, U., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Dahl-Jensen, D., Vinther, B. M., and Clausen, H. B.: The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15-42 ka. Part 1: constructing the time scale, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3246-3257, 2006b. (Pubitemid 46209388)
6. Arnaud, L., Barnola, J. M., and Duval, P.: Physical modeling of the densification of snow/firn and ice in the upper part of polar ice sheets, in Physics of Ice Core Records, edited by: Hondoh, T., Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, 2000.
7. Begét, J., Mason, O., and Anderson, P.: Age, extent and climatic significance of the c. 3400 BP Aniakchak tephra, western Alaska, USA, Holocene, 2, 51-56, 1992.
8. Bintanja, R. and van De Wal, R. S. W.: North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles, Nature, 454, 869-872, doi:10.1038/nature07158, 2008.
9. Blockley, S. P. E., Lan e, C. S., Hardiman, M., Rasmussen, S. O., Seierstad, I. K., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A., Lotter, A. F., Turney, C. S. M., and Bronk Ramsey, C.: Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental records over the last 60,000 years, and an extended INTIMATE event stratigraphy to 48,000 b2k, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 36, 2- 10, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.017, 2012.
10. Borchardt, G. A., Aruscavage, P. J., and Millard, H. T.: Correlati on of the Bishop Ash, a Pleistocene marker bed, using instrumental neutron activation analysis, J. Sediment. Res., 42, 301-306, doi:10.1306/74d72527-2b21-11d7- 8648000102c1865d, 1972.
11. Bourne, A. J., Davies, S. M., Abbott, P. M., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., and Svensson, A.: Revisiting the Faroe Marine Ash Zone III in two Greenland ice cores: implications for marine-ice correlations, J. Quaternary Sci., 28, 641- 646, doi:10.1002/jqs.2663, 2013.
12. Buchardt, S. L.: Basal melting and Eemian ice along the main ice ridge in northern Greenland, Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, http://www. iceandclim ate.dk/publications/, 122 pp., 2009.
13. Buizert, C., Martinerie, P., Petrenko, V. V., Severinghaus, J. P., Trudinger, C. M., Witrant, E., Rosen, J. L., Orsi, A. J., Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Hogan, C. Laube, J. C., Sturges, W. T., Levchenko, V. A., Smith, A. M., Levin, I., Conway, T. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Lang, P. M., Kawamura, K., Jenk, T. M., White, J.W. C., Sowers, T., Schwander, J., and Blunier, T.: Gas transport in firn: multiple-tracer charact erisation and model intercomparison for NEEM, Northern Greenland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4259-4277, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4259-2012, 2012.
14. Buizert, C., Sowers, T., and Blunier, T.: Assessment of diffusive isotopic fractionation in polar firn, and application to ice core trace gas records, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 361, 110- 119, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.039, 2013.
15. Capron, E., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Schilt, A., Masson-Delmotte, V., Buiron, D., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., and Oerter, H.: Synchronising EDML and NorthGRIP ice cores using-18O of atmospheric oxygen (-18Oatm) and CH4 measurements over MIS5 (80-123 kyr), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 222 -234, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.014, 2010.
16. Chappellaz, J., S towasser, C., Blunier, T., Baslev-Clausen, D., Brook, E. J., Dallmayr, R., Faïn, X., Lee, J. E., Mitchell, L. E., Pascual, O., Romanini, D., Rosen, J., and Schüpbach, S.: Highresolution glacial and deglacial record of atmospheric methane by continuous-flow and laser spectrometer analysis along the NEEM ice core, Clim. Past, 9, 2579 -2593, doi:10.5194/cp-9-2579-2013, 2013.
17. Coulter, S. E., Pilcher, J. R., Plunkett, G., Baillie, M., Hall, V. A., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B. and Johnsen, S. J.: Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D213 03, doi:10.1029/2012JD017698, 2012.
18. Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Miller, H.,Watanabe, O., Johnsen, S. J., Steffensen, J. P., Clausen, H. B., Svensson, A. and Larsen, L. B.: The NorthGRIP deep drilling program, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 1-4, 2002.
19. Dansgaard, W. and Johnsen, S. J.: A flow model and a time scale for the ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, J. Glaciol., 8, 215-223, 1969.
20. Davies, S. M., Wastegård, S., Rasmussen, T. L., Svensson, A., Johnsen, S. J., Steffensen, J. P., and Andersen, K. K.: Identification of the Fugloyarbanki tephra in the NGRIP ice core: a key tie-point for marine and ice-core sequences during the last glacial period, J. Quaternary Sci., 23, 409-414, 2008.
