Post-Dexamethasone Cortisol, Self-Inflicted Injury, and Suicidal Ideation Among Depressed Adolescent Girls

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 619-632

  Beauchaine, Theodore P ^a   Crowell, Sheila E ^b   Hsiao, Ray C ^c  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Depression; Dexamethasone; HPA axis; Self injury; Suicidal ideation

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DEXAMETHASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE;

ADOLESCENT; AUTOMUTILATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MAJOR DEPRESSION; METABOLISM; SUICIDAL IDEATION;

ADOLESCENT; BIOMARKERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DEXAMETHASONE; FEMALE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR; SUICIDAL IDEATION;

EID: 84938080153     PISSN: 00910627     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9933-2     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
3. Acock, A. C. (2005). Working with missing values. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 2005(67), 1012–1028. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00191.x.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4, text revisionth ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Arana, G. W., Baldessarini, R. J., & Ornsteen, M. (1985). The dexamethasone suppression test for diagnosis and prognosis in psychiatry. Commentary and review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 1193–1204.
6. Aston-Jones, G., Iba, M., Clayton, E., Rajkowski, J., & Cohen, J. (2007). The locus coeruleus and regulation of behavioral flexibility and attention: Clinical implications. In G. A. Ordway, M. A. Schwartz, & A. Frazer (Eds.), Brain norepinephrine: Neurobiology and therapeutics (pp. 196–235). New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008). Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 745–774. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000369.
8. Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: a biology × sex × environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735–770. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000418.
9. Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Zalewski, M., Crowell, S. E., & Potapova, N. (2011). Effects of allostatic load on neural systems subserving motivation, mood regulation, and social affiliation. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 975–999. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000459.
10. Burkea, H. M., Davis, M. C., Otte, C., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 846–856. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010.
11. Caroll, B. J., Curtis, G. C., & Mendels, J. (1976). Neuroendocrine regulation in depression I. Limbic system-adrenocortical dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1039–1044.
12. Casat, C. D., & Powell, K. (1988). The dexamethasone suppression test in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49, 390–393.
13. Cecchi, M., Khoshbouei, H., Javors, M., & Morilak, D. A. (2002). Modulatory effects of norepinephrine in the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to acute stress. Neuroscience, 112, 13–21.
14. Center for Disease Control. (2006). CDC injury fact book. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention Control.
15. Center for Disease Control. (2009). CDC injury research agenda, 2009–2018. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention Control.
16. Coryell, W., & Schlesser, M. A. (1981). Suicide and the dexamethasone test in unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 1120–1121.
17. Coryell, W., & Schlesser, M. A. (2008). The dexamethasone suppression test and suicide prediction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 748–753. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.748.
18. Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., McCauley, E., Smith, C., Stevens, A. L., & Sylvers, P. (2005). Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicidal behavior in adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1105–1127. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.371.
19. Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495–510. doi:10.1037/a0015616.
20. Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Hsiao, R. C., Vasilev, C. A., Yaptangco, M., Linehan, M. M., & McCauley, E. (2012). Differentiating adolescent self-injury from adolescent depression: possible implications for borderline personality development. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 45–57. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9578-3.
21. Crowell, S. E., Baucom, B. R., Yaptangco, M., Bride, D., Hsiao, R., McCauley, E., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2013). Emotion dysregulation and dyadic conflict in depressed and typical adolescents: Evaluating concordance across psychophysiological and observational measures. Biological Psychology, 98, 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.02.009.
22. Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2014). Developmental approaches to understanding self-injury and suicidal behaviors. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Cullen, K. R., Westlund, M. K., LaRiviere, L. L., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2013). An adolescent with nonsuicidal self-injury: a case and discussion of neurobiological research on emotion regulation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 828–831. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12121598.
