The influence of sea ice and snow cover and nutrient availability on the formation of massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 118, Issue , 2015, Pages 122-135

  Zhang, Jinlun ^a   Ashjian, Carin ^b   Campbell, Robert ^c   Spitz, Yvette H ^d   Steele, Michael ^a   Hill, Victoria ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^d OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctic Ocean; Blooms; Chukchi Sea; Light availability; Nutrient availability; Phytoplankton; Sea ice; Snow depth

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELS; EUTROPHICATION; NUTRIENTS; OCEANOGRAPHY; PHYTOPLANKTON; SEA ICE;

ARCTIC OCEAN; BLOOMS; CHUKCHI SEA; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; SNOW DEPTHS;

SNOW;

ALGAL BLOOM; BIOMASS; CHLOROPHYLL A; FRACTIONATION; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; MAGNITUDE; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SEA ICE; SHELF BREAK; SNOW COVER; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; UPWELLING;

ARCTIC OCEAN; CHUKCHI SEA;

EID: 84938740048     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.008     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Andersen O.G.N. Primary production, chlorophyll, light, and nutrients beneath the Arctic sea ice. The Arctic Seas 1989, 147-191. Von Nostrand Reinhold. Y. Herman (Ed.).
2. Anderson L.G. Chemical oceanography of the Arctic and its shelf seas. Arctic Oceanography: Marginal Ice Zones and Continental Shelves, Coastal Estuarine Studies 1995, vol. 49:183-202. AGU, Washington, DC.
3. Arrigo K.R., van Dijken G., Pabi S. Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L19603. 10.1029/2008GL035028.
4. Arrigo K.R., et al. Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice. Science 2012, 336:1408.
5. Arrigo K.R., et al. Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014.
6. Carmack E., Wassmann P. Food webs and physical-biological coupling on pan-Arctic shelves: unifying concepts and comprehensive perspectives. Prog. Oceanogr. 2006, 71:446-477.
7. Carmack E.C., Barber D., Christensen J., Macdonald R., Rudel B., Sakshaug E. Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves. Prog. Oceanogr. 2006, 71(2-4):145-181.
8. Codispoti L.A., Flagg C., Kelly V., Swift J.H. Hydrographic conditions during the 2002 SBI process experiments. Deep-Sea Res. II 2005, 52:3199-3226.
9. Codispoti L.A., Kelly V., Thessen A., Matrai P., Suttles S., Hill V.J., Steele M., Light B. Synthesis of primary production in the Arctic Ocean: III. Nitrate and phosphate based estimates of net community production. Prog. Oceanogr. 2013, 110:126-150.
10. Comiso J.C. Large decadal decline of the Arctic multilayer ice cover. J. Clim. 2012, 25:1176-1193.
11. Fetterer F., Untersteiner N. Observations of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(24):821-24,835.
12. Frey K.E., Perovich D.K., Light B. The spatial distribution of solar radiation under a melting Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L22501. 10.29/2011GL1049241.
13. Garcia H.E., Locarnini R.A., Boyer T.P., Antonov J.I. World Ocean Atlas 2005, volume 4: nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate). NOAA Atlas NESDIS 64 2006, 396. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. S. Levitus (Ed.).
14. Gill A. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. International Geophysics Series 1982, vol. 30. Academic Press Inc.
15. Gosselin M., Levasseur M., Wheeler P.E., Horner R.A., Booth B.C. New measurements of phytoplankton and ice algal production in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 1997, 44:1623-1644.
16. Grebmeier J.M., Harvey H.R. The Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) project: an overview. Deep-Sea Res. II 2005, 52:3109-3115.
17. Grenfell T.C., Maykut G.A. The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic. Basin. J. Glaciol. 1977, 18:445-463.
18. Haas C., Lobach J., Hendricks S., Rabenstein L., Pfaffling A. Helicopter-borne measurements of sea ice thickness, using a small and lightweight, digital EM system. J. Appl. Geophys. 2009, 67(3):234-241.
19. Hibler W.D. Modeling a variable thickness sea ice cover. Mon. Weather Rev. 1980, 108:1943-1973.
20. Hill V., Cota G. Spatial patterns of primary production on the shelf, slope and basin of the Western Arctic in 2002. Deep-Sea Res. II 2005, 52:3344-3354.
21. Holland, D.M., 2000. Merged IBCAO/ETOPO5 global topographic data product. National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), Boulder CO. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/arctic/ibcaorelatedsites.html.
22. Kalnay E., et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996, 77:437-471.
23. Kay J.E., L'Ecuyer T., Gettelman A., Stephens G., O'Dell C. The contribution of cloud and radiation anomalies to the 2007 Arctic sea ice extent minimum. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L08503. 10.29/2008GL033451.
