메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue July, 2015, Pages

Avoidance learning: A review of theoretical models and recent developments

Author keywords

Anxiety; Avoidance; Fear; Learning; Neuroscience

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; COGNITIVE MODEL; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HUMAN; JOHNSON COGNITIVE MODEL; LEARNING; LOVIBOND EXPECTANCY MODEL; NONHUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROPRIOCEPTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; RESCORLA WAGNER MODEL; RESPONSE TIME; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE; THEORETICAL MODEL;

EID: 84937910838     PISSN: 16625153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00189     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (255)

References (167)
  • 1
    • 0030424599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis
    • Abramowitz, J. S. (1996). Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Behav. Ther. 27, 583-600.
    • (1996) Behav. Ther , vol.27 , pp. 583-600
    • Abramowitz, J.S.1
  • 2
    • 84929133812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoidance prone individuals self reporting behavioral inhibition exhibit facilitated acquisition and altered extinction of conditioned eyeblinks with partial reinforcement schedules
    • Allen, M. T., Myers, C. E., and Servatius, R. J. (2014). Avoidance prone individuals self reporting behavioral inhibition exhibit facilitated acquisition and altered extinction of conditioned eyeblinks with partial reinforcement schedules. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:347. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00347
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 347
    • Allen, M.T.1    Myers, C.E.2    Servatius, R.J.3
  • 4
    • 84878957304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of modifying automatic action tendencies on overt avoidance behaviors
    • Amir, N., Kuckertz, J. M., and Najmi, S. (2013). The effect of modifying automatic action tendencies on overt avoidance behaviors. Emotion 13, 478-484. doi: 10.1037/a0030443
    • (2013) Emotion , vol.13 , pp. 478-484
    • Amir, N.1    Kuckertz, J.M.2    Najmi, S.3
  • 5
    • 84896495842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of approach-avoidance modification on social anxiety disorder: A pilot study
    • Asnaani, A., Rinck, M., Becker, E., and Hofmann, S. G. (2014). The effects of approach-avoidance modification on social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Cogn. Ther. Res. 38, 226-238. doi: 10.1007/s10608-013-9580-x
    • (2014) Cogn. Ther. Res , vol.38 , pp. 226-238
    • Asnaani, A.1    Rinck, M.2    Becker, E.3    Hofmann, S.G.4
  • 6
    • 0030769992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transfer of avoidance evoking functions through stimulus equivalence classes
    • Augustson, E. M., and Dougher, M. J. (1997). The transfer of avoidance evoking functions through stimulus equivalence classes. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 28, 181-191.
    • (1997) J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 181-191
    • Augustson, E.M.1    Dougher, M.J.2
  • 7
    • 84907786924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoidance as expectancy in rats: Sex and strain differences in acquisition
    • Avcu, P., Jiao, X., Myers, C. E., Beck, K. D., Pang, K. C., and Servatius, R. J. (2014). Avoidance as expectancy in rats: sex and strain differences in acquisition. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:334. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00334
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 334
    • Avcu, P.1    Jiao, X.2    Myers, C.E.3    Beck, K.D.4    Pang, K.C.5    Servatius, R.J.6
  • 8
    • 0013863851 scopus 로고
    • Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level
    • Bandura, A., and Rosenthal, T. L. (1966). Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 3, 54-62.
    • (1966) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol , vol.3 , pp. 54-62
    • Bandura, A.1    Rosenthal, T.L.2
  • 10
    • 0013880029 scopus 로고
    • Rapid extinction of an avoidance response following a period of response prevention in the avoidance apparatus
    • Baum, M. (1966). Rapid extinction of an avoidance response following a period of response prevention in the avoidance apparatus. Psychol. Rep. 18, 59-64.
    • (1966) Psychol. Rep , vol.18 , pp. 59-64
    • Baum, M.1
  • 11
    • 0014861673 scopus 로고
    • Extinction of avoidance responding through response prevention (flooding)
    • Baum, M. (1970). Extinction of avoidance responding through response prevention (flooding). Psychol. Bull. 74, 276-284.
    • (1970) Psychol. Bull , vol.74 , pp. 276-284
    • Baum, M.1
  • 14
    • 33244461950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoning rats: Forward blocking in Pavlovian animal conditioning is sensitive to constraints of causal inference
    • Beckers, T., Miller, R. R., De Houwer, J., and Urushihara, K. (2006). Reasoning rats: forward blocking in Pavlovian animal conditioning is sensitive to constraints of causal inference. J. Exp. Psychol. 135, 92-102. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.92
    • (2006) J. Exp. Psychol , vol.135 , pp. 92-102
    • Beckers, T.1    Miller, R.R.2    De Houwer, J.3    Urushihara, K.4
  • 15
    • 70349168736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The truth and value of theories of associative learning
    • Beckers, T., and Vervliet, B. (2009). The truth and value of theories of associative learning. Behav. Brain Sci. 32, 200-201. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09000880
    • (2009) Behav. Brain Sci , vol.32 , pp. 200-201
    • Beckers, T.1    Vervliet, B.2
  • 19
    • 58149417523 scopus 로고
    • Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning
    • Bolles, R. C. (1970). Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning.Psychol. Rev. 77, 32-48.
    • (1970) Psychol. Rev , vol.77 , pp. 32-48
    • Bolles, R.C.1
  • 20
    • 0006886618 scopus 로고
    • Species-specific defense reactions
    • ed F. R. Brush, (New York, NY: Academic Press)
    • Bolles, R. C. (1971). "Species-specific defense reactions," in Aversive Conditioning and Learning, ed F. R. Brush, (New York, NY: Academic Press), 183-233.