24. Dahl, R. E., Kaufman, J., Ryan, N. D., Perel, J., Al-Shabbout, M., Birmaher, B., Nelson, B., & Puig-Antich, J. (1992). The dexamethasone suppression test in children and adolescents: a review and a controlled study. Biological Psychiatry, 32, 109–126.
25. De Bellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M., Jenkins, F. J., & Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology part I: biological stress systems. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1259–1270. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00044-X.
26. De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in assessment of childhood psychopathology: a critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483–509. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9031-3.
27. Derbidge, C., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2014). A developmental model of self-inflicted injury, borderline personality, and suicide risk. In M. Lewis & K. Rudolph (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 521–542). New York: Springer.
28. Detke, M. J., Rickels, M., & Lucki, I. (1995). Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology, 121, 66–72.
29. Dietrich, A., Ormel, J., Buitelaar, J. K., Verhulst, F. C., Hoekstra, P. J., & Hartman, C. A. (2013). Cortisol in the morning and dimensions of anxiety, depression, and aggression in children from a general population and clinic-referred cohort: an integrated analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1281–1298. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.013.
30. Doom, J. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2013). Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: past, present, and future. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1359–1373. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000667.
31. Extein, I., Rosenburg, G., Pottash, A., & Gold, M. (1982). The dexamethasone suppression test in depressed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1617–1619.
32. Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997). Adolescent symptom inventory 4 screening manual. Stony Brook: Checkmate Plus.
33. Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J., Carlson, G., Schneider, J., Nolan, E. E., Mattison, R. E., & Rundberg-Rivera, V. (2002). A DSM-IV-referenced adolescent self-report rating scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 671–679.
34. Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530.
35. Gunnar, M. R., & Vazquez, D. M. (2001). Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: potential indices of risk in human development. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 515–538.
36. Hamza, C. A., Stewart, S. L., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature and an integrated model. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 482–495. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.003.
37. Hawkins, J., & Catalano, R. (2001). Social development of youth project, third and ninth grade survey. Unpublished survey. Center for Law and Justice.
38. Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 693–710. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008.
39. Hilbe, J. M. (2011). Negative binomial regression (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
40. Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
41. Joiner, T. E., Jr., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Selby, E. A., Ribeiro, J. D., Lewis, R., & Rudd, M. D. (2009). Main predictions of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior: empirical tests in two samples of young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 634–646. doi:10.1037/a0016500.
42. Jokinen, J., & Nordstrom, P. (2009). HPA axis hyperactivity and attempted suicide in young adult mood disorder inpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 116, 117–120.
43. Kaess, M., Hille, M., Parzer, P., Maser-Gluth, C., Resch, F., & Brunner, R. (2012). Alterations in the neuroendocrinological stress response to acute psychosocial stress in adolescents engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 157–161.
44. Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., Williamson, D., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.
45. Kirschbaum, C., Wüst, S., & Hellhammer, D. (1992). Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 648–657.
46. Klein, D. N., Kujawa, A. J., Black, S. R., & Pennock, A. T. (2013). Depressive disorders. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 543–575). Hoboken: Wiley.
47. Klengel, T., Mehta, D., Anacker, C., Rex-Haffner, M., Pruessner, J. C., Pariante, C. M., Pace, T. W., Mercer, K. B., Mayberg, H. S., Bradley, B., Nemeroff, C. B., Holsboer, F., Heim, C. M., Ressler, K. J., Rein, T., & Binder, E. B. (2013). Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 33–41. doi:10.1038/nn.3275.
48. Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Glenn, C. R. (2013). The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: converging evidence from four samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 231–237. doi:10.1037/a0030278.
49. Knorr, U., Vinberg, M., Kessing, L. V., & Wetterslev, J. (2010). Salivary cortisol in depressed patients versus control persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1275–1286. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.001.
50. Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive–behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
51. Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Brown, M. Z., Heard, H. L., & Wagner, A. W. (2006). Suicide attempt self-injury interview (SASII): development, reliability, and validity of a scale to assess suicide attempts and intentional self-injury. Psychological Assessment, 18, 303–312. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.3.303.
