A systematic review of neighborhood disparities in point-of-sale tobacco marketing

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 105, Issue 9, 2015, Pages e8-e18

  Lee, Joseph G L ^a   Henriksen, Lisa ^b   Rose, Shyanika W ^c   Moreland Russell, Sarah ^d   Ribisl, Kurt M ^a,c  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^d WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MENTHOL;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DEMOGRAPHY; ECONOMICS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; INCOME; MARKETING; SMOKING; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES; URBAN POPULATION;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; COMMERCE; HUMANS; INCOME; MARKETING; MENTHOL; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SMALL-AREA ANALYSIS; SMOKING; UNITED STATES; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 84938308007     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302777     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Franco M, Nandi A, Glass T, Diez-Roux A. Smoke before food: a tale of Baltimore City. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(7):1178.
2. Institute for Global Tobacco Control. State of evidence review: point of sale promotion of tobacco products. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 2013. Available at: http:// globaltobaccocontrol.org/resources/ state-evidence-review-point-salepromotion-tobacco-products. Accessed May 25, 2015.
3. Federal Trade Commission. Federal Trade Commission Smokeless Tobacco Report for 2009 and 2010. Washington, DC; 2012.
4. Federal Trade Commission. Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2009 and 2010. Washington, DC; 2012.
5. Agaku IT, King BA, Dube SR. Trends in exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements over the Internet, in newspapers/ magazines, and at retail stores among US middle and high school students, 2000-2012. Prev Med. 2013;58:45-52.
6. Paynter J, Edwards R. The impact of tobacco promotion at the point of sale: a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(1):25-35.
7. Robertson L, McGee R, Marsh L, Hoek J. A systematic review on the impact of point-of-sale tobacco promotion on smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(1): 2-17.
8. Wakefield MA, Ruel EE, Chaloupka FJ, Slater SJ, Kaufman NJ. Association of point-of-purchase tobacco advertising and promotions with choice of usual brand among teenage smokers. J Health Commun. 2002;7(2):113-121.
9. Henriksen L, Schleicher NC, Feighery EC, Fortmann SP. A longitudinal study of exposure to retail cigarette advertising and smoking initiation. Pediatrics. 2010;126(2):232-238.
10. Wakefield M, Germain D, Henriksen L. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase. Addiction. 2008;103(2):322-328.
11. Carter OB, Mills BW, Donovan RJ. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on unplanned purchases: results from immediate postpurchase interviews. Tob Control. 2009;18(3):218-221.
12. Germain D, McCarthy M, Wakefield M. Smoker sensitivity to retail tobacco displays and quitting: a cohort study. Addiction. 2010;105(1):159-163.
13. Hoek J, Gifford H, Pirikahu G, Thomson G, Edwards R. How do tobacco retail displays affect cessation attempts? Findings from a qualitative study. Tob Control. 2010;19(4):334-337.
14. Yerger VB, Przewoznik J, Malone RE. Racialized geography, corporate activity, and health disparities: tobacco industry targeting of inner cities. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2007; 18(4, suppl):10-38.
15. Cruz TB, Wright LT, Crawford G. The menthol marketing mix: targeted promotions for focus communities in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010; 12(suppl 2):S147-S153.
16. Green MP, McCausland KL, Xiao H, Duke JC, Vallone DM, Healton CG. A closer look at smoking among young adults: where tobacco control should focus its attention. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(8):1427-1433.
17. Apollonio DE, Malone RE. Marketing to the marginalised: tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill. Tob Control. 2005;14(6):409-415.
18. Amos A, Greaves L, Nichter M, Bloch M. Women and tobacco: a call for including gender in tobacco control research, policy and practice. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):236-243.
19. Morrow M, Barraclough S. Gender equity and tobacco control: bringing masculinity into focus. Glob Health Promot. 2010;17(1 suppl):21-28.
20. Stevens P, Carlson LM, Hinman JM. An analysis of tobacco industry marketing to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations: strategies for mainstream tobacco control and prevention. Health Promot Pract. 2004;5(3, suppl): 129S-134S.
21. Hackbarth DP, Silvestri B, Cosper W. Tobacco and alcohol billboards in 50 Chicago neighborhoods: market segmentation to sell dangerous products to the poor. J Public Health Policy. 1995;16(2): 213-230.
22. Luke D, Esmundo E, Bloom Y. Smoke signs: patterns of tobacco billboard advertising in a metropolitan region. Tob Control. 2000;9(1):16-23.
