Youth physical activity self-efficacy: A concept analysis

Journal of Advanced Nursing

Volumn 71, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 2002-2019

  Voskuil, Vicki R ^a   Robbins, Lorraine B ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bandura; Concept analysis; Nursing; Physical activity; Rodgers; Self efficacy; Youth

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; HUMAN; MOTOR ACTIVITY; SELF CONCEPT;

ADOLESCENT; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; SELF EFFICACY;

EID: 84938741659     PISSN: 03092402     EISSN: 13652648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jan.12658     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Allison K.R., Dwyer J.J.M. & Makin S. (1999) Self-efficacy and participation in vigorous physical activity by high school students. Health Education & Behavior 26(1), 12-24. doi:10.1177/109019819902600103.
2. Annesi J.J. (2006) Relations of physical self-concept and self-efficacy with frequency of voluntary physical activity in preadolescents: implications for after-school care programming. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61(4), 515-520. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.04.009.
3. Annesi J.J. (2010) Initial body mass index and free-time physical activity moderate the effects of the Youth Fit for Life treatement in African-American pre-adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills 110(3), 789-800. doi:10.2466/pms.110.3.789-800.
4. Annesi J.J., Tennant G., Westcott W.L., Faigenbaum A.D. & Smith A.E. (2009) Effects of the Youth Fit for Life Protocol on physiologcial, psychological and behavioral factors at YMCA Calgary after-school care sites. Psychological Reports 104(3), 879-895. doi:10.2466/pr0.104.3.879-895.
5. Ashford S., Edmunds J. & French D.P. (2010) What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? a systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology 15(2), 265-288. doi:10.1348/135910709X461752.
6. Bandura A. (1977a) Self-efficacy: towards a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review 84(2), 191-215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
7. Bandura A. (1977b) Social Learning Theory. Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
8. Bandura A. (1982) Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist 37(2), 122-147. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122.
9. Bandura A. (1986) Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
10. Bandura A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY.
11. Bandura A. (2004) Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior 31(2), 143-164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660.
12. Bandura A. (2007) Much ado over a faulty conception of perceived self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 26(6), 641-658. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/224864588?accountid=12598 on 30 December 2013.
13. Bauman A.E., Reis R.S., Sallis J.F., Wells J.C., Loos R.J.F. & Martin B.W. (2012) Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? The Lancet 380(9838), 258-271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1.
14. Bergh I.H., Bjelland M., Grydeland M., Lien N., Andersen L.F., Klepp K.I., Anderssen S.A. & Ommundsen Y. (2012) Mid-way and post-intervention effects on potential determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior, results of the HEIA study - a multi-component school-based randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition 9(63), 1-13. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-63.
15. Buxbaum N.P., Ponce M., Saidi P. & Michaels L.A. (2010) Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in adolescents with haemophilia. Haemophilia 16(4), 656-661. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2010.02217.x.
16. Caspersen C.J., Powell K.E. & Christenson G.M. (1985) Physical activity, exercise and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports 100(2), 126-131. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1424733/ on 30 March 2013.
17. Champion V.L. & Skinner C.S. (2008) The health belief model. In Health Behavior and Health Education, 4th edn (Glanz K., Rimer B.K. & Viswanath K., eds), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 67-96.
18. Chen J., Weiss S., Heyman M.B., Cooper B. & Lustig R.H. (2011) The efficacy of the web-based childhood obesity prevention program in Chinese American adolescents (Web ABC Study). Journal of Adolescent Health 49(2), 148-154. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.11.243.
19. Conn V.S., Rantz M.J., Wipke-Tevis D.D. & Maas M.L. (2001) Designing effective nursing interventions. Research in Nursing & Health 24(5), 433-442. doi:10.1002/nur.1043.
20. Craggs C., Corder K., van Sluijs E.M.F. & Griffin S.J. (2011) Determinants of change in physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40(6), 645-658. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.025.
21. Daniels S.R., Arnett D.K., Eckel R.H., Gidding S.S., Hayman L.L., Kumanyika S., Robinson T.N., Scott B.J., St. Jeor S. & Williams C.L. (2005) Overweight in children and adolescents: pathophysiology, consequences, prevention and treatment. Circulation 111(15), 1999-2012. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000161369.71722.10.
22. Deforche B., Bourdeaudhuij I.D., Tanghe A., Hills A.P. & Bode P.D. (2004) Changes in physical activity and psychosocial determinants of physical activity in children and adolescents treated for obesity. Patient Education and Counseling 55(3), 407-415. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2003.07.012.