52. Lloyd-Richardson, E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1183–1192. doi:10.1017/S003329170700027X.
53. Lopez-Duran, P., Kovacs, M., & George, C. J. (2009). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in depressed children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1272–1283. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.016.
54. Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 434–445. doi:10.1038/nrn2639.
55. Maniglio, R. (2011). The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 30–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-447.2010.01612.x.
56. McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D’Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meany, M. J. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 342–348. doi:10.1038/nn.2270.
57. Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., & Georgiades, K. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the national Comorbidity survey replication–adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017.
58. Morilak, D. A. (2007). Norepinephrine and stress. In G. A. Ordway, M. A. Schwartz, & A. Frazer (Eds.), Brain norepinephrine: Neurobiology and therapeutics (pp. 275–296). New York: Cambridge University Press.
59. Natsuaki, M. N., Klimes-Dougan, B., Ge, X., Shirtcliff, E. A., Hastings, P. D., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2009). Early pubertal maturation and internalizing problems in adolescence: sex differences in the role of cortisol reactivity to interpersonal stress. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 513–524. doi:10.1080/15374410902976320.
60. Nock, M. K. (2008). Actions speak louder than words: an elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 159–168. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.002.
61. Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339–363. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258.
62. Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 300–310. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55.
63. Norden, K. A., Klein, D. N., Donaldson, S. K., Pepper, C. M., & Klein, L. M. (1995). Reports of the early home environment in DSM-III personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 213–223.
64. Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavioral research. New York: Wadsworth.
65. Pfeffer, C. R., Stokes, P., & Shindledecker, R. (1991). Suicidal behavior and HPA axis indices in child psychiatric inpatients. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 909–917.
66. Preskorn, S. H., & Baker, B. (2002). The overlap of DSM-IV syndromes: potential implications for the practice of polypsychopharmacology, psychiatric drug development, and the human genome project. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8, 170–177.
67. Reynolds, W. M., & Mazza, J. J. (1999). Assessment of suicidal ideation in inner-city children and young adolescents: reliability and validity of the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire—JR. School Psychology Review, 28, 17–30.
68. Roy, A., Agren, H., Pickar, D., Linnoila, M., Doran, A. R., Cutler, N. R., & Paul, S. M. (1986). Reduced CSF concentrations of homovanillic acid and homovanillic acid to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratios in depressed patients: relationship to suicidal behavior and dexamethasone nonsuppression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1539–1545.
69. Ruiz, M., Lind, U., Gåfvels, M., Eggertsen, G., Carlstedt-Duke, J., Nilsson, L., Holtmann, M., Stierna, P., Wikström, A. C., & Werner, S. (2001). Characterization of two novel mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor gene in patients with primary cortisol resistance. Clinical Endocrinology, 55, 363–371. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01323.x.
70. Rush, A. J., Giles, D. E., Schlesser, M. A., Orsulak, P. J., Parker, C. R., Jr., Weissenburger, J. E., Crowley, G. T., Khatami, M., & Vasavada, N. (1996). The dexamethasone suppression test in patients with mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 470–484.
71. Simpson, K. L., & Lin, R. C. S. (2007). Neuroanatomical and chemical organization of the locus coeruleus. In G. A. Ordway, M. A. Schwartz, & A. Frazer (Eds.), Brain norepinephrine: Neurobiology and therapeutics (pp. 9–52). New York: Cambridge University Press.
72. Thompson, W. (2012). Long term follow up of suicide in a clinically depressed community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139, 52–55. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.012.
73. Van Zomeren-Dohm, A., Xu, X., Thibodeau, E., & Cicchetti, D. (2014). Child maltreatment and vulnerability to externalizing spectrum disorders. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders. New York: Oxford University Press.
74. Wikgren, M., Maripuu, M., Karlsson, T., Nordfjäll, K., Bergdahl, J., Hultdin, J., Del-Favero, J., Roos, G., Nilsson, L. G., Adolfsson, R., & Norrback, K.-F. (2012). Short telomeres in depression and the general population are associated with a hypocortisolemic state. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.015.
75. Yates, T. M. (2009). Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 117–137). Washington: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11875-007.
76. Young, E. A. (1998). Sex differences and the HPA axis: implications for psychiatric disease. Journal of Gender Specific Medicine, 1, 21–27.