21. Davies, S. M., Wastegaard, S., Abbott, P. M., Barbante, C., Bigler, M., Johnsen, S. J., Rasmussen, T. L., Steffensen, J. P. and Svensson, A.: Tracing volcanic events in the NGRIP ice-core and synchronising North Atlantic marine records during the last glacial period, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett. 294, 69-79, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.004, 2010.
22. Fuhrer, K., Neftel, A., Anklin, M., and Maggi, V.: Continuous measurements of hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, calcium and ammonium concentrations along the new GRIP ice core from Summit, Central Greenland, Atmos. Environ., A27, 1873- 1880, 1993.
23. Fuhrer, K., Neftel, A., Anklin, M., Staffelbach, T., and Legrand, M.: High-resolution ammonium i ce core record covering a complete glacial-interglacial cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 4147-4164, 1996.
24. Goujon, C., Barnola, J.-M., and Ritz, C.: Modeling the densification of polar firn including heat diffusio n: Application to close-off characteristics and gas isotopic fractionation for Antarctica and Greenland sites, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4792, doi:10.1029/2002JD003319, 2003.
25. Guillevic, M., Bazin, L., Landais, A. Kindler, P., Orsi, A., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S. L., Capron, E., Leuenberger, M., Martinerie, P., Prié, F., and Vinther, B. M.: Spatial gradients of temperature, accumulation and-18O-ice in Greenland over a series of Dansgaard-Oeschger events, Clim. Past, 9, 1029- 1051, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1029- 2013, 2013.
26. Hammer, C. U.: Acidity of polar ice cores in relation to absolute dating, past volcanism, and radio-echoes, J. Glaciol., 25, 359-372, 1980.
27. Hayward, C.: High spatial resolution electron probe microanalysis of tephras and melt inclusions without beaminduced chemical modification, Holocene, 22, 119 -125, doi:10.1177/0959683611409777, 2012.
28. Herron, M. M. and Langway, C. C., Jr.: Firn densification: An empirical model, J. Glaciol., 25, 373-385, 1980.
29. Huber, C., Leuenberger, M., Spahni, R., Flückiger, J., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., Johnsen, S., Landais, A. and Jouzel, J.: Isotope calibrated Greenland temperature record over Marine Isotope Stage 3 a nd its relation to CH4, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 243, 504-519, 2006. (Pubitemid 43380913)
30. Hvidberg, C. S., Steffensen, J. P., Clausen, H. B., Shoji, H., and Kipfstuhl, J.: The NorthGRIP ice-core logging procedure: Description and evaluation, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 5-8, 2002. (Pubitemid 36568133)
31. Hörhold, M. W., Laepple, T., Freitag, J., Bigler, M., Fischer, H., and Kipfstuhl, S.: On the impact of impurities on the densification of polar firn Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 325-326, 93-99, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.022, 2012.
32. Johnsen, S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Dansgaard, W., and Gundestrup, N.: Greenland palaeotemperatures derived from GRIP bore hole temperature and ice core isotope profiles, Tellus B, 47, 624-629, 1995. (Pubitemid 26445245)
33. Landais, A., Caillon, N., Goujon, C., Grachev, A. M., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V. and Leuenberger, M.: Quantification of rapid temperature change during DO event 12 and phasing with methane inferred from air isotopic measurements, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 225, 221-232, 2004. (Pubitemid 39122636)
34. Lan dais, A., Barnola, J. M., Kawamura, K., Caillon, N., Delmotte, M., Van Ommen, T., Dreyfus, G., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Minster, B., Freitag, J., Leuenberger, M., Schwander, J., Huber, C., Et heridge, D., and Morgan, V.: Firn-air-15N in modern polar sites and glacial-interglacial ice: a model-data mismatch during glacial periods in Antarctica, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 49-62, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.06.007, 2006. (Pubitemid 43049913)
35. Lemieux-Dudon, B., Blayo, E., Petit, J. R., Waelbroeck, C., Svensson, A., Ritz, C., Barnola, J. M., Narcisi, B. M. and Parrenin, F.: Consistent dating for Antarctic and Greenland ice cores, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 8- 20, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.010, 2010.
36. Leuenberger, M., Lang, C., and Schwander, J.: Delta 15N measurements as a calibration tool for the paleothermometer and gas-ice age differences: A case study for the 8200 B.P. event on GRIP ice, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22163-22170, 1999.
37. Lowe, J. J., Rasmussen, S. O., Bjorck, S., Hoek, W. Z., Steffensen, J. P., Walker, M. J. C., Yu, Z. C., and Grp, I.: Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental events in the North Atlantic region during the Last Termination: a revised protocol recommended by the INTIMATE group, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 6-17, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.09.01 6, 2008.