    • (1971) Aversive Conditioning and Learning , pp. 183-233
    • Bolles, R.C.1
  • 21
    • 77956953377 scopus 로고
    • The avoidance learning problem
    • Bolles, R. C. (1972). The avoidance learning problem. Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 6, 97-145.
    • (1972) Psychol. Learn. Motiv , vol.6 , pp. 97-145
    • Bolles, R.C.1
  • 22
    • 0346278020 scopus 로고
    • Effects of an informational stimulus on the acquisition of avoidance behavior in rats
    • Bolles, R. C., and Grossen, N. E. (1969). Effects of an informational stimulus on the acquisition of avoidance behavior in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 68, 90-99.
    • (1969) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.68 , pp. 90-99
    • Bolles, R.C.1    Grossen, N.E.2
  • 23
    • 0037470251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mouse light/dark box test
    • Bourin, M., and Hascoët, M. (2003). The mouse light/dark box test. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 463, 55-65. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01274-3
    • (2003) Eur. J. Pharmacol , vol.463 , pp. 55-65
    • Bourin, M.1    Hascoët, M.2
  • 25
    • 84904280556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural structures mediating expression and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance
    • Bravo-Rivera, C., Roman-Ortiz, C., Brignoni-Perez, E., Sotres-Bayon, F., and Quirk, G. J. (2014). Neural structures mediating expression and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance. J. Neurosci. 34, 9736-9742. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0191-14.2014
    • (2014) J. Neurosci , vol.34 , pp. 9736-9742
    • Bravo-Rivera, C.1    Roman-Ortiz, C.2    Brignoni-Perez, E.3    Sotres-Bayon, F.4    Quirk, G.J.5
  • 26
    • 0037405311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Brewin, C. R., and Holmes, E. A. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 23, 339-376. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00033-3
    • (2003) Clin. Psychol. Rev , vol.23 , pp. 339-376
    • Brewin, C.R.1    Holmes, E.A.2
  • 27
    • 0014234914 scopus 로고
    • Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck
    • Brown, P. L., and Jenkins, H. M. (1968). Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 11, 1-8.
    • (1968) J. Exp. Anal. Behav , vol.11 , pp. 1-8
    • Brown, P.L.1    Jenkins, H.M.2
  • 28
    • 0010679430 scopus 로고
    • Traumatic avoidance learning: The effects of conditioned stimulus length in a free-responding situation
    • Brush, E. S. (1957). Traumatic avoidance learning: the effects of conditioned stimulus length in a free-responding situation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 50, 541-546.
    • (1957) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.50 , pp. 541-546
    • Brush, E.S.1
  • 29
    • 67649700082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain mechanisms of pavlovian and instrumental aversive conditioning
    • Cain, C. K., and LeDoux, J. E. (2008). Brain mechanisms of pavlovian and instrumental aversive conditioning. Handb. Behav. Neurosci. 17, 103-124. doi: 10.1016/S1569-7339(07)00007-0
    • (2008) Handb. Behav. Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 103-124
    • Cain, C.K.1    LeDoux, J.E.2
  • 30
    • 70349179454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rats and infants as propositional reasoners: A plausible possibility?
    • Castro, L., and Wasserman, E. A. (2009). Rats and infants as propositional reasoners: a plausible possibility? Behav. Brain Sci. 32, 203-204. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09000910
    • (2009) Behav. Brain Sci , vol.32 , pp. 203-204
    • Castro, L.1    Wasserman, E.A.2
  • 31
    • 78650726074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amygdala regulates risk of predation in rats foraging in a dynamic fear environment
    • Choi, J.-S. Kim, J. J. (2010). Amygdala regulates risk of predation in rats foraging in a dynamic fear environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 21773-21777. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010079108
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.107 , pp. 21773-21777
    • Choi, J.-S.1    Kim, J.J.2
  • 32
    • 84905686210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the hippocampus in avoidance learning and anxiety vulnerability
    • Cominski, T. P., Jiao, X., Catuzzi, J. E., Stewart, A. L., and Pang, K. C. (2014). The role of the hippocampus in avoidance learning and anxiety vulnerability. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:273. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00273
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 273
    • Cominski, T.P.1    Jiao, X.2    Catuzzi, J.E.3    Stewart, A.L.4    Pang, K.C.5
  • 33
    • 0024324557 scopus 로고
    • Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: Validation as a model of anxiety
    • Costall, B., Jones, B., Kelly, M., Naylor, R., and Tomkins, D. (1989). Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: validation as a model of anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32, 777-785.
    • (1989) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav , vol.32 , pp. 777-785
    • Costall, B.1    Jones, B.2    Kelly, M.3    Naylor, R.4    Tomkins, D.5
  • 34
    • 0039639899 scopus 로고
    • Components of the flight response can reinforce bar-press avoidance learning
    • Crawford, M., and Masterson, F. (1978). Components of the flight response can reinforce bar-press avoidance learning. J. Exp. Psychol. 4, 144-151.
    • (1978) J. Exp. Psychol , vol.4 , pp. 144-151
    • Crawford, M.1    Masterson, F.2
  • 35
    • 0020466736 scopus 로고
    • Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning
    • Crawford, M., and Masterson, F. A. (1982). Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Pavlov. J. Biol. Sci. 17, 204-214.