23. Stoddard JL, Johnson CA, Sussman S, Dent C, Boley-Cruz T. Tailoring outdoor tobacco advertising to minorities in Los Angeles County. J Health Commun. 1998;3(2):137-146.
24. Primack BA, Bost JE, Land SR, Fine MJ. Volume of tobacco advertising in African American markets: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(5):607-615.
25. Altman DG, Schooler C, Basil MD. Alcohol and cigarette advertising on billboards. Health Educ Res. 1991;6(4):487-490.
26. Henriksen L, Schleicher NC, Dauphinee AL, Fortmann SP. Targeted advertising, promotion, and price for menthol cigarettes in California high school neighborhoods. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(1):116-121.
27. Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER Package. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008.
28. Jha P, Peto R, Zatonski W, Boreham J, Jarvis MJ, Lopez AD. Social inequalities in male mortality, and in male mortality from smoking: indirect estimation from national death rates in England and Wales, Poland, and North America. Lancet. 2006;368(9533):367-370.
29. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(7):e1000097.
30. Yudelson J. Adapting McCarthy's four P's for the twenty-first century. J Mark Educ. 1999;21(1):60-67.
31. Fotheringham AS, Rogerson PA. GIS and spatial analytical problems. Int J Geogr Inf Syst. 1993;7(1):3-19.
32. Rose SW, Myers AE, D'Angelo H, Ribisl KM. Retailer adherence to Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, North Carolina, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E47.
33. Frick RG, Klein EG, Ferketich AK, Wewers ME. Tobacco advertising and sales practices in licensed retail outlets after the Food and Drug Administration regulations. J Community Health. 2012;37 (5):963-967.
34. Woodruff SI, Wildey MB, Conway TL, Clapp EJ. Effect of a brief retailer intervention to reduce the sale of single cigarettes. Am J Health Promot. 1995;9 (3):172-174.
35. Rose SW, Barker DC, D'Angelo H, et al. The availability of electronic cigarettes in US retail outlets, 2012: results of two national studies. Tob Control. 2014;23(suppl 3):iii10-iii16.
36. Katikireddi SV, Egan M, Petticrew M. How do systematic reviews incorporate risk of bias assessments into the synthesis of evidence? A methodological study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015; 69(2):189-195.
37. Archbald C. Sale of individual cigarettes: a new development. Pediatrics. 1993;91(4):851.
38. Barbeau EM, Wolin KY, Naumova EN, Balbach E. Tobacco advertising in communities: associations with race and class. Prev Med. 2005;40(1):16-22.
39. Bernstein SL, Cabral L, Maantay J, et al. Disparities in access to over-thecounter nicotine replacement products in New York City pharmacies. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(9):1699-1704.
40. Braverman MT, D'Onofrio CN, Moskowitz JM. Marketing smokeless tobacco in California communities: implications for health education. NCI Monogr. 1989;(8):79-85.
41. Cantrell J, Kreslake JM, Ganz O, et al. Marketing little cigars and cigarillos: advertising, price, and associations with neighborhood demographics. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(10):1902-1909.
42. Choi K, Fabian LE, Brock B, Engman KH, Jansen J, Forster JL. Availability of snus and its sale to minors in a large Minnesota city. Tob Control. 2014;23 (5):449-451.
43. Feighery EC, Schleicher NC, Cruz T, Unger JB. An examination of trends in amount and type of cigarette advertising and sales promotions in California stores, 2002-2005. Tob Control. 2008;17(2):93-98.
44. Freedman DA. Local food environments: they're all stocked differently. Am J Community Psychol. 2009;44(3-4):382-393.
45. Gany F, Rastogi N, Suri A, Hass C, Bari S, Leng J. Smokeless tobacco: how exposed are our schoolchildren? J Community Health. 2013;38(4):750-752.
46. Hickman N, Klonoff EA, Landrine H, et al. Preliminary investigation of the advertising and availability of PREPs, the new "safe" tobacco products. J Behav Med. 2004;27(4):413-424.
47. John R, Cheney MK, Azad MR. Pointof-sale marketing of tobacco products: taking advantage of the socially disadvantaged? J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009;20(2):489-506.
48. Kirchner TR, Villanti AC, Cantrell J, et al. Tobacco retail outlet advertising practices and proximity to schools, parks and public housing affect Synar underage sales violations in Washington, DC. Tob Control. 2015;24(e1):e52-e58.
