After 50 years and 200 papers, what can the Midspan cohort studies tell us about our mortality?

Public Health

Volumn 142, Issue , 2017, Pages 186-195

  Gruer, L ^a   Hart, C L ^a   Watt, G C M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Mortality; Obesity; Prospective cohorts; Smoking; Social class

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

ALCOHOL; CLASS; COHORT ANALYSIS; ELDERLY POPULATION; MORTALITY; OBESITY; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; SMOKING;

AIR POLLUTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; AMERICAN; CANCER MORTALITY; CARDIOPULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COGNITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CULTURAL FACTOR; DYSPNEA; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LUNG CANCER; LUNG FUNCTION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY RATE; OBESITY; PEER REVIEW; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PUBLISHING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCOTLAND; SEX DIFFERENCE; SLEEP; SMOKING; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL STATUS; STRESS; SURVIVAL RATE; UNDERWEIGHT; ADULT; AGED; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; OCCUPATION; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEX RATIO; SOCIOECONOMICS; TRENDS;

SCOTLAND; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL DRINKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; OBESITY; OCCUPATIONS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SCOTLAND; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SMOKING; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84938613926     PISSN: 00333506     EISSN: 14765616     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.06.017     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. 1 Hart, C.L., MacKinnon, P.L., Watt, G.C.M., Upton, M.N., McConnachie, A., Hole, D.J., et al. The Midspan studies. Int J Epidemiol 34 (2005), 28–34.
2. 2 Hart, C.L., Deary, I.J., Taylor, M.D., MacKinnon, P.L., Davey Smith, G., Whalley, L.J., et al. The Scottish mental survey 1932 linked to the Midspan studies: a prospective investigation of childhood intelligence and future health. Public Health 117 (2003), 187–195.
3. 3 Hawthorne, V.M., Fry, J.S., Smoking and health: the association between smoking behaviour, total mortality, and cardiorespiratory disease in west central Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health 32 (1978), 260–266.
4. 4 Gillis, C.R., Hole, D.J., Hawthorne, V.M., Cigarette smoking and male lung cancer in an area of very high incidence. II. Report of a general population cohort study in the west of Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health 42 (1988), 44–48.
5. 5 Hole, D.J., Gillis, C.R., Chopra, C., Hawthorne, V.M., Passive smoking and cardiorespiratory health in a general population in the west of Scotland. BMJ 299 (1989), 423–427.
6. 6 Hart, C.L., Hole, D.J., Gillis, C.R., Davey Smith, G., Watt, G.C.M., Hawthorne, V.M., Social class differences in lung cancer mortality: risk factor explanations using two Scottish cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 30 (2001), 268–274.
7. 7 Marang-van de Mheen, P.J., Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., The health impact of smoking in manual and non-manual social class men and women: a test of the Blaxter hypothesis. Soc Sci Med 48 (1999), 1851–1856.
8. 8 Marang-van de Mheen, P.J., Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., Are women more sensitive to smoking than men? Findings from the Renfrew and Paisley study. Int J Epidemiol 30 (2001), 787–792.
9. 9 Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Hole, D.J., Hawthorne, V.M., Carboxyhaemoglobin concentration, smoking habit, and mortality in 25 years in the Renfrew/Paisley prospective cohort study. Heart 92 (2006), 321–324.
10. 10 Gruer, L., Hart, C.L., Gordon, D.S., Watt, G.C.M., Effect of tobacco smoking on survival of men and women by social position: a 28 year cohort study. BMJ, 338, 2009, b480.
11. 11 Hart, C., Gruer, L., Bauld, L., Does smoking reduction in midlife reduce mortality risk? Results of 2 long-term prospective cohort studies of men and women in Scotland. Am J Epidemiol 175 (2013), 770–779.