23. Dishman R.K., Motl R.W., Sallis J.F., Dunn A.L., Birnbaum A.S., Welk G.J., Bedimo-Rung A.L., Voorhees C.C. & Jobe J.B. (2005) Self-management strategies mediate self-efficacy and physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29(1), 10-18. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.03.012.
24. Driver S. (2006) Applying physical activity motivation theories to people with brain injuries. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 23(2), 148-162. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/5621.pdf on 9 August 2013.
25. Dumith S.C., Gigante D.P., Domingues M.R. & Kohl H.W. (2011) Physical activity change during adolescence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 40(3), 685-698. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq272.
26. Dzewaltowski D.A., Estabrooks P.A., Welk G., Hill J., Milliken G., Karteroliotis K. & Johnston J.A. (2009) Healthy Youth Places: a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of facilitating adult and youth leaders to promote physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in middle schools. Health Education & Behavior 36(3), 583-600. doi:10.1177/1090198108314619.
27. Eaton D.K., Kann L., Kinchen S., Shanklin S., Flint K.H., Hawkins J. & Wechsler H. (2012) Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 61(4), 1-162. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6104a1.htm on 21 October 2013.
28. Ekelund U., Luan J., Sherar L.B., Esliger D.W., Griew P. & Cooper A. (2012) Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiac risk factors in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association 307(7), 704-712. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.156.
29. Fawcett L.M., Garton A.F. & Dandy J. (2009) Role of motivation, self-efficacy and parent support in adolescent structured leisure activity participation. Australian Journal of Psychology 61(3), 175-182. doi:10.1080/00049530802326792.
30. Fein A.J., Plotnikoff R.C., Wild T.C. & Spence J.C. (2005) An examination of adolescents' perceptions of the school physical environment related to physical activity. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 3(2), 179-195. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2005.9671766.
31. Felton G.M., Dowda M., Ward D.S., Dishman R.K., Trost S.G., Saunders R. & Pate R.R. (2002) Differences in physical activity between black and white girls living in rural and urban areas. The Journal of School Health 72(6), 250-255. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb07338.x.
32. Flammer A. (1995) Developmental analysis of control beliefs. In Self-efficacy in Changing Societies (Bandura A., ed.), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, pp. 69-118.
33. Foley L., Prapavessis H., Maddison R., Burke S., McGowan E. & Gillanders L. (2008) Predicting physical activity intention and behavior in school-age children. Pediatric Exercise Science 20(3), 342-356. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/16091.pdf on 9 August 2013.
34. Gabriel K.K.P., Morrow J.R. & Woolsey A.L.T. (2012) Framework for physical activity as a complex and multidimensional behavior. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9(Supplement), S11-S18. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/03_pettee_gabriel_JPAH_20110031.pdf on 30 March 2013.
35. Gebremariam M.K., Bergh I.H., Andersen L.F., Ommundsen Y., Bjelland M. & Lien N. (2012) Stability and change in potential correlates of physical activity and association with pubertal status among Norwegian children in the transition between childhood and adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 9(56), 1-8. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-56.
36. Heale R. & Griffin M.T. (2009) Self-efficacy with application to adolescent smoking cessation: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65(4), 912-918. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04953.x.
37. Hearst M.O., Patnode C.D., Sirard J.R., Farbakhsh K. & Lytle L.A. (2012) Multi-level predictors of adolescent physical activity: a longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 9(8), 1-10. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-8.
38. Johnson C.C., Li D., Epping J.N., Lytle L.A., Cribb P.W., Williston B.J. & Yang M. (2000) A transactional model of social support, self-efficacy and physical activity of children in the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. Journal of Health Education 31(1), 2-9. doi:10.1080/10556699.2000.10608640.
39. Johnson K.E., Kubik M.Y. & McMorris B.J. (2011) Prevalence and social-environmental correlates of sports team participation among alternative high school students. Journal of Physcial Activity and Health 8(5), 606-612. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/02_johnson_JPAH_20090242.pdf on 11 November 2013.
40. Keats M.R., Emery C.A. & Finch C.F. (2012) Are we having fun yet? Sports Medicine 42(3), 175-184. doi:10.2165/11597050-000000000-00000.
41. Kokkinos P. & Myers J. (2010) Exercise and physical activity: clinical outcomes and applications. Circulation 122(16), 1637-1648. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.948349.
