Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 105, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-16

  Arrigo, Kevin R ^a   Perovich, Donald K ^b,c   Pickart, Robert S ^d   Brown, Zachary W ^a   van Dijken, Gert L ^a   Lowry, Kate E ^a   Mills, Matthew M ^a   Palmer, Molly A ^a   Balch, William M ^e   Bates, Nicholas R ^f   Benitez Nelson, Claudia R ^g   Brownlee, Emily ^d   Frey, Karen E ^h   Laney, Samuel R ^d   Mathis, Jeremy ⁱ   Matsuoka, Atsushi ^j,k   Greg Mitchell, B ^l   Moore, G W K ^m   Reynolds, Rick A ^l   Sosik, Heidi M ^d   Swift, James H ^l   more..

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Engineer Research and Development Center   (United States)

^c DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

^d WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^e BIGELOW LABORATORY FOR OCEAN SCIENCES   (United States)

^f BERMUDA INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Bermuda)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^h CLARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ NOAA PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^j SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^k UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

Arctic; Phytoplankton; Sea ice

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEMS; LAKES; SEA ICE;

ARCTIC; CONTINENTAL SHELVES; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; LIGHT PENETRATION; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; UPPER WATER COLUMN;

PHYTOPLANKTON;

BIOMASS; CARBON FIXATION; CHLOROPHYLL; ICE COVER; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; PACK ICE; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SEA ICE; THINNING; WATER COLUMN;

ARCTIC OCEAN; CHUKCHI SEA;

ALGAE; BACILLARIOPHYTA;