12. 12 Hole, D.J., Watt, G.C.M., Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., Gillis, C.R., Hawthorne, V.M., Impaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population study. BMJ 313 (1996), 711–716.
13. 13 Isles, C.G., Hole, D.J., Hawthorne, V.M., Lever, A.F., Relation between coronary risk and coronary mortality in women of the Renfrew and Paisley survey: comparison with men. Lancet 339 (1992), 702–706.
14. 14 Janghorbani, M., Jones, R.B., Hedley, A.J., Gender differential in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Int J Epidemiol 22 (1993), 1056–1063.
15. 15 Hart, C.L., Watt, G.C.M., Davey Smith, G., Gillis, C.R., Hawthorne, V.M., Pre-existing ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic heart disease mortality in women compared with men. Int J Epidemiol 26 (1997), 508–515.
16. 16 Hart, C.L., Hole, D.J., Davey Smith, G., Risk factors and 20 year stroke mortality in men and women in the Renfrew/Paisley study in Scotland. Stroke 30 (1999), 1999–2007.
17. 17 Hart, C.L., Hole, D.J., Davey Smith, G., Comparison of risk factors for stroke incidence and stroke mortality in 20 years of follow-up in men and women in the Renfrew/Paisley study in Scotland. Stroke 31 (2000), 1893–1896.
18. 18 Watt, G.C.M., Hart, C.L., Hole, D.J., Davey Smith, G., Gillis, C.R., Hawthorne, V.M., Risk factors for cardiorespiratory and all cause mortality in men and women in urban Scotland: 15 year follow-up. Scott Med J 40 (1995), 108–112.
19. 19 Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., Upton, M.N., Hole, D.J., Gillis, C.R., Watt, G.C.M., et al. Height and risk of death among men and women: aetiological implications of associations with cardiorespiratory disease and cancer mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health 54 (2000), 97–103.
20. 20 Heslop, P., Davey Smith, G., Macleod, J., Hart, C.L., The socioeconomic position of employed women, risk factors and mortality. Soc Sci Med 53 (2001), 477–485.
21. 21 Ebi-Kryston, K.L., Hawthorne, V.M., Rose, G., Shipley, M.J., Gillis, C.R., Hole, D.J., et al. Breathlessness, chronic bronchitis and reduced pulmonary function as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men in England, Scotland and the United States. Int J Epidemiol 18 (1989), 84–88.
22. 22 Beverland, I.J., Cohen, G.R., Heal, M.R., Carder, M., Yap, C., Robertson, C., et al. A comparison of short-term and long-term air pollution exposure associations with mortality in two cohorts in Scotland. Environ Health Perspect 120 (2012), 1280–1285.
23. 23 Yap, C., Beverland, I.J., Heal, M.R., Cohen, G.R., Robertson, C., Henderson, D.E.J., et al. Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and specific causes of mortality in Scotland. Occup Environ Med 69 (2012), 916–924.
24. 24 Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., Blane, D., Gillis, C.R., Hawthorne, V.M., Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study. Br Med J 314 (1997), 547–552.
25. 25 Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., Watt, G., Hole, D., Hawthorne, V.M., Individual social class, area-based deprivation, cardiovascular disease risk factors and mortality: the Renfrew and Paisley study. J Epidemiol Community Health 52 (1998), 399–405.
26. 26 Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Blane, D., Inequalities in mortality by social class measured at three stages of the lifecourse. Am J Public Health 88 (1998), 471–474.
27. 27 Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., Blane, D., Hole, D., Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood and cause specific adult mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 316 (1998), 1631–1635.
28. 28 Hart, C.L., Hole, D.J., Davey Smith, G., Influence of socioeconomic circumstances in early and later life on stroke risk among men in a Scottish cohort study. Stroke 31 (2000), 2093–2097.
29. 29 Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Relation between number of siblings and adult mortality and stroke risk: 25 year follow up of men in the collaborative study. J Epidemiol Community Health 57 (2003), 385–391.
30. 30 Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Blane, D., Social mobility and 21 year mortality in a cohort of Scottish men. Soc Sci Med 47 (1998), 1121–1130.