38. Martinerie, P., Lipenkov, V. Y., Raynaud, D., Chappellaz, J., Barkov, N. I., and Lorius, C.: Air content paleo record in the Vostok ice core (Antarctica): A mixed record of climatic and glaciological parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10565-10576, 1994.
39. Mitchell, L. E., Brook, E. J., Sowers, T., McConnell, J. R., and Taylor, K.: Multidecadal variability of atmospheric methane, 1000-1800 C.E, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G02007, doi:10.1029/2010JG001441, 2011.
40. Moore, J. C.,Wolff, E.W., Clausen, H. B., and Hammer, C. U.: The chemical basis for the electrical stratigraphy of ice, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1887-1896, 1992.
41. Moore, J. C.,Wolff, E.W., Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U., Legrand, M. R., and Fuhrer, K.: Electrical response of the Summit-Greenland ice core to ammonium, sulphuric acid, and hydrochloric acid, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 565-568, 1994. (Pubitemid 24405019)
42. Mortensen, A. K., Bigler, M., Grönvold, K., Steffensen, J. P., and Johnsen, S. J.: Volcanic ash layers from the Last Glacial Termination in the NGRIP ice core, J. Quaternary Sci., 20, 209-219, 2005. (Pubitemid 40479091)
43. Narcisi, B., Petit, J. R., Delmonte, B., Basile-Doelsch, I., and Maggi, V.: Characteristics and sources of tephra layers in the EPICA-Dome C ice record (East Antarctica): Implications for past atmospheric circulation and ice core stratigraphic correlations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 239, 253-26 5, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41614284)
44. Narcisi, B., Petit, J. R., Delmonte, B., Scarchilli, C., and Stenni, B.: A 16,000-yr tephra framework for the Antarctic ice sheet: a contribution from the new Talos Dome core, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 49, 52- 63, doi:10.1016/j. quascirev.2012.06.011, 2012.
45. NEEM community members: Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core, Nature, 493, 489- 494, doi:10.1038/nature11789, 2013.
46. Neftel, A., Andrée, M., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., and Hammer, C. U.: Measurements of a kind of DC-conductivity on cores from Dye 3, in: Greenland Ice Core: Geophysic s, Geochemistry, and the Environment, edited by: Langway, Jr., C. C., Oeschger, H., and Dansgaard, W., Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 33, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Washington D. C., 32-38, 1985.
47. North Greenland Ic e Core Project members: High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period, Nature, 431, 147-151, 2004.
48. Perkins, M. E., Nash, W. P., Brown, F. H., and Fleck, R. J.: Fallout tuffs of Trapper Creek, Idaho-A record of Miocene explosive volcanism in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1484-1506, 1995. (Pubitemid 26459130)
49. Perkins, M. E., Brown, F. H., Nash, W. P., Williams, S. K., and McIntosh, W.: Sequence, age, and source of silicic fallout tuffs in middle to late Miocene basins of the northern Basin and Range province, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 344-360, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998 )1102.3.co;2, 1998.
50. Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A. M., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Johnsen, S. J., Larsen, L. B., Dahl-Je nsen, D., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M. E., and Ruth, U.: A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06102, doi:10.1029/2005JD006079, 2006. (Pubitemid 43675909)
51. Rasmussen, S. O., Seierstad, I. K., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Johnsen, S. J.: Synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice cores across MIS 2 and palaeoclimatic implications, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 18-28, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.016, 2008.
52. Ritz, C.: Interpretation of the temperature profile measured at Vostok, East Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 12, 138-144, 1989.
53. Rosen, J., Brook, E., Severinghaus, J., Blunier, T., Mitchell, L., Lee, J., Edwards, J., and Gkinis, V.: Synchronous Global Climate Changes at the Bølling Transition from the Greenland NEEM Ice Core, Nat. Geosci., submitted, 2013.
54. Ruth, U.,Wagenbach, D., Steffensen, J. P., and Bigler, M.: Continuous record of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the central Greenland NGRIP ice core during the last glacial period, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4098, doi:10.1029/2002JD002376, 2003.
55. Schupbach, S., Federer, U., Kaufmann, P. R., Hutterli, M. A., Buiron, D., Blunier, T., Fischer H., and Stocker, T. F.: A New Method for High-Resolution Methane Measurements on Polar Ice Cores Using Continuous Flow Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5371-5376, doi:10.1021/es9003137, 2009.
56. Schwander, J. and Stauffer, B.: Age difference between polar ice and the air trapped in its bubbles, Nature, 311, 45-47, 1984. (Pubitemid 16263700)
57. Schwander, J., Sowers, T., Barnola, J.-M., Blunier, T., Fuchs, A., and Malaiz é, B.: Age scale of the air in the Summit ice: Implication for glacial-interglacial temperature change, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19483-19493, 1997.