42. Leary J.M., Lilly C.L., Dino G., Loprinzi P.D. & Cottrell L. (2013) Parental influences on 7-9 year olds' physical activity: a conceptual model. Preventive Medicine 56(5), 341-344. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.02.005.
43. Lenz E.R. & Shortridge-Baggett L., (eds) (2002) Self Efficacy in Nursing: Research and Measurement Perspectives. Springer Publishing, New York, NY.
44. Liu T. (2012) A concept analysis of self-efficacy among Chinese elderly with diabetes mellitus. Nursing Forum 47(4), 226-235. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2012.00282.x.
45. Lubans D.R., Foster C. & Biddle S.J. (2008) A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents. Preventive Medicine 47(5), 463-470. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.07.011.
46. Lubans D.R. & Sylva K. (2009) Mediators of change following a senior school physical activity intervention. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12(1), 134-140. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.013.
47. Luszczynska A., Cao D.S., Mallach N., Pietron K., Mazurkiewicz M. & Schwarzer R. (2010) Intentions, planning and self-efficacy predict physical activity in Chinese and Polish adolescents: two moderated mediation analyses. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 10(2), 265-278. Retrieved from http://www.aepc.es/ijchp/index.php?coid=English on 11 November 2013.
48. Maddux J.E. (2005) Self-efficacy: the power of believing you can. In Handbook of Positive psychology, 2nd edn (Snyder C.R. & Lopez S.J., eds), Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 277-287.
49. Maibach E. & Murphy D.A. (1995) Self-efficacy in health promotion research and practice: conceptualization and measurement. Health Education Research 10(1), 37-50. doi:10.1093/her/10.1.37.
50. Maynard M., Baker G., Rawlins E., Anderson A. & Harding S. (2009) Developing obesity prevention interventions among minority ethnic children in schools and places of worship: the DEAL (Diet and Active Living) study. BMC Public Health 9(480), 1-11. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-480.
51. Metcalf B., Henley W. & Wilkin T. (2012) Effectiveness of interventions on physical activity of children: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with objectively measured outcomes (EarlyBird 54). BMJ 345, 1-11. doi:org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/10.1136/bmj.e5888.
52. Monge-Rojas R., Nuñez H.P., Garita C. & Chen-Mok M. (2002) Psychosocial aspects of Costa Rican adolescents' eating and physical activity patterns. Journal of Adolescent Health 31(2), 212-219. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00376-2.
53. Montano D.E. & Kasprzyk D.K. (2008) Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior and the integrated behavioral model. In Health Behavior and Health Education, 4th edn (Glanz K., Rimer B.K. & Viswanath K., eds), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 67-96.
54. Moola F., Faulkner G.E., Kirsh J. A. & Kilburn J. (2008) Physical activity and sport participation in youth with congenital heart disease: perceptions of children and parents. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 25(1), 49-70. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690546/ on 9 August 2013.
55. Morgan P.J., Saunders K.L. & Lubans D.R. (2012) Improving physical self-perception in adolescent boys from disadvantaged schools: psychological outcomes from the Physical Activity Leaders randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 7(3), e27-e32. doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00050.x.
56. Mowat J. & Spence Laschinger H.K. (1994) Self-efficacy in caregivers of cognitively impaired elderly people. Journal of Advanced Nursing 19(6), 1105-1113. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01194.x.
57. Murray M. & Tenenbaum G. (2010) Computerized pedagogical agents as an educational means for developing physical self-efficacy and encouraging activity in youth. Journal of Educational Computing Research 42(3), 267-283. doi:10.2190/EC.42.3.b.
58. Nahas M.V., Goldfine B. & Collins M.A. (2003) Determinants of physical activity in adolescents and young adults: the basis for high school and college physical education to promote active lifestyles. Physical Educator 60(1), 42-56. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1437929026?accountid=12598 on 26 July 2013.
59. Neumark-Sztainer D., Story M., Hannan P.J., Tharp T. & Rex J. (2003) Factors associated with changes in physical activity: a cohort study of inactive adolescent girls. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 157(8), 803-810. doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.8.803.
60. Nigg C.R. & Courneya K.S. (1998) Transtheoretical model: examining adolescent exercise behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health 22(3), 214-224. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00141-9.
61. Norman G.J., Sallis J.F. & Gaskins R. (2005) Comparability and reliability of paper- and computer-based measures of psychosocial constructs for adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 76(3), 315-323. doi:10.1080/02701367.2005.10599302.