31. 31 Davey Smith, G., Hart, C.L., Hole, D.J., MacKinnon, P.L., Gillis, C.R., Watt, G.C.M., et al. Education and occupational social class: which is the more important indicator of mortality risk?. J Epidemiol Community Health 52 (1998), 153–160.
32. 32 McCartney, G., Shipley, M.J., Hart, C., Davey Smith, G., Kivimäki, M., Walsh, D., et al. Why do males in Scotland die younger than those in England? Evidence from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e38860.
33. 33 Hart, C.L., Taylor, M.D., Davey Smith, G., Whalley, L.J., Starr, J.M., Hole, D.J., et al. Childhood IQ, social class, deprivation and their relationships with mortality and morbidity risk in later life: prospective observational study linking the Scottish mental survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Psychosom Med 65 (2003), 877–883.
34. 34 Hart, C.L., Taylor, M.D., Davey Smith, G., Whalley, L.J., Starr, J.M., Hole, D.J., et al. Childhood IQ and all-cause mortality before and after age 65: prospective observational study linking the Scottish mental survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Br J Health Psychol 10 (2005), 153–165.
35. 35 Taylor, M.D., Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Starr, J.M., Hole, D.J., Whalley, L.J., et al. Childhood mental ability and smoking cessation in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish mental survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. J Epidemiol Community Health 57 (2003), 464–465.
36. 36 Taylor, M., Hart, C., Davey Smith, G., Starr, J., Hole, D., Whalley, L., et al. Childhood IQ and social factors on smoking behaviour, lung function and smoking-related outcomes in adulthood: linking the Scottish mental survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Br J Health Psychol 10 (2005), 399–410.
37. 37 Rasul, F., Stansfeld, S.A., Hart, C.L., Gillis, C.R., Davey Smith, G., Psychological distress, physical illness and mortality risk. J Psychosomatic Res 57 (2004), 231–236.
38. 38 Metcalfe, C., Davey Smith, G., Sterne, J., Heslop, P., Macleod, J., Hart, C.L., Cause-specific hospital admission and mortality among working men: association with socioeconomic circumstances in childhood and adult life, and the mediating role of daily stress. Eur J Public Health 15 (2005), 238–244.
39. 39 Metcalfe, C., Davey Smith, G., Sterne, J., Heslop, P., Macleod, J., Hart, C., Individual employment histories and subsequent cause specific hospital admissions and mortality: a prospective study of a cohort of male and female workers with 21 years of follow up. J Epidemiol Community Health 55 (2001), 503–504.
40. 40 Heslop, P., Davey Smith, G., Metcalfe, C., Macleod, J., Hart, C.L., Change in job satisfaction, and its association with self-reported stress, cardiovascular risk factors and mortality. Soc Sci Med 54 (2002), 1589–1599.
41. 41 Heslop, P., Davey Smith, G., Metcalfe, C., Macleod, J., Hart, C.L., Sleep duration and mortality: the effect of short or long sleep duration on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in working men and women. Sleep Med 3 (2002), 305–314.
42. 42 Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Hole, D.J., Hawthorne, V.M., Alcohol consumption and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease and stroke: results from a prospective cohort study of Scottish men with 21 years of follow up. BMJ 318 (1999), 1725–1729.
43. 43 Davey Smith, G., Hart, C., Life-course socioeconomic and behavioral influences on cardiovascular disease mortality: the collaborative study. Am J Public Health 92 (2002), 1295–1298.
44. 44 Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Alcohol consumption and mortality and hospital admissions in men from the Midspan collaborative cohort study. Addiction 103 (2008), 1979–1986.
45. 45 Hart, C.L., Davey Smith, G., Gruer, L., Watt, G.C.M., The combined effect of smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol on cause-specific mortality: a 30 year cohort study. BMC Public Health, 10, 2010, 789.
46. 46 Lawlor, D.A., Hart, C.L., Hole, D.J., Davey Smith, G., Reverse causality and confounding and the associations of overweight and obesity with mortality. Obesity 14 (2006), 2294–2304.