49. Klonoff EA, Fritz JM, Landrine H, Riddle RW, Tully-Payne L. The problem and sociocultural context of single-cigarette sales. JAMA. 1994;271(8):618-620.
50. Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Alcaraz R. Minors' access to single cigarettes in California. Prev Med. 1998;27(4):503-505.
51. Lane SD, Keefe RH, Rubinstein R, et al. Structural violence, urban retail food markets, and low birth weight. Health Place. 2008;14(3):415-423.
52. Laws MB, Whitman J, Bowser DM, Krech L. Tobacco availability and point of sale marketing demographically contrasting districts of Massachusetts. Tob Control. 2002;11(suppl 2):ii71-ii73.
53. Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Friend KB. Contextual and community factors associated with youth access to cigarettes through commercial sources. Tob Control. 2014;23(1):39-44.
54. Lipperman-Kreda S, Lee JP, Morrison C, Freisthler B. Availability of tobacco products associated with use of marijuana cigars (blunts). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;134:337-342.
55. Moreland-Russell S, Harris J, Snider D, Walsh H, Cyr J, Barnoya J. Disparities and menthol marketing: additional evidence in support of point of sale policies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10 (10):4571-4583.
56. Pucci LG, Joseph HM Jr, Siegel M. Outdoor tobacco advertising in six Boston neighborhoods. Evaluating youth exposure. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15(2):155-159.
57. Ruel E, Mani N, Sandoval A, et al. After the Master Settlement Agreement: trends in the American tobacco retail environment from 1999 to 2002. Health Promot Pract. 2004;5(34 suppl):99S-110S.
58. Seidenberg AB, Caughey RW, Rees VW, Connolly GN. Storefront cigarette advertising differs by community demographic profile. Am J Health Promot. 2010;24(6):e26-e31.
59. Siahpush M, Jones PR, Singh GK, Timsina LR, Martin J. The association of tobacco marketing with median income and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods in Omaha, Nebraska. Tob Control. 2010;19(3):256-258.
60. Slater S, Giovino G, Chaloupka F. Surveillance of tobacco industry retail marketing activities of reduced harm products. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(1):187-193.
61. Toomey TL, Chen V, Forster JL, Van Coevering P, Lenk KM. Do cigarette prices vary by brand, neighborhood, and store characteristics? Public Health Rep. 2009;124(4):535-540.
62. Voorhees CC, Swank RT, Stillman FA, Harris DX, Watson HW, Becker DM. Cigarette sales to African-American and White minors in low-income areas of Baltimore. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87(4):652-654.
63. Widome R, Brock B, Klein EG, Forster JL. Smokeless tobacco advertising at the point of sale: prevalence, placement, and demographic correlates. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(2):217-223.
64. Widome R, Brock B, Noble P, Forster JL. The relationship of neighborhood demographic characteristics to point-of-sale tobacco advertising and marketing. Ethn Health. 2013;18(2): 136-151.
65. Wildey MB, Young RL, Elder JP, et al. Cigarette point-of-sale advertising in ethnic neighborhoods in San Diego, California. Health Values. 1992;16(1):23-28.
66. Woodruff SI, Agro AD, Wildey MB, Conway TL. Point-of-purchase tobacco advertising: prevalence, correlates, and brief intervention. Health Values. 1995;19(5):56-62.
67. Burton S, Williams K, Fry R, et al. Marketing cigarettes when all else is unavailable: evidence of discounting in price-sensitive neighbourhoods. Tob Control. 2014;23(e1):e24-e29.
68. Dalglish E, McLaughlin D, Dobson A, Gartner C. Cigarette availability and price in low and high socioeconomic areas. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2013; 37(4):371-376.
69. McCarthy M, Scully M, Wakefield M. Price discounting of cigarettes in milk bars near secondary schools occurs more frequently in areas with greater socioeconomic disadvantage. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2011;35(1):71-74.
70. Wakefield M, Zacher M, Scollo M, Durkin S. Brand placement on price boards after tobacco display bans: a pointof-sale audit in Melbourne, Australia. Tob Control. 2012;21(6):589-592.
71. Zacher M, Germain D, Durkin S, Hayes L, Scollo M, Wakefield M. A store cohort study of compliance with a pointof-sale cigarette display ban in Melbourne, Australia. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15(2):444-449.
72. Cohen JE, Planinac LC, Griffin K, et al. Tobacco promotions at point-of-sale: the last hurrah. Can J Public Health. 2008;99(3):166-171.