EID: 84902662725     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Alexander V., Niebauer H.J. Oceanography of the eastern Bering Sea ice-edge zone in spring. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1981, 26(6):1111-1125.
2. Armstrong F.A.J., Stearns C.R., Strickland J.D.H. The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 1967, 14:381-389.
3. Arrigo K.R., van Dijken G.L. Secular trends in Arctic Ocean net primary production. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:C09011.
4. Arrigo K.R., Mills M.M., Kropuenske L.R., van Dijken G.L., Alderkamp A.-C., Robinson D.H. Photophysiology in two major Southern Ocean phytoplankton taxa: photosynthesis and growth of Phaeocystis antarctica and Fragilariopsis cylindrus under different irradiance levels. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2010, 50:950-966.
5. Arrigo K.R., Perovich D.K., Pickart R.S., Brown Z.W., van Dijken G.L., Lowry K.E., Mills M.M., Palmer M.A., Balch W.M., Bahr F., Bates N.R., Benitez-Nelson C., Bowler B., Brownlee E., Ehn J.K., Frey K.E., Garley R., Laney S.R., Lubelczyk L., Mathis J., Matsuoka A., Mitchell B.G., Moore G.W.K., Ortega-Retuerta E., Pal S., Polashenski C.M., Reynolds R.A., Scheiber B., Sosik H.M., Stephens M., Swift J.H. Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice. Science 2012, 336:1408.
6. Bates N.R., Best M.H.P., Hansell D.A. Spatio-temporal distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon and net community production in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2005, 52(24-26):3303-3323. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.005.
7. Bradstreet M.S.W., Cross W.E. Trophic relationships at high Arctic ice edges. Arctic 1982, 35(1):1-12.
8. Carmack E., Wassmann P. Food webs and physical-biological coupling on pan-Arctic shelves: unifying concepts and comprehensive perspectives. Prog. Oceanogr. 2006, 71(2-4):446-477. 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.004.
9. Coachman L.K., Aagaard K., Tripp R.B. Bering Strait: The Regional Physical Oceanography 1975, University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
10. Codispoti L.A., Flagg C., Kelly V., Swift J.H. Hydrographic conditions during the 2002 SBI process experiments. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2005, 52(24-26):3199-3226.
11. Codispoti L.A., Kelly V., Thessen A., Matrai P., Suttles S., Hill V., Steele M., Light B. Synthesis of primary production in the Arctic Ocean: III. Nitrate and phosphate based estimates of net community production. Prog. Oceanogr. 2013, 1-25. 10.1016/j.pocean.2012.11.006.
12. Comiso J.C. Warming trends in the Arctic from clear sky satellite observations. J. Climate 2003, 16(21):3498-3510.
13. Comiso J.C., Parkinson C.L., Gersten R., Stock L. Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L01703.
14. Comiso J.C. Large decadal decline of the Arctic multiyear ice cover. J. Climate 2012, 25:1176-1193.
15. Conover R.J., Huntley M. Copepods in ice-covered seas - distribution, adaptations to seasonally limited food, metabolism, growth patterns and life cycle strategies in polar seas. J. Mar. Syst. 1991, 2:1-41.
16. Cooper L.W., Whitledge T.E., Grebmeier J.M., Weingartner T. The nutrient, salinity, and stable oxygen isotope composition of Bering and Chukchi Seas waters in and near the Bering Strait. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102(C6):12563-12573.
17. Cota G.F., Pomeroy L.R., Harrison W.G., Jones E.P., Peters F., Sheldon W.M., Weingartner T.R. Nutrients, primary production and microbial heterotrophy in the southeastern Chukchi Sea: Arctic summer nutrient depletion and heterotrophy. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1996, 135(1-3):247-258.
18. Coupel P., Jin H.Y., Joo M., Horner R., Bouvet H.A., Sicre M.A., Gascard J.C., Chen J.F., Garcon V., Ruiz-Pino D. Phytoplankton distribution in unusually low sea ice cover over the Pacific Arctic. Biogeosciences 2012, 9(11):4835-4850.
19. Cullen J.J., Davis R.F. The blank can make a big difference in oceanographic measurements. Limnol. Oceanogr. Bull. 2003, 12:29-35.
20. Dunton K.H., Goodall J.L., Schonberg S.V., Grebmeier J.M., Maidment D.R. Multi-decadal synthesis of benthic-pelagic coupling in the western arctic: role of cross-shelf advective processes. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2005, 52(24-26):3462-3477.
21. Eicken H., Tucker W.B., Perovich D.K. Indirect measurements of the mass balance of summer Arctic sea ice with an electromagnetic induction technique. Annals Glaciol. 2001, 33:194-200. 10.3189/172756401781818356.
22. Eppley R.W. Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fish. Bull. 1972, 70(4):1063-1085.