62. Oettingen G. (1995) Cross-cultural perspectives on self-efficacy. In Self-efficacy in Changing Societies (Bandura A., ed.), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, pp. 149-176.
63. Oude Luttikhuis H., Baur L., Jansen H., Shrewsbury V.A., O'Malley C., Stolk R.P. & Summerbell C.D. (2009) Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009(1), 1-57. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001872.pub2.
64. Pajares F. (2005) Self-efficacy during childhood and adolescence: implications for teachers and parents. In Self-efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents (Pajares F. & Urdan T., eds), pp. 339-367. Retrieved from http://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/PajaresAdoed2006.pdf on 12 September 2012.
65. Pate R.R., Trost S.G., Felton G.M., Ward D.S., Dowda M. & Saunders R. (1997) Correlates of physical activity behavior in rural youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 68(3), 241-248. doi:10.1080/02701367.1997.10608003.
66. Pate R.R. & ONeill J.R. (2008) American Heart Association scientific statement: promoting physical activity in children and youth: a leadership role for schools. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 23(1), 44-49. doi:10.1097/01.JCN.0000305056.96247.bb.
67. Paley J. (1996) How not to analyze concepts in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 24, 572-578. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1996.22618.x/pdf.
68. Pender N.J., Bar-Or O., Wilk B. & Mitchell S. (2002) Self-efficacy and perceived exertion of girls during exercise. Nursing Research 51(2), 86-91. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{00AMP00}db=rzh{00AMP00}AN=2002053722{00AMP00}site=ehost-live on 26 July 2013.
69. Pender N., Murdaugh C. & Parsons M. (2011) Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, 6th edn.. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
70. Perry C.K., Garside H., Morones S. & Hayman L.L. (2012) Physical activity interventions for adolescents: an ecological perspective. The Journal of Primary Prevention 33(2-3), 111-135. doi:10.1007/s10935-012-0270-3.
71. Peterson M.S., Lawman H.G., Wilson D.K., Fairchild A. & Van Horn M.L. (2013) The association of self-efficacy and parent social support on physical activity in male and female adolescents. Health Psychology 32(6), 666-674. doi:10.1037/a0029129.
72. Petosa R.L., Hortz B.V., Cardina C.E. & Suminski R.R. (2005) Social cognitive theory variables associated with physical activity among high school students. International Journal of Sports Medicine 26, 158-163. doi:10.1055/s-2004-821135.
73. Plotnikoff R.C., Costigan S.A., Karunamuni N. & Lubans D.R. (2013) Social cognitive theories used to explain physical activity behavior in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine 56, 245-253. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.013.
74. Prins R.G., Ball K., Timperio A., Salmon J., Oenema A., Brug J. & Crawford D. (2011) Associations between availability of facilities within three different neighbourhood buffer sizes and objectively assessed physical activity in adolescents. Health & Place 17(6), 1228-1234. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.07.012.
75. Prochaska J.O., Redding C.A. & Evers K.E. (2008) The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In Health Behavior and Health Education, 4th edn (Glanz K., Rimer B.K. & Viswanath K., eds), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 97-121.
76. Resnick B. (2013) Self-efficacy. In Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Research, 3rd edn (Peterson S.J. & Bredow T.S., eds), Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 82-95.
77. Reynolds K.D., Killen J.D., Bryson S.W., Maron D.J., Taylor C.B., Maccoby N. & Farquhar J.W. (1990) Psychosocial predictors of physical activity in adolescents. Preventive Medicine 19(5), 541-551. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(90)90052-L.
78. Rhodes R.E. & Nigg C.R. (2011) Advancing physical activity theory: a review and future directions. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 39(3), 113-119. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31821b94c8.
79. Robbins L.B., Pender N.J., Ronis D.L., Kazanis A.S. & Pis M.B. (2004) Physical activity, self-efficacy and perceived exertion among adolescents. Research in Nursing & Health 27(6), 435-446. doi:10.1002/nur.20042.
80. Rodgers B.L. (2000) Concept analysis: an evolutionary view. In Concept Development in Nursing: Foundations, Techniques and Applications, 2nd edn (Rodgers B.L. & Knafl K.A., eds), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 77-102.
81. Roesch S.C., Norman G.J., Merz E.L., Sallis J.F. & Patrick K. (2013) Longitudinal measurement invariance of psychosocial measures in physical activity research: an application to adolescent data. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 43(4), 721-729. doi:10.1111/jasp.12000.