73. Barnoya J, Mejia R, Szeinman D, Kummerfeldt CE. Tobacco point-of-sale advertising in Guatemala City, Guatemala and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tob Control. 2010;19(4):338-341.
74. Bansal R, John S, Ling PM. Cigarette advertising in Mumbai, India: targeting different socioeconomic groups, women, and youth. Tob Control. 2005;14(3):201-206.
75. Quedley M, Ng B, Sapre N, et al. In sight, in mind: retailer compliance with legislation on limiting retail tobacco displays. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(8):1347-1354.
76. Devlin E, Anderson S, Borland R, MacKintosh AM, Hastings G. Development of a research tool to monitor point of sale promotions. SocMar Q. 2006;12(1):29-39.
77. MacCallum RC, Zhang S, Preacher KJ, Rucker DD. On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychol Methods. 2002;7(1):19-40.
78. Morland K, Wing S, Diez Roux A, Poole C. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22(1):23-29.
79. Alwitt LF, Donley TD. Retail stores in poor urban neighborhoods. J Consum Aff. 1997;31(1):139-164.
80. Shareck M, Frohlich KL, Poland B. Reducing social inequities in health through settings-related interventions-a conceptual framework. Glob Health Promot. 2013;20(2):39-52.
81. Ashe M, Jernigan D, Kline R, Galaz R. Government, politics, and law. Land use planning and the control of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and fast food restaurants. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(9):1404-1408.
82. McLaughlin I, Pearson A, Laird-Metke E, Ribisl K. Reducing tobacco use and access through strengthened minimum price laws. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(10):1844-1850.
83. Grier SA, Kumanyika S. Targeted marketing and public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2010;31:349-369.
84. Castree N, Kitchin R, Rogers A, eds. A Dictionary of Human Geography. London, UK: Oxford University Press; 2013.
85. Beaumont JR, Inglis K. Geodemographics in practice: developments in Britain and Europe. Environ Plann A. 1989;21(5):587-604.
86. Batey P, Brown P. From human ecology to customer targeting: the evolution of geodemographics. In: Longley P, Clarke G, eds. GIS for Business and Service Planning. Cambridge, UK: GeoInformation International; 1995:77-103.
87. Store segmentation. Brown & Williamson. Bates no. 311102903. Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ npf12d00. Accessed June 9, 2015.
88. IRDD-What is the concept? Philip Morris USA. Bates no. 2061620188-2061620204. Available at: http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vgr00b00. Accessed June 9, 2015.
89. Price value strategy study. Philip Morris USA. Bates no. 2070023809-2070023957. Available at: http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jzh31b00. Accessed June 9, 2015.
90. Account review 2.0: incorporation share based clustering, business requirements, January 10, 1997. Philip Morris USA. Bates no. 2071866577-2071866645. Available at: http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qka31b00. Accessed June 9, 2015.
91. Integrated retail demographic database micro-marketing tool. Philip Morris USA. Bates no. 2071923172-2071923200. Available at: http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gfy59h00. Accessed June 9, 2015.
92. Greaves L, Johnson J, Bottorff J, et al. What are the effects of tobacco policies on vulnerable populations? A better practices review. Can J Public Health. 2006;97 (4):310-315.
93. Hill S, Amos A, Clifford D, Platt S. Impact of tobacco control interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: review of the evidence. Tob Control. 2014;23(e2):e89-e97.
94. Main C, Thomas S, Ogilvie D, et al. Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: placing an equity lens on existing systematic reviews. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:178.
95. Tauras JA. Differential impact of state tobacco control policies among race and ethnic groups. Addiction. 2007;102 (suppl 2):95-103.
96. Frohlich KL, Potvin L. Transcending the known in public health practice: the inequality paradox: the population approach and vulnerable populations. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(2):216-221.
97. Henriksen L. Comprehensive tobacco marketing restrictions: promotion, packaging, price and place. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):147-153.
98. Garrett BE, Dube SR, Babb S, McAfee T. Addressing the social determinants of health to reduce tobaccorelated disparities. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;Epub ahead of print.
99. Rogers T, Feighery EC, Tencati EM, Butler JL, Weiner L. Community mobilization to reduce point-of-purchase advertising of tobacco products. Health Educ Q. 1995;22(4):427-442.
100. Bernard P, Charafeddine R, Frohlich KL, Daniel M, Kestens Y, Potvin L. Health inequalities and place: a theoretical conception of neighbourhood. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(9):1839-1852.