23. Fortier M., Fortier L., Michel C., Legendre L. Climatic and biological forcing of the vertical flux of biogenic particles under seasonal Arctic sea ice. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 225:1-16.
24. Frey K.E., Perovich D.K., Light B. The spatial distribution of solar radiation under a melting Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L22501. 10.1029/2011GL049421.
25. Gradinger R. Occurrence of an algal bloom under Arctic pack ice. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1996, 131:301-305.
26. Gradinger R. Sea-ice algae: Major contributors to primary production and algal biomass in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas during May/June 2002. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2009, 56(17):1201-1212.
27. Grebmeier J.M., Smith W.O., Conover R.J. Biological processes on Arctic continental shelves: ice-ocean-biotic interactions. Arctic Oceanography: Marginal Ice Zones and Continental Shelves 1995, 231-261. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. W.O. Smith, J.M. Grebmeier (Eds.).
28. Grebmeier J.M., Cooper L.W., Feder H.M., Sirenko B.I. Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic. Prog. Oceanogr. 2006, 71(2-4):331-361. 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.001.
29. Hameedi M.J. Aspects of water column primary productivity in the Chukchi Sea during summer. Mar. Biol. 1978, 48(1):37-46.
30. Hansell D.A., Whitledge T.E., Goering J.J. Patterns of nitrate utilization and new production over the Bering-Chukchi shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 1993, 13:601-627.
31. Hewes C.D., Holm-Hansen O. A method for recovering nanoplankton from filters for identification with the microscope: the filter-transfer-freeze (FTF) technique. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1983, 28:389-394.
32. Hill V., Cota G. Spatial patterns of primary production on the shelf, slope and basin of the Western Arctic in 2002. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2005, 52:3344-3354.
33. Holm-Hansen O., Lorenzen C.J., Holmes R.W., Strickland J.D.H. Fluorometric determination of chlorophyll. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 1965, 30:3-15.
34. Kahru M., Brotas V., Manzano-Sarabia M., Mitchell B.G. Are phytoplankton blooms occurring earlier in the Arctic?. Glob. Change Biol. 2011, 17:1733-1739.
35. Kolber Z.S., Prasil O., Falkowski P.G. Measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence using fast repetition rate techniques: defining methodology and experimental protocols. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. 1998, 1367:88-106.
36. Laney S.R., Sosik H.M. Phytoplankton assemblage structure in and around a massive under-ice bloom in the Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014, 105:30-41. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.012.
37. Lee S.H., Whitledge T.E., Kang S.-H. Recent carbon and nitrogen uptake rates of phytoplankton in Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 2007, 27(17):2231-2249.
38. Lee S.H., McRoy C.P., Joo Lee H.M., Gradinger R., Cui X.H., Yun M.S., Chung K.H., Kang S.H., Kang C.K., Choy E.J., Son S.H., Carmack E., Whitledge T.E. Holes in progressively thinning Arctic sea ice lead to new ice algae habitat. Oceanography 2011, 24:302-308.
39. Lee S.H., Joo H.M., Liu Z.L., Chen J.F., He J.F. Phytoplankton productivity in newly opened waters of the Western Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2012, 81-84:18-27.
40. Lewis M.R., Smith J.C. A small volume, short incubation-time method for measurement of photosynthesis as a function of incident irradiance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1983, 13:99-102.
41. Loeng H., Brander K., Carmack E., Denisenko S., Drinkwater K., Hansen B., Kovacs K., Livingston P., McLaughlin F., Sakshaug E. Marine systems. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 2005, 453-538. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.
42. Lowry K.E., van Dijken G.L., Arrigo K.R. Evidence of under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea from 1998 to 2012. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014, 105:105-117. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.013.
43. Maslanik J., Stroeve J., Fowler C., Emery W. Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L13502.
44. McMinn A., Hattori H., Hirawake T., Iwamota A. Preliminary investigation of Okhotsk Sea ice algae; taxonomic composition and photosynthetic activity. Polar Biol. 2008, 31(8):1011-1015.
45. Mitchell B.G. Algorithms for determining the absorption coefficient of aquatic particulates using the quantitative filter technique (QFT). Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1990, 10:137-148.