82. Schaal S., Peter M. & Randler C. (2010) Morningness-eveningness and physical activity in adolescents. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 8(2), 147-159. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671939.
83. Shields C.A., Spink K.S., Chad K., Muhajarine N., Humbert L. & Odnokon P. (2008) Youth and adolescent physical activity lapsers: examining self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between family social influence and physical activity. Journal of Health Psychology 13(1), 121-130. doi:10.1177/1359105307084317.
84. Silva P., Lott R., Wickrama K.A.S., Mota J. & Welk G. (2012) Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in two cultural contexts: different pathways? Journal of Physical Activity & Health 9(4), 1-44. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000185657.86065.98].
85. Srof B.J. & Velsor-Friedrich B. (2006) Health promotion in adolescents: a review of Pender's health promotion model. Nursing Science Quarterly 19(4), 366-373. doi:10.1177/0894318406292831.
86. Stanley R.M., Boshoff K. & Dollman J. (2013) A qualitative exploration of the 'critical window': factors affecting Australian children's after school physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 10(1), 33-41. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/04_stanley_JPAH_20100231-eja.pdf on 11 November 2013.
87. Taymoori P. & Lubans D.R. (2008) Mediators of behavior change in two tailored physical activity interventions for adolescent girls. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9(5), 605-619. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.09.001.
88. Taymoori P., Rhodes R.E. & Berry T.R. (2010) Application of a social cognitive model in explaining physical activity in Iranian female adolescents. Health Education Research 25(2), 257-267. doi:10.1093/her/cyn051.
89. Teerarungsikul N., Phuphaibul R., Loveland-Cherry C.J., Pookboonmee R., Kijboonchoo K. & Nityasuddhi D. (2009) Effectiveness of a physical activity promotion program on perceived self-efficacy, physical activity and physical fitness among Thai adolescent girls. Thai Journal of Nursing Research 13(2), 81-94. Retrieved from http://202.44.8.54/index.php/PRIJNR/article/view/6403/5599 on 9 August 2013.
90. Todd T., Reid G. & Butler-Kisber L. (2010) Cycling for students with ASD: self-regulation promotes sustained physical activity. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 27(3), 226-241. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/18159.pdf on 11 November 2013.
91. Townsend L. & Scanlan J.M. (2011) Self-efficacy related to student nurses in the clinical setting: a concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship 8(1), 1-15. doi:10.2202/1548-923X.2223.
92. Troiano R.P., Berrigan D., Dodd K.W., Masse L.C., Tilert T. & McDowell M. (2008) Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 40(1), 181-188. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3.
93. Umeh K. (2003) Social cognitions and past behavior as predictors of behavioral intentions related to cardiovascular health. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 33(7), 1417-1436. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01956.x.
94. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008) 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf on 27 January 2014.
95. Van Stralen M.M., Yildirim M., te Velde S.J., Brug J., Van Mechelen W. & Chinapaw M.J.M. (2011) What works in school-based energy balance behaviour interventions and what does not: a systematic review of mediating mechanisms. International Journal of Obesity 35(10), 1251-1265. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.68.
96. Voorhees C.C., Yan A.F., Clifton K.J. & Wang M.Q. (2011) Neighborhood environment, self-efficacy and physical activity in urban adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior 35(6), 674-688. doi:10.5993/AJHB.35.6.4.
97. Ward D.S., Dowda M., Trost S.G., Felton G.M., Dishman R.K. & Pate R.R. (2006) Physical activity correlates in adolescent girls who differ by weight status. Obesity 14(1), 97-105. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.12.
98. Wenthe P.J., Janz K.F. & Levy S.M. (2009) Gender similarities and differences in factors associated with adolescent moderate-vigorous physical activity. Pediatric Exercise Science 21(3), 291. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/pes-back-issues/PESVolume21Issue3August on 9 August 2013.
99. Williams S.L. & French D.P. (2011) What are the most effective intervention techniques for changing physical activity self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour and are they the same? Health Education Research 26(2), 308-322. doi:10.1093/her/cyr005.
100. World Health Organization (2011) Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/index.html on 27 January 2014.
101. Wright P.M., Ding S. & Li W. (2005) Relations of perceived physical self-efficacy and motivational responses toward physical activity by urban high school students. Perceptual and Motor Skills 101(2), 651-656. doi:10.2466/pms.101.2.651-656.