24. Kishi M.J., Kashiwai M., Ware D.M., Megrey B.A., Eslinger D.L., Werner F.E., Noguchi-Aita M., Azumaya T., Fujii M., Hashimoto S.i., Huang D., Iizumi H., Ishida Y., Kang S.g., Kantakov G.A., Kim H.-C., Komatsu K., Navrotsky V.V., Smith S.L., Tadokoro K., Tsuda A., Yamamura O., Yamanaka Y., Yokouchi K., Yoshie N., Zhang J., Yury I.Z., Zvalinsky V.I. NEMURO - a lower trophic level model for the North Pacific marine ecosystem. Ecol. Model. 2007, 202:12-25.
25. Krishfield R.A., Proshutinsky A., Tateyama K., Williams W.J., Carmack E.C., McLaughlin F.A., Timmermans M.-L. Deterioration of perennial sea ice in the Beaufort Gyre from 2003 to 2012 and its impact on the oceanic freshwater cycle. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 2014, 119:1271-1305. 10.1002/2013JC008999.
26. Kurtz N.T., Farrell S.L., Studinger M., Galin N., Harbeck J.P., Lindsay R., Onana V.D., Panzer B., Sonntag J.G. Sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth products from Operation IceBridge airborne data. Cryosphere 2013, 7:1035-1056. 10.5194/tc-7-1035-2013.
27. Kwok R. Near zero replenishment of the Arctic multiyear sea ice cover at the end of 2005 summer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L05501. 10.1029/2006GL028737.
28. Lavoie D., Macdonald R.W., Denman K.L. Primary productivity and export fluxes on the Canadian shelf of the Beaufort Sea: a modeling study. J. Mar. Syst. 2009, 75:17-32.
29. Lee S.H., Whitledge T.E. Primary and new production in the deep Canada Basin during summer 2002. Polar Biol. 2005, 28:190-197.
30. Light B., Grenfell T.C., Perovich D.K. Transmission and absorption of solar radiation by Arctic sea ice during the melt season. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:CO3023. 10.1029/2006JC003977.
31. Lindsay R.W., Zhang J. Assimilation of ice concentration in an ice-ocean model. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 2006, 23:742-749.
32. Lindsay, R.W., 2010. Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington. , digital media. http://psc.apl.washington.edu/sea_ice:cdr/.
33. Lindsay, R., 2013. Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record Collection Spanning 1947-2012. National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado USA. 10.7265/N5D50JXV.
34. Lowry K., van Dijken G.L., Arrigo K.R. Evidence of under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea from 1998 to 2012. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014.
35. Manda A., Hirose N., Yanagi T. Feasible method for the assimilation of satellite-derived SST with an ocean circulation model. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2005, 22(6):746-756. 10.1175/JTECH1744.1.
36. Marchuk G.I., Kagan B.A. Dynamics of Ocean Tides 1989, 327. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
37. Maslanik J.A., Fowler C., Stroeve J., Drobot S., Zwally J., Yi D., Emery W. A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L24501. 10.29/2007GL032043.
38. Maslanik J., Stroeve J., Fowler C., Emery W. Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 34:L13502. 10.29/2007GL032043.
39. Maykut G.A., Untersteiner N. Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 1971, 76:1550-1575.
40. Melling H., Riedel D.A. Ice Draft and Ice Velocity Data in the Beaufort Sea, 1990-2003 2008, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado USA.
41. McLaughlin F.A., Carmack E.C. Deepening of the nutricline and chlorophyll maximum in the Canada Basin interior, 2003-2009. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37:L24602. 10.1029/2010GL045459.
42. McPhee M.G. Intensification of geostrophic currents in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. J. Clim. 2013, 26:3130-3138. 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00289.1.
43. Mundy C.J., Gosselin J., Ehn J., Gratton Y., Rossnagel A., Barber D.G., Martin J., Tremblay J.É., Plamer M., Arrigo K.R., Darnis G., Fortier L., Else B., Papkyriakou T. Contribution of under-ice primary production ot an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canaidan Beaufort Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L17601. 10.29/2009GL038837.
44. Nicolaus M., Katlein C., Maslanik J., Hendricks S. Changes in Arctic sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39:L24501. 10.1029/2012GL053738.
45. Overland J.E., Francis J.A., Hanna E., Wang M. The recent shift in early summer Arctic atmospheric circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39:L19804. 10.29/2011GL047735.
46. Parkinson C.L., Washington W.M. A large-scale numerical model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 1979, 84:311-337.
47. Palmer M.A., Saenz B.T., Arrigo K.R. Impacts of sea ice retreat, thinning, and melt-pond proliferation on the summer phytoplankton bloom in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014.
48. Parkinson C.L., Comiso J.C. On the 2012 record low Arctic sea ice cover: combined impact of preconditioning and August storm. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40:1356-1361. 10.1002/grl.50349.
49. Perovich D.K., Richter-Menge J.A., Jones K.F., Light B. Sunlight, water, and ice: extreme Arctic sea ice melt during the summer of 2007. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L11501. 10.1029/2008GL034007.