58. Severinghaus, J. P., Sowers, T., Brook, E. J., Alley, R. B., and Bender, M. L.: Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice, Nature, 391, 141-146, 1998. (Pubitemid 28092465)
59. Severinghaus, J. P. and Brook, E. J.: Abrupt climate change at the end of the last glacial period inferred from trapped air in polar ice, Science, 286, 930-934, 1999.
60. Sowers, T., Bender, M., Raynaud, D., and Korotkevich Y. S.:-15N of N2 in air trapped in polar ice: A tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 15683-15697, doi:10.1029/92JD01297, 1992.
61. Stowas ser, C., Buizert, C., Gkinis, V., Chappellaz, J., Schüpbach, S., Bigler, M., Faïn, X., Sperlich, P., Baumgartner, M., Schilt, A., and Blunier, T.: Continuous measurements of methane mixing ratios from ice cores, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 999- 1013, doi:10.5194/amt-5-999-2012, 2012.
62. Svensson, A., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S. M., Johnsen, S. J. , Muscheler, R., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Steffensen, J. P., and Vinther, B. M.: The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15-42 ka. Part 2: comparison to other records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3258-3267, 2006.
63. Svensson, A., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S. M., Johnsen, S. J., Muscheler, R., Parrenin, F., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Seier stad, I., Steffensen, J. P., and Vinther, B. M.: A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology, Clim. Past, 4, 47-57, doi:10.5194/cp-4-47-2008, 2008. (Pubitemid 351468294)
64. Taylor, K. C., Mayewski, P. A., Twickler, M. S., and Whitlow, S. I.: Biomass burning recorded in the GISP2 ice core: A record from eastern Canada, Holocene, 6, 1-6, 1996.
65. Vallelonga, P., Bertagna, G., Blunier, T., Kjær, H. A., P opp, T. J., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., Stowasser, C., Svensson, A. S.,Warming, E.,Winstrup, M., Bigler, M., and Kipfstuhl, S.: Duration of Greenland Stadial 22 and ice-gas 1age from counting of annual layers in Greenland NGRIP ice core, Clim. Past, 8, 1839- 1847, doi:10.5194/cp-8-1839-2012, 2012.
66. Veres, D., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Parrenin, F., Martinerie P., Blayo, E., Blunier, T., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Svensson, A., Vinther, B., and Wolff, E. W.: The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past Discuss., 8, 6011- 6049, doi:10.5194/cpd-8-6011-2012, 2012.
67. Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Johnsen, S. J., Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Buchardt, S. L., Dahl-Jensen, D., Seierstad, I. K., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A. M., Olsen, J., and Heinemeier, J.: A synchronized dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the Holocene, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D13102, doi:10.1029/2005JD006921, 2006. (Pubitemid 44768151)
68. Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Johnsen, S. J., Andersen, K. K., Dahl-Jensen, D. Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., and Svensson, A. M.: Synchronizing ice cores from the Renland and Agassiz ice caps to the Greenland Ice Core Chronology., J. Geophys. Res., 113, D08115, doi:10.1029/2005JD006921, 2008.
69. Vinther, B. M., Buchardt, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Raynaud, D., Lipenkov, V., Andersen, K. K., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Stef fensen, J. P., and Svensson, A. M.: Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet, Nature, 461, 385-388, 2009.
70. Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Michel, E., Duplessy, J. C., Mc-Manus, J. F., Lambeck, K., Balbon, E., and Labracherie, M.: Sealevel and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records, Quaternary Sci. Res., 21, 295-305, 2002. (Pubitemid 34067518)
71. Wilhelms, F., Kipfstuhl, J., Miller, H., Heinloth, K., and Firestone, J.: Precise dielectric profiling of ice cores: A new devise with improved guarding and its theory, J. Glaciol., 44, 171-174, 1998. (Pubitemid 128769171)
72. Winstrup, M., Svensson, A. M., Rasmussen, S. O., Winther, O., Steig, E. J., and Axelrod, A. E.: An automated approach for annual layer counting in ice cores, Clim. Past, 8, 1881-1895, doi:10.5194/cp-8-1881-2012, 2012.
73. Wolff, E. W., Cook, E., Barnes, P. R. F., and Mulvaney, R.: Signal variability in replicate ice cores, J. Glaciol., 51, 462-468, 2005. (Pubitemid 43246008)
74. Wolff, E. W., Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S. O., and Svensson, A.: Millennial-scale variability during the last glacial: The ice core record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 2828-2838, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10. 013, 2010.