    • (1982) Pavlov. J. Biol. Sci , vol.17 , pp. 204-214
    • Crawford, M.1    Masterson, F.A.2
  • 36
    • 77949283892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioned taste aversion learning
    • Davis, C. M., and Riley, A. L. (2010). Conditioned taste aversion learning. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1187, 247-275. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05147.x
    • (2010) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci , vol.1187 , pp. 247-275
    • Davis, C.M.1    Riley, A.L.2
  • 37
    • 65349163370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The propositional approach to associative learning as an alternative for association formation models
    • De Houwer, J. (2009). The propositional approach to associative learning as an alternative for association formation models. Learn. Behav. 37, 1-20. doi: 10.3758/LB.37.1.1
    • (2009) Learn. Behav , vol.37 , pp. 1-20
    • De Houwer, J.1
  • 38
    • 12944292948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoidance behavior can function as a negative occasion setter
    • De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., and Baeyens, F. (2005). Avoidance behavior can function as a negative occasion setter. J. Exp. Psychol. 31, 101-106. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.31.1.101
    • (2005) J. Exp. Psychol , vol.31 , pp. 101-106
    • De Houwer, J.1    Crombez, G.2    Baeyens, F.3
  • 39
    • 0021288596 scopus 로고
    • Does escape behaviour strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A preliminary study
    • De Silva, P., and Rachman, S. (1984). Does escape behaviour strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A preliminary study. Behav. Res. Ther. 22, 87-91.
    • (1984) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.22 , pp. 87-91
    • De Silva, P.1    Rachman, S.2
  • 40
    • 0026340713 scopus 로고
    • 5-HT and mechanisms of defence
    • Deakin, J. W., and Graeff, F. G. (1991). 5-HT and mechanisms of defence. J. Psychopharmacol. 5, 305-315.
    • (1991) J. Psychopharmacol , vol.5 , pp. 305-315
    • Deakin, J.W.1    Graeff, F.G.2
  • 41
    • 58149144251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the interchangeability of an avoidance behavior and a negative occasion setter
    • Declercq, M., and De Houwer, J. (2008). Evidence for the interchangeability of an avoidance behavior and a negative occasion setter. Learn. Behav. 36, 290-300. doi: 10.3758/LB.36.4.290
    • (2008) Learn. Behav , vol.36 , pp. 290-300
    • Declercq, M.1    De Houwer, J.2
  • 42
    • 60849099027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a hierarchical structure underlying avoidance behavior
    • Declercq, M., and De Houwer, J. (2009). Evidence for a hierarchical structure underlying avoidance behavior. J. Exp. Psychol. 35, 123-128. doi: 10.1037/a0012927
    • (2009) J. Exp. Psychol , vol.35 , pp. 123-128
    • Declercq, M.1    De Houwer, J.2
  • 43
    • 78649558668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence against an occasion setting account of avoidance learning
    • Declercq, M., and De Houwer, J. (2011). Evidence against an occasion setting account of avoidance learning. Learn. Motiv. 42, 46-52. doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2010.08.007
    • (2011) Learn. Motiv , vol.42 , pp. 46-52
    • Declercq, M.1    De Houwer, J.2
  • 44
    • 84878263160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoiding negative outcomes: Tracking the mechanisms of avoidance learning in humans during fear conditioning
    • Delgado, M. R., Jou, R. L., LeDoux, J. E., and Phelps, E. A. (2009). Avoiding negative outcomes: tracking the mechanisms of avoidance learning in humans during fear conditioning. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3, 1-9. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.033.2009
    • (2009) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 1-9
    • Delgado, M.R.1    Jou, R.L.2    LeDoux, J.E.3    Phelps, E.A.4
  • 46
    • 0017626068 scopus 로고
    • Escape, avoidance, punishment: Where do we stand?
    • Dinsmoor, J. A. (1977). Escape, avoidance, punishment: where do we stand? J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 28, 83-95.
    • (1977) J. Exp. Anal. Behav , vol.28 , pp. 83-95
    • Dinsmoor, J.A.1
  • 47
    • 68949105827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A contemporary behavior analysis of anxiety and avoidance
    • Dymond, S., and Roche, B. (2009). A contemporary behavior analysis of anxiety and avoidance. Behav. Anal. 32, 7-27.
    • (2009) Behav. Anal , vol.32 , pp. 7-27
    • Dymond, S.1    Roche, B.2
  • 48
    • 84867562364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safe from harm: Learned, instructed, and symbolic generalization pathways of human threat-avoidance
    • Dymond, S., Schlund, M. W., Roche, B., De Houwer, J., and Freegard, G. P. (2012). Safe from harm: learned, instructed, and symbolic generalization pathways of human threat-avoidance. PLoS ONE 7:e47539. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047539
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Dymond, S.1    Schlund, M.W.2    Roche, B.3    De Houwer, J.4    Freegard, G.P.5
  • 49
    • 80052344926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferred threat and safety: Symbolic generalization of human avoidance learning
    • Dymond, S., Schlund, M. W., Roche, B., Whelan, R., Richards, J., and Davies, C. (2011). Inferred threat and safety: symbolic generalization of human avoidance learning. Behav. Res. Ther. 49, 614-621. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.007
    • (2011) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.49 , pp. 614-621
    • Dymond, S.1    Schlund, M.W.2    Roche, B.3    Whelan, R.4    Richards, J.5    Davies, C.6
  • 52
    • 84864890590 scopus 로고
    • Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear
    • Fanselow, M. S. (1994). Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1, 429-438.