46. Moore S.E., Huntington H.P. Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecol. Appl. Suppl. 2008, 18:S157-S165.
47. Mundy C.J., Gosselin M., Ehn J., Gratton Y., Rossnagel A., Barber D.G., Martin J., Tremblay J.-E., Palmer M., Arrigo K.R., Darnis G., Fortier L., Else B., Papakyriakou T. Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L17601.
48. Neukermans G., Reynolds R.A., Stramski D. Contrasting inherent optical properties and particle characteristics between an under-ice phytoplankton bloom and open water in the Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014, 105:59-73. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.014.
49. Nghiem S.V., Rigor I.G., Perovich D.K., Clemente-Colon P., Weatherly J.W., Neumann G. Rapid reduction of Arctic Perennial Sea Ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L19504.
50. Olson R.J., Sosik H.M. A submersible imaging-in-flow instrument to analyze nano- and microplankton: Imaging FlowCytobot. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2007, 5:195-203.
51. Ortega-Retuerta E., Fichot C.G., Arrigo K.R., van Dijken G.L., Joux F. Response of marine bacterioplankton to a 1 massive under-ice phytoplankton bloom in the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean). Deep-Sea Res. II 2014, 105:74-84. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.015.
52. Overland J.E., Roach A.T. Northward flow in the Bering and Chukchi seas. J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92(C7):7097. 10.1029/JC092iC07p07097.
53. Pabi S., van Dijken G.L., Arrigo K.R. Primary production in the Arctic Ocean, 1998-2006. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:C08005.
54. Palmer M.A., Arrigo K.R., Mundy C.J., Ehn J.K., Gosselin M., Barber D.G., Martin J., Alou E., Roy S., Tremblay J.-E. Spatial and temporal variation of photosynthetic parameters in natural phytoplankton assemblages in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic. Polar Biol. 2011, 34(12):1915-1928. 10.1007/s00300-011-1050-x.
55. Palmer M.A., Saenz B.T., Arrigo K.R. Impacts of sea ice retreat, thinning, and melt-pond proliferation on the summer phytoplankton bloom in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014, 105:85-104. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.016.
56. Perovich D.K. Theoretical estimates of light-reflection and transmission by spatially complex and temporally varying sea ice covers. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:9557-9567.
57. Perovich D.K. Physics of Ice Covered Seas 1998, 1:446. University of Helsinki Press, Helsinki Finland.
58. Perovich D.K., Polashenski C. Albedo evolution of seasonal Arctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39(8):L08501.
59. Perrette M., Yool A., Quartly G.D., Popova E.E. Near-ubiquity of ice-edge blooms in the Arctic. Biogeoscience 2011, 8:515-524.
60. Pickart R.S., Pratt L.J., Torres D.J., Whitledge T.E., Proshutinsky A.Y., Aagaard K., Agnew T.A., Moore G.W.K., Dail H.J. Evolution and dynamics of the flow through Herald Canyon in the western Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2010, 57:5-26.
61. Platt T., Gallegos C.L., Harrison W.G. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton. J. Mar. Res. 1980, 38:687-701.
62. Polashenski, C.M., 2011. Attributing Change and Understanding Melt Ponds on a Seasonal Ice Cover (Ph.D. dissertation). Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
63. Polyakov I.V., Alekseev G.V., Bekryaev R.V., Bhatt U., Colony R.L., Johnson M.A., Karklin V.P., Makshtas A.P., Walsh D., Yulin A.V. Observationally based assessment of polar amplification of global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29(18):1878. 10.1029/2001GL011111.
64. Reynolds R.A., Stramski D., Wright V.M., Wozniak S.B. Measurements and characterization of particle size distributions in coastal waters. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:C08024.
65. Sakshaug E. Biomass and productivity distributions and their variability in the Barents Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 1997, 54:341-350.
66. Sakshaug E. Primary and secondary production in Arctic Seas. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean 2004, 57-81. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. R. Stein, R.W. Macdonald (Eds.).
67. Schulze, L.M., Pickart, R.S. (2012), Seasonal variation of upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Impact of sea ice cover. J. Geophys. Res., 100, (in press).
68. Soreide J.E., Leu E., Berge J., Graeve M., Falk-Petersen S. Timing of blooms, algal food quality and Calanus glacialis reproduction and growth in a changing Arctic. Glob. Change Biol. 2010, 16(11):3154-3163. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02175.x.