47. 47 Hart, C.L., Gruer, L., Watt, G.C.M., Cause specific mortality, social position, and obesity among women who had never smoked: 28 year cohort study. BMJ, 342, 2011, d3785.
48. 48 Hart, C.L., Batty, G.D., Morrison, D.S., Mitchell, R.J., Davey Smith, G., Obesity, overweight and liver disease in the Midspan prospective cohort studies. Int J Obes 34 (2010), 1051–1059.
49. 49 Hart, C.L., Morrison, D.S., Batty, G.D., Mitchell, R.J., Davey Smith, G., Effect of body mass index and alcohol consumption on liver disease: analysis of data from two prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 340, 2010, c1240.
50. 50 Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., Sutherland, I., Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 328 (2004), 1519–1533.
51. 51 Scottish Government, Scotland's people annual report: results from 2013 Scottish household survey. 2014 Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2014/08/7973/9.
52. 52 Nkosi, T.M., Parent, M., Siemiatycki, J., Rousseau, M., Socioeconomic position and lung cancer risk. How important is the modeling of smoking?. Epidemiology 23 (2012), 377–385.
53. 53 Lim, S.S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 380 (2012), 2224–2260.
54. 54 Strachan, D.P., Griffiths, J.M., Anderson, H.R., Johnson, I.D.A., Association of intrauterine and postnatal growth with ventilatory function in early adult life. Thorax 49 (1994), 1052P–1053P.
55. 55 Watt, G., The significance of respiratory impairment for public health in Scotland. Report of a symposium held at the University of Glasgow on 17 February 2011, 2011 Available from: http://www.gcph.co.uk/publications/289_the_significance_of_respiratory_impairment_for_public_health_in_scotland.
56. 56 Davey Smith, G., (eds.) Health inequalities: lifecourse approaches, 2003, The Policy Press, Bristol.
57. 57 Wilkinson, R., Pickett, K., The spirit level: why equality is better for everyone. 2009, Penguin Books, London.
58. 58 Deary, I.J., Intelligence: a very short introduction. 2001, OUP, Oxford.
59. 59 Gruer, L., (eds.) Health in our multi-ethnic Scotland: future research priorities, 2009, NHS Health Scotland, Edinburgh.
60. 60 Gottfredson, L.S., Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists' elusive fundamental cause of social class inequalities in health?. J Pers Soc Psychol 86 (2004), 174–199.
61. 61 Commission on Social Determinants of Health, Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. 2008, World Health Organisation.
62. 62 Fair Society, Healthy lives: strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010: the Marmot review. 2010.
63. 63 Coggon, D., Harris, E.C., Brown, T., Rice, S., Palmer, K.T., Occupational mortality in England and Wales, 1991–2000. 2009, Office for National Statistics.
64. 64 Mackenbach, J.P., Stirbu, I., Roskam, A.R., Schaap, M.M., Menvielle, G., Leinsalu, M., et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 2468–2481.
65. 65 Millward, D., Karlsen, S., Tobacco use among minority ethnic populations and cessation interventions. 2011, Race Equality Foundation.
66. 66 Napier, A.D., Ancarno, C., Butler, B., Calabrese, J., Chater, A., Chatterjee, H., et al. Culture and health. Lancet 384 (2014), 1607–1639.
67. 67 Hole, D.J., Passive smoking and associated causes of death in adults in Scotland. 2005 Available from: http://www.healthscotland.com/uploads/documents/448-MortalityStudy.pdf.
68. 68 Scottish Government, Equally well: report of the ministerial taskforce on health inequalities, vol. 2, 2008, 19 Available from: http://www.gov.scot/resource/doc/226607/0061266.pdf.
69. 69 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Risk estimation and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. A national clinical guideline. 2007 Edinburgh Report No.: 97.
70. 70 Scottish Public Health Observatory, Scotland and European health for all (HfA) database. Available from: http://www.scotpho.org.uk/comparative-health/scotland-and-european-hfa-database, 2012.
71. 71 Mackenbach, J., What would happen to health inequalities if smoking were eliminated?. BMJ, 342, 2011, d3460.
72. 72 Link, B.G., Phelan, J., Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 35 (1995), 80–94.