    • (1994) Psychon. Bull. Rev , vol.1 , pp. 429-438
    • Fanselow, M.S.1
  • 53
    • 0024003903 scopus 로고
    • The laws of emotion
    • Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. Am. Psychol. 43, 349-358.
    • (1988) Am. Psychol , vol.43 , pp. 349-358
    • Frijda, N.H.1
  • 54
    • 0001205043 scopus 로고
    • Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation
    • Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D. J., and Koelling, R. A. (1955). Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 122, 157-158.
    • (1955) Science , vol.122 , pp. 157-158
    • Garcia, J.1    Kimeldorf, D.J.2    Koelling, R.A.3
  • 55
    • 0002140204 scopus 로고
    • Neurotransmitters in the dorsal periaqueductal gray and animalmodels of panic anxiety
    • eds M. Briley and S. E. File (London: MacMillan)
    • Graeff, F. G. (1991). "Neurotransmitters in the dorsal periaqueductal gray and animalmodels of panic anxiety," in New Concepts in Anxiety, eds M. Briley and S. E. File (London: MacMillan), 288-312.
    • (1991) New Concepts in Anxiety , pp. 288-312
    • Graeff, F.G.1
  • 56
    • 0036392318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On serotonin and experimental anxiety
    • Graeff, F. G. (2002). On serotonin and experimental anxiety. Psychopharmacology163, 467-476. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1112-4
    • (2002) Psychopharmacology , vol.163 , pp. 467-476
    • Graeff, F.G.1
  • 57
    • 77956436494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dual role of serotonin in defense and the mode of action of antidepressants on generalized anxiety and panic disorders
    • Graeff, F. G., and Zangrossi, H. Jr. (2010). The dual role of serotonin in defense and the mode of action of antidepressants on generalized anxiety and panic disorders.Cent. Nerv. Syst. Med. Chem. 10, 207-217. doi: 10.2174/1871524911006030207
    • (2010) Cent. Nerv. Syst. Med. Chem , vol.10 , pp. 207-217
    • Graeff, F.G.1    Zangrossi, H.2
  • 58
    • 84896714056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoidance and behavioural flexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder
    • Hassoulas, A., McHugh, L., and Reed, P. (2013). Avoidance and behavioural flexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder. J. Anxiety Dis. 28, 148-153. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.05.002
    • (2013) J. Anxiety Dis , vol.28 , pp. 148-153
    • Hassoulas, A.1    McHugh, L.2    Reed, P.3
  • 59
    • 33747043319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction in human fear conditioning
    • Hermans, D., Craske, M. G., Mineka, S., and Lovibond, P. F. (2006). Extinction in human fear conditioning. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 361-368. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.006
    • (2006) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 361-368
    • Hermans, D.1    Craske, M.G.2    Mineka, S.3    Lovibond, P.F.4
  • 60
    • 0014442234 scopus 로고
    • Method and theory in the study of avoidance
    • Herrnstein, R. J. (1969). Method and theory in the study of avoidance. Psychol. Rev. 76, 49-69.
    • (1969) Psychol. Rev , vol.76 , pp. 49-69
    • Herrnstein, R.J.1
  • 61
    • 77957054569 scopus 로고
    • Occasion setting in Pavlovian conditioning
    • Holland, P. C. (1992). Occasion setting in Pavlovian conditioning. Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 28, 69-125.
    • (1992) Psychol. Learn. Motiv , vol.28 , pp. 69-125
    • Holland, P.C.1
  • 62
    • 0004129335 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts
    • Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of Behavior. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    • (1943) Principles of Behavior
    • Hull, C.L.1
  • 63
    • 84908372048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of emotional and motivational neurocircuitry to cue-signaled active avoidance learning
    • Ilango, A., Shumake, J., Wetzel, W., and Ohl, F. W. (2014). Contribution of emotional and motivational neurocircuitry to cue-signaled active avoidance learning. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:372. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00372
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 372
    • Ilango, A.1    Shumake, J.2    Wetzel, W.3    Ohl, F.W.4
  • 64
    • 79952989994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoidance perseveration during extinction training in wistar-kyoto rats: An interaction of innate vulnerability and stressor intensity
    • Jiao, X., Pang, K. C., Beck, K. D., Minor, T. R., and Servatius, R. J. (2011). Avoidance perseveration during extinction training in wistar-kyoto rats: an interaction of innate vulnerability and stressor intensity. Behav. Brain Res. 221, 98-107. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.029
    • (2011) Behav. Brain Res , vol.221 , pp. 98-107
    • Jiao, X.1    Pang, K.C.2    Beck, K.D.3    Minor, T.R.4    Servatius, R.J.5
  • 65
    • 0040231683 scopus 로고
    • The effects of termination of the CS and avoidance of the US on avoidance learning
    • Kamin, L. J. (1956). The effects of termination of the CS and avoidance of the US on avoidance learning. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 49, 420-424.
    • (1956) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.49 , pp. 420-424
    • Kamin, L.J.1
  • 66
    • 0001800548 scopus 로고
    • "Attention-like" processes in classical conditioning
    • ed M. R. Jones (Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press)
    • Kamin, L. J. (1967). ""Attention-like" processes in classical conditioning," in Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior 1967: Aversive Stimulation, ed M. R. Jones (Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press), 9-31.
    • (1967) Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior 1967: Aversive Stimulation , pp. 9-31
    • Kamin, L.J.1
  • 67
    • 0002981963 scopus 로고
    • Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning
    • eds B. A. Campbell and R. M. Church (New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts)
    • Kamin, L. J. (1969). "Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning," inPunishment and Aversive Behavior, eds B. A. Campbell and R. M. Church (New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts), 279-296.