69. Sorteberg A., Walsh J.E. Seasonal cyclone variability at 70°N and its impact on moisture transport into the Arctic. Tellus Ser. A 2008, 60(3):570-586. 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00314.x.
70. Sosik H.M., Olson R.J. Automated taxonomic classification of phytoplankton sampled with imaging in-flow cytometry. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2007, 5:204-216.
71. Spall M.A., Pickart R.S., Brugler E.T., Moore G.W.K., Thomas L., Arrigo K.R. Role of shelfbreak upwelling in the formation of a massive under-ice bloom in the Chukchi Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 2014, 105:17-29. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.017.
72. Spilling K. Dense sub-ice bloom of dinoflagellates in the Baltic Sea, potentially limited by high pH. J. Plank. Res. 2007, 29(10):895-901.
73. Springer A.M., McRoy C.P. The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea-III. Patterns of primary production. Cont. Shelf Res. 1993, 13(5-6):575-599.
74. Stirling I. The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. J. Mar. Syst. 1997, 10:9-21.
75. Strass V.H., Nöthig E.-M. Seasonal shifts in ice edge phytoplankton blooms in the Barents Sea related to the water column stability. Polar Biol. 1996, 16:409-422.
76. Subba Rao D.V., Platt T. Primary production of Arctic waters. Polar Biol. 1984, 3:191-201.
77. Sukhanova I.N., Flint M.V., Pautova L.A., Stockwell D.A., Grebmeier J.M., Sergeeva V.M. Phytoplankton of the western Arctic in the spring and summer of 2002: Structure and seasonal changes. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2009, 56(17):1223-1236. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.030.
78. Walsh J.J., McRoy C.P., Coachman L.K., Goering J.J., Nihoul J.J., Whitledge T.E., Blackburn T.H., Parker P.L., Wirick C.D., Shuert P.G., Grebmeier J.M., Springer A.M., Tripp R.D., Hansell D.A., Djenidi S., Deleersnijder E., Henriksen K., Lund B.A., Andersen P., Muller-Karger F.E., Dean K. Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering Chukchi Seas - Source regions for organic-matter effecting AOU Demands of the Arctic-Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr. 1989, 22(4):277-359.
79. Walsh J.J., Dieterle D.A., Maslowski W., Grebmeier J.M., Whitledge T.E., Flint M., Sukhanova I.N., Bates N., Cota G.F., Stockwell D., Moran S.B., Hansell D.A., McRoy C.P. A numerical model of seasonal primary production within the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2005, 52:3541-3576.
80. Wang J., Cota G.F., Comiso J.C. Phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas: distribution, dynamics, and environmental forcing. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2005, 52(24-26):3355-3368.
81. Wassmann P. Arctic marine ecosystems in an era of rapid climate change. Prog. Oceanogr. 2011, 90:1-17.
82. Wassmann P., Andreassen I., Reigstad M., Slagstad D. Pelagic-benthic coupling in the Nordic Seas: the role of episodic events. Mar. Ecol. 1996, 17:447-471.
83. Wassmann P., Duarte C.M., Agusti S., Sejr M.K. Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine Ecosystem. Glob. Change Biol. 2010, 17:1235-1249.
84. Weingartner T., Aagaard K., Woodgate R., Danielson S., Sasaki Y., Cavalieri D. Circulation on the north central Chukchi Sea shelf. Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2005, 52(24-26):3150-3174.
85. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Swift J.H., Falkner K.K., Smethie W.M. Pacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean's lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32(18):L18609. 10.1029/2005GL023999.
86. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K. Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Let. 2005, 32(2):L02602. 10.1029/2004GL021747.
87. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Weingartner T.J. Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L15609.
88. Woodgate R.A., Weingartner T.J., Lindsay R. Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39(24):L24603. 10.1029/2012GL054092.
89. Yager P.L., Connely T.L., Mortazavi B., Wommack K.E., Bano N., Bauer J.E., Opsahl S., Hollibaugh J.T. Dynamic bacterial and viral response to an algal bloom at subzero temperatures. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46(4):790-801.
90. Zhang X.D., Walsh J.E., Zhang J., Bhatt U.S., Ikeda M. Climatology and interannual variability of arctic cyclone activity: 1948-2002. J. Clim. 2004, 17(12):2300-2317. (10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2300:CAIVOA>2.0.CO;2).
91. Zhang J., Spitz Y.H., Steele M., Ashjian C., Campbell R., Berline L., Matrai P. Modeling the impact of declining sea ice on the Arctic marine planktonic ecosystem. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:C10015.