50. Pickart R.S., Moore G.W.K., Torres D.J., Fratantoni P.S., Goldsmith R.A., Yang J. Upwelling on the continental slope of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: storms, ice, and oceanographic response. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:C00A13. 10.1029/2208JC005.
51. Pickart R.S., Spall M.A., Moore G.W.K., Weingartner T.J., Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Shimada K. Upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: atmospheric forcing and local versus non-local response. Prog. Oceanogr. 2011, 88:78-100.
52. Pickart R.S., Schulze L.M., Moore G.W.K., Charette M.A., Arrigo K.R., van Dijken G., Danielson S.L. Long-term trends of upwelling and impacts on primary productivity in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I 2013, 79:106-121.
53. Pinker R.T., Laszlo I. Global distribution of photosynthetically active radiation as observed from satellites. J. Clim. 1992, 5:56-65.
54. Proshutinsky A., Krishfield R., Timmermans M.-L., Toole J., Carmack E., McLaughlin F., Williams W.J., Zimmermann S., Itoh M., Shimada K. Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: state and variability from observations. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:C00A10. 10.1029/2008JC005104.
55. Redfield A.C., Ketchum B.H., Richards F.A. The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water. The Sea 1963, 26-77. Wiley-Interscience, New York. M.N. Hill (Ed.).
56. Rothrock D.A., Percival D.B., Wensnahan M. The decline in arctic sea-ice thickness: separating the spatial, annual, and interannual variability in a quarter century of submarine data. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113(C5):C05003.
57. Schweiger A., Lindsay R.W., Zhang J., Steele M., Stern H., Kwok R. Uncertainty in modeled Arctic sea ice volume. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:C00D06. 10.1029/2011JC007084.
58. Serreze M.C., Holland M.,M., Stroeve J. Perspectives on the Arctic[U+05F3]s shrinking sea-ice cover. Science 2007, 315:1533-1536.
59. Smith R.D., Dukowicz J.K., Malone R.C. Parallel ocean general circulation modeling. Physica D 1992, 60:38-61.
60. Smith W.O., Sakshaug E. Polar phytoplankton. Polar Oceanography, Part B 1990, 475-525. Academic, San Diego. W.O. Smith (Ed.).
61. Spall M.A., Pickart R.S., Brugler E.T., Moore G.W.K., Thomas L., Arrigo K.R. Role of shelfbreak upwelling in the formation of a massive under-ice bloom in the Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014.
62. Steele M., Zhang J., Ermold W. Mechanisms of summertime upper Arctic Ocean warming and the effect on sea ice melt. J. Geophys. Res.. C11004 2010, 115. 10.1029/2009JC005849, 10.1029/2009JC005849.
63. Stroeve J.C., Serreze M.C., Holland M.M., Kay J.E., Maslanik J., Barrett A.P. The Arctic[U+05F3]s rapidly shrinking ice cover: a research synthesis. Clim. Change 2012, 110(3):1005-1027.
64. Weingartner T., Aagaard K., Woodgate R., Danielson S., Sasaki Y., Cavalieri D. Circulation on the north central Chukchi Sea shelf. Deep-Sea Res. II 2005, 52:3150-3174.
65. Witte, H., Fahrbach, E., 2005. AWI Moored ULS Data, Greenland Sea and Fram Strait, 1991-2002. National Snow and Ice Data Center.
66. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Swift J.H., Falkner K.K., Smethie W.M. Pacific Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean[U+05F3]s lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L18609. 10.1029/2005GL023999.
67. Yang J. Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:C00A14. 10.1029/2008JC005084.
68. Zhang J., Rothrock D.A. Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates. Mon. Weather Rev. 2003, 131(5):681-697.
69. Zhang J. Warming of the arctic ice-ocean system is faster than the global average since the 1960s. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L19602. 10.1029/2005GL024216.
70. Zhang J., Steele M. The effect of vertical mixing on the Atlantic water layer circulation in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:C04S04. 10.1029/2006JC003732.
71. Zhang J., Lindsay R.W., Steele M., Schweiger A. What drove the dramatic retreat of Arctic sea ice during summer 2007?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L11505. 10.1029/2008GL034005.
72. Zhang J., Spitz Y.H., Steele M., Ashjian C., Campbell R., Berline L., Matrai P. Modeling the impact of declining sea ice on the Arctic marine planktonic ecosystem. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:C10015. 10.1029/2009JC005387.
73. Zhang J., Woodgate R., Moritz R. Sea ice response to atmospheric and oceanic forcing in the Bering Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2010, 40:1729-1747. 10.1175/2010JPO4323.1.
74. Zhang J., Lindsay R., Schweiger A., Steele M. The impact of an intense summer cyclone on 2012 Arctic sea ice retreat. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40:1-7. 10.1002/grl.50190.
75. Zhang J., Ashjian C., Campbell R., Hill V., Spitz Y.H., Steele M. The great 2012 Arctic Ocean summer cyclone enhanced biological productivity on the shelves. J. Geophys. Res. 2014, 119:1-16. 10.1002/2013JC009301.