    • (1969) Punishment and Aversive Behavior , pp. 279-296
    • Kamin, L.J.1
  • 68
    • 0034926980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the behaviour of sprague-dawley and lewis rats during repeated passive avoidance procedure: Effect of amphetamine
    • Kaminsky, O., Klenerova, V., Stöhr, J., Sida, P., and Hynie, S. (2001). Differences in the behaviour of sprague-dawley and lewis rats during repeated passive avoidance procedure: effect of amphetamine. Pharmacol. Res. 44, 117-122. doi: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0848
    • (2001) Pharmacol. Res , vol.44 , pp. 117-122
    • Kaminsky, O.1    Klenerova, V.2    Stöhr, J.3    Sida, P.4    Hynie, S.5
  • 69
    • 43049111807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based treatment and practice: New opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care
    • Kazdin, A. E. (2008). Evidence-based treatment and practice: new opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care. Am. Psychol. 63:146. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.146
    • (2008) Am. Psychol , vol.63 , pp. 146
    • Kazdin, A.E.1
  • 70
    • 33747336945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain
    • Kim, H., Shimojo, S., and O'Doherty, J. P. (2006). Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain. PLoS Biol. 4:e233. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040233
    • (2006) PLoS Biol , vol.4
    • Kim, H.1    Shimojo, S.2    O'Doherty, J.P.3
  • 71
    • 84861545384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement
    • Kravitz, A. V., Tye, L. D., and Kreitzer, A. C. (2012). Distinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 816-818. doi: 10.1038/nn.3100
    • (2012) Nat. Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 816-818
    • Kravitz, A.V.1    Tye, L.D.2    Kreitzer, A.C.3
  • 72
    • 84937874255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of approach-avoidance training on the extinction return of fear responses
    • (in press)
    • Krypotos, A.-M., Arnaudova, I., Effting, M., Kindt, M., and Beckers, T. (in press). Effects of approach-avoidance training on the extinction return of fear responses.PLoS ONE.
    • PLoS ONE.
    • Krypotos, A.-M.1    Arnaudova, I.2    Effting, M.3    Kindt, M.4    Beckers, T.5
  • 73
    • 84949979241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian hierarchical diffusion model decomposition of performance in Approach-Avoidance Tasks
    • [Epub ahead of print]
    • Krypotos, A.-M., Beckers, T., Kindt, M., and Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2014a). A Bayesian hierarchical diffusion model decomposition of performance in Approach-Avoidance Tasks. Cogn. Emot. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.985635. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2014) Cogn. Emot
    • Krypotos, A.-M.1    Beckers, T.2    Kindt, M.3    Wagenmakers, E.-J.4
  • 74
    • 84901286427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoided by association acquisition, extinction, and renewal of avoidance tendencies toward conditioned fear stimuli
    • Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Arnaudova, I., Kindt, M., and Beckers, T. (2014b). Avoided by association acquisition, extinction, and renewal of avoidance tendencies toward conditioned fear stimuli. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2, 336-343. doi: 10.1177/2167702613503139
    • (2014) Clin. Psychol. Sci , vol.2 , pp. 336-343
    • Krypotos, A.-M.1    Effting, M.2    Arnaudova, I.3    Kindt, M.4    Beckers, T.5
  • 75
    • 0000879439 scopus 로고
    • The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety
    • eds A. H. Tuma and J. Maser (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum)
    • Lang, P. J. (1985). "The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: fear and anxiety," inAnxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, eds A. H. Tuma and J. Maser (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 131-170.
    • (1985) Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders , pp. 131-170
    • Lang, P.J.1
  • 76
    • 77952888164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sidman instrumental avoidance initially depends on lateral and basal amygdala and is constrained by central amygdala-mediated pavlovian processes
    • Lázaro-Muñoz, G., LeDoux, J. E., and Cain, C. K. (2010). Sidman instrumental avoidance initially depends on lateral and basal amygdala and is constrained by central amygdala-mediated pavlovian processes. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 1120-1127. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.002
    • (2010) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 1120-1127
    • Lázaro-Muñoz, G.1    LeDoux, J.E.2    Cain, C.K.3
  • 77
    • 0019620060 scopus 로고
    • Extrapolation of two-factor learning theory of infrahuman avoidance behavior to psychopathology
    • Levis, D. J. (1981). Extrapolation of two-factor learning theory of infrahuman avoidance behavior to psychopathology. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 5, 355-370.
    • (1981) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev , vol.5 , pp. 355-370
    • Levis, D.J.1
  • 78
    • 0018416930 scopus 로고
    • Symptom maintenance: An infrahuman analysis and extension of the conservation of anxiety principle
    • Levis, D. J., and Boyd, T. L. (1979). Symptom maintenance: an infrahuman analysis and extension of the conservation of anxiety principle. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 88, 107-120.
    • (1979) J. Abnorm. Psychol , vol.88 , pp. 107-120
    • Levis, D.J.1    Boyd, T.L.2
  • 79
    • 2042524200 scopus 로고
    • Choice of a warning signal or no warning signal in an unavoidable shock situation
    • Lockard, J. S. (1963). Choice of a warning signal or no warning signal in an unavoidable shock situation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 56, 526-530.
    • (1963) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.56 , pp. 526-530
    • Lockard, J.S.1
  • 80
    • 77956870179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroticism and avoidance of ambiguous stimuli: Better safe than sorry?
    • Lommen, M. J., Engelhard, I. M., and van den Hout, M. A. (2010). Neuroticism and avoidance of ambiguous stimuli: better safe than sorry? Pers. Individ. Dif. 49, 1001-1006. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.012
    • (2010) Pers. Individ. Dif , vol.49 , pp. 1001-1006
    • Lommen, M.J.1    Engelhard, I.M.2    van den Hout, M.A.3
  • 81
    • 34547683940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear and avoidance: An integrated expectancy model
    • eds M. G. Craske, D. Hermans, and D. Vansteenwegen (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association)
    • Lovibond, P. F. (2006). "Fear and avoidance: an integrated expectancy model," inFear and Learning: From Basic Processes to Clinical Implications, eds M. G. Craske, D. Hermans, and D. Vansteenwegen (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 117-132.
    • (2006) Fear and Learning: From Basic Processes to Clinical Implications , pp. 117-132
    • Lovibond, P.F.1
  • 82
    • 67650101253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety behaviours preserve threat beliefs: Protection from extinction of human fear conditioning by an avoidance response
    • Lovibond, P. F., Mitchell, C. J., Minard, E., Brady, A., and Menzies, R. G. (2009). Safety behaviours preserve threat beliefs: protection from extinction of human fear conditioning by an avoidance response. Behav. Res. Ther. 47, 716-720. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.04.013
    • (2009) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.47 , pp. 716-720
    • Lovibond, P.F.1    Mitchell, C.J.2    Minard, E.3    Brady, A.4    Menzies, R.G.5
  • 83
    • 0027164173 scopus 로고
    • The representation of feared outcomes
    • Lovibond, P. F., and Rapee, R. M. (1993). The representation of feared outcomes.Behav. Res. Ther. 31, 595-608.
    • (1993) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.31 , pp. 595-608
    • Lovibond, P.F.1    Rapee, R.M.2
  • 84
    • 0000203038 scopus 로고
    • Learning and fixation after a single shock trial
    • Maatsch, J. L. (1959). Learning and fixation after a single shock trial. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 52, 408-410.
    • (1959) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.52 , pp. 408-410
    • Maatsch, J.L.1
  • 85
    • 77949897253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-factor theory, the actor-critic model, and conditioned avoidance
    • Maia, T. V. (2010). Two-factor theory, the actor-critic model, and conditioned avoidance. Learn. Behav. 38, 50-67. doi: 10.3758/LB.38.1.50
    • (2010) Learn. Behav , vol.38 , pp. 50-67
    • Maia, T.V.1
  • 86
    • 0023897793 scopus 로고
    • A laboratory demonstration of persistent human avoidance
    • Malloy, P., and Levis, D. J. (1988). A laboratory demonstration of persistent human avoidance. Behav. Ther. 19, 229-241.
    • (1988) Behav. Ther , vol.19 , pp. 229-241
    • Malloy, P.1    Levis, D.J.2
  • 87
    • 0342384174 scopus 로고
    • Is termination of a warning signal an effective reward for the rat?
    • Masterson, F. A. (1970). Is termination of a warning signal an effective reward for the rat? J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 72, 471-475.
    • (1970) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.72 , pp. 471-475
    • Masterson, F.A.1
  • 88
    • 0020393677 scopus 로고
    • The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior
    • Masterson, F. A., and Crawford, M. (1982). The defense motivation system: a theory of avoidance behavior. Behav. Brain Sci. 5, 661-696.
    • (1982) Behav. Brain Sci , vol.5 , pp. 661-696
    • Masterson, F.A.1    Crawford, M.2
  • 90
    • 0040513339 scopus 로고
    • Fear theory and aversively motivated behavior: Some controversial issues
    • ed M. R. Denny (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)
    • McAllister, D. E., and McAllister, W. R. (1991). "Fear theory and aversively motivated behavior: some controversial issues," in Fear, avoidance and phobias, ed M. R. Denny (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 135-163.
    • (1991) Fear, avoidance and phobias , pp. 135-163
    • McAllister, D.E.1    McAllister, W.R.2
  • 91
    • 84907292846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medial amygdala lesions selectively block aversive pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats
    • McCue, M. G., LeDoux, J. E., and Cain, C. K. (2014). Medial amygdala lesions selectively block aversive pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:329. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00329
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 329
    • McCue, M.G.1    LeDoux, J.E.2    Cain, C.K.3
  • 92
    • 0141586039 scopus 로고
    • On problems of conditioning discriminated lever-press avoidance responses
    • Meyer, D. R., Cho, C., and Wesemann, A. F. (1960). On problems of conditioning discriminated lever-press avoidance responses. Psychol. Rev. 67, 224-228.
    • (1960) Psychol. Rev , vol.67 , pp. 224-228
    • Meyer, D.R.1    Cho, C.2    Wesemann, A.F.3
  • 93
    • 58149444425 scopus 로고
    • Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses
    • Miller, N. E. (1948). Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses. J. Exp. Psychol. 38, 89-101.
    • (1948) J. Exp. Psychol , vol.38 , pp. 89-101
    • Miller, N.E.1
  • 94
    • 0029302148 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model
    • Miller, R. R., Barnet, R. C., and Grahame, N. J. (1995). Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model. Psychol. Bull. 117, 363-386.
    • (1995) Psychol. Bull , vol.117 , pp. 363-386
    • Miller, R.R.1    Barnet, R.C.2    Grahame, N.J.3
  • 95
    • 31144451591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was
    • Mineka, S., and Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: it's not what you thought it was. Am. Psychol. 61, 10-26. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.1.10
    • (2006) Am. Psychol , vol.61 , pp. 10-26
    • Mineka, S.1    Zinbarg, R.2
  • 96
    • 67650152065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The propositional nature of human associative learning
    • Mitchell, C. J., De Houwer, J., and Lovibond, P. F. (2009). The propositional nature of human associative learning. Behav. Brain Sci. 32, 183-198. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09000855
    • (2009) Behav. Brain Sci , vol.32 , pp. 183-198
    • Mitchell, C.J.1    De Houwer, J.2    Lovibond, P.F.3
  • 97
    • 58149446368 scopus 로고
    • The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory drive
    • Montgomery, K. (1955). The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory drive. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 48, 254-260.
    • (1955) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.48 , pp. 254-260
    • Montgomery, K.1
  • 98
    • 0040826345 scopus 로고
    • Preconditioning of reinforcing properties to an exteroceptive feedback stimulus
    • Morris, R. (1975). Preconditioning of reinforcing properties to an exteroceptive feedback stimulus. Learn. Motiv. 6, 289-298.
    • (1975) Learn. Motiv , vol.6 , pp. 289-298
    • Morris, R.1
  • 99
    • 84874586503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active avoidance learning requires prefrontal suppression of amygdala-mediated defensive reactions
    • Moscarello, J. M., and LeDoux, J. E. (2013). Active avoidance learning requires prefrontal suppression of amygdala-mediated defensive reactions. J. Neurosci. 33, 3815-3823. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2596-12.2013
    • (2013) J. Neurosci , vol.33 , pp. 3815-3823
    • Moscarello, J.M.1    LeDoux, J.E.2
  • 100
    • 84907613660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced discriminative fear learning of phobia-irrelevant stimuli in spider-fearful individuals
    • Mosig, C., Merz, C. J., Mohr, C., Adolph, D., Wolf, O. T., Schneider, S., et al. (2014). Enhanced discriminative fear learning of phobia-irrelevant stimuli in spider-fearful individuals. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:328. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00328
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 328
    • Mosig, C.1    Merz, C.J.2    Mohr, C.3    Adolph, D.4    Wolf, O.T.5    Schneider, S.6
  • 101
    • 0347164639 scopus 로고
    • Two-factor learning theory: Summary and comment
    • Mowrer, O. H. (1951). Two-factor learning theory: summary and comment. Psychol. Rev. 58, 350-354.
    • (1951) Psychol. Rev , vol.58 , pp. 350-354
    • Mowrer, O.H.1
  • 103
    • 84922465782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of "warm-up" during active avoidance learning in a rat model of anxiety vulnerability: Insights from computational modeling
    • Myers, C. E., Smith, I. M., Servatius, R. J., and Beck, K. D. (2014). Absence of "warm-up" during active avoidance learning in a rat model of anxiety vulnerability: insights from computational modeling. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:283. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00283
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 283
    • Myers, C.E.1    Smith, I.M.2    Servatius, R.J.3    Beck, K.D.4
  • 105
    • 84928814366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A circuit mechanism for differentiating positive and negative associations
    • Namburi, P., Beyeler, A., Yorozu, S., Calhoon, G. G., Halbert, S. A., Wichmann, R., et al. (2015). A circuit mechanism for differentiating positive and negative associations.Nature 520, 675-678. doi: 10.1038/nature14366
    • (2015) Nature , vol.520 , pp. 675-678
    • Namburi, P.1    Beyeler, A.2    Yorozu, S.3    Calhoon, G.G.4    Halbert, S.A.5    Wichmann, R.6
  • 106
    • 84926104048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure and response prevention treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • eds R. Hudak and D. D. Dougherty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • Neziroglu, F., Forhman, B., and Khemlani-Patel, S. (2011). "Exposure and response prevention treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder," in Clinical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders in Adults and Children, eds R. Hudak and D. D. Dougherty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 102-137.
    • (2011) Clinical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders in Adults and Children , pp. 102-137
    • Neziroglu, F.1    Forhman, B.2    Khemlani-Patel, S.3
  • 107
    • 9644310472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging
    • O'Doherty, J. P. (2004). Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14, 769-776. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.016
    • (2004) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol , vol.14 , pp. 769-776
    • O'Doherty, J.P.1
  • 108
    • 85047683645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
    • Öhman, A., and Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol. Rev. 108, 483-522. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.483
    • (2001) Psychol. Rev , vol.108 , pp. 483-522
    • Öhman, A.1    Mineka, S.2
  • 109
    • 10844227488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learned fear of "unseen" faces after Pavlovian, observational, and instructed fear
    • Olsson, A., and Phelps, E. A. (2004). Learned fear of "unseen" faces after Pavlovian, observational, and instructed fear. Psychol. Sci. 15, 822-828. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00762.x
    • (2004) Psychol. Sci , vol.15 , pp. 822-828
    • Olsson, A.1    Phelps, E.A.2
  • 110
    • 34548324246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social learning of fear
    • Olsson, A., and Phelps, E. A. (2007). Social learning of fear. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1095-1102. doi: 10.1038/nn1968
    • (2007) Nat. Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 1095-1102
    • Olsson, A.1    Phelps, E.A.2
  • 111
    • 84876543249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrazine analogues are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and freezing behaviours in mice
    • Osada, K., Kurihara, K., Izumi, H., and Kashiwayanagi, M. (2013). Pyrazine analogues are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and freezing behaviours in mice. PLoS ONE 8:e61753. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061753
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Osada, K.1    Kurihara, K.2    Izumi, H.3    Kashiwayanagi, M.4
  • 112
    • 84982146257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer
    • Osada, K., Miyazono, S., and Kashiwayanagi, M. (2014). Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer.Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:276. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00276
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 276
    • Osada, K.1    Miyazono, S.2    Kashiwayanagi, M.3
  • 113
  • 114
    • 0022374863 scopus 로고
    • Validation of open: Closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat
    • Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., and Briley, M. (1985). Validation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 14, 149-167.
    • (1985) J. Neurosci. Methods , vol.14 , pp. 149-167
    • Pellow, S.1    Chopin, P.2    File, S.E.3    Briley, M.4
  • 115
    • 26944446159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: From animal models to human behavior
    • Phelps, E. A., and LeDoux, J. E. (2005). Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 48, 175-187. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.48 , pp. 175-187
    • Phelps, E.A.1    LeDoux, J.E.2
  • 116
    • 34047175517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated mazes as animal models of anxiety: Effects of serotonergic agents
    • Pinheiro, S. H., Zangrossi, Jr., H., Del-Ben, C. M., and Graeff, F. G. (2007). Elevated mazes as animal models of anxiety: effects of serotonergic agents. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 79, 71-85. doi: 10.1590/S0001-37652007000100010
    • (2007) An. Acad. Bras. Cienc , vol.79 , pp. 71-85
    • Pinheiro, S.H.1    Zangrossi, H.2    Del-Ben, C.M.3    Graeff, F.G.4
  • 117
    • 0028795966 scopus 로고
    • Tracking variable environments: There is more than one kind of memory
    • Provenza, F. D. (1995). Tracking variable environments: there is more than one kind of memory. J. Chem. Ecol. 21, 911-923.
    • (1995) J. Chem. Ecol , vol.21 , pp. 911-923
    • Provenza, F.D.1
  • 118
    • 0017649675 scopus 로고
    • The conditioning theory of fear acquisition: A critical examination
    • Rachman, S. (1977). The conditioning theory of fear acquisition: a critical examination. Behav. Res. Ther. 15, 375-387.
    • (1977) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.15 , pp. 375-387
    • Rachman, S.1
  • 119
    • 0004089787 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: W H Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co
    • Rachman, S. (1990). Fear and Courage. New York, NY: W H Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.
    • (1990) Fear and Courage
    • Rachman, S.1
  • 120
    • 0025881480 scopus 로고
    • Neo-conditioning and the classical theory of fear acquisition
    • Rachman, S. (1991). Neo-conditioning and the classical theory of fear acquisition.Clin. Psychol. Rev. 11, 155-173.
    • (1991) Clin. Psychol. Rev , vol.11 , pp. 155-173
    • Rachman, S.1
  • 121
    • 4644327592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear of contamination
    • Rachman, S. (2004). Fear of contamination. Behav. Res. Ther. 42, 1227-1255. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.009
    • (2004) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.42 , pp. 1227-1255
    • Rachman, S.1
  • 122
    • 0022870376 scopus 로고
    • Does escape behavior strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A replication
    • Rachman, S., Craske, M., Tallman, K., and Solyom, C. (1986). Does escape behavior strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A replication. Behav. Ther. 17, 366-384.
    • (1986) Behav. Ther , vol.17 , pp. 366-384
    • Rachman, S.1    Craske, M.2    Tallman, K.3    Solyom, C.4
  • 123
    • 0016300536 scopus 로고
    • I. Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance
    • Rachman, S., and Hodgson, R. (1974). I. Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behav. Res. Ther. 12, 311-318.
    • (1974) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.12 , pp. 311-318
    • Rachman, S.1    Hodgson, R.2
  • 124
    • 0002563154 scopus 로고
    • Pavlovian conditioned inhibition
    • Rescorla, R. A. (1969). Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychol. Bull. 72, 77-94.
    • (1969) Psychol. Bull , vol.72 , pp. 77-94
    • Rescorla, R.A.1
  • 125
    • 0003060568 scopus 로고
    • Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning
    • Rescorla, R. A. (1972). Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 6, 1-46.
    • (1972) Psychol. Learn. Motiv , vol.6 , pp. 1-46
    • Rescorla, R.A.1
  • 127
    • 0014085947 scopus 로고
    • Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning
    • Rescorla, R. A., and Solomon, R. L. (1967). Two-process learning theory: relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychol. Rev. 74, 151-182.
    • (1967) Psychol. Rev , vol.74 , pp. 151-182
    • Rescorla, R.A.1    Solomon, R.L.2
  • 128
    • 0002109138 scopus 로고
    • A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement
    • eds A. H. Black and W. F. Prokasy (New York, NY: Appleton-Centrury-Crofts)
    • Rescorla, R. A., and Wagner, A. R. (1972). "A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement," in Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory, eds A. H. Black and W. F. Prokasy (New York, NY: Appleton-Centrury-Crofts), 64-99.
    • (1972) Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory , pp. 64-99
    • Rescorla, R.A.1    Wagner, A.R.2
  • 129
    • 0032906944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia
    • Salkovskis, P. M., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., and Gelder, M. G. (1999). An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 37, 559-574.
    • (1999) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.37 , pp. 559-574
    • Salkovskis, P.M.1    Clark, D.M.2    Hackmann, A.3    Wells, A.4    Gelder, M.G.5
  • 131
  • 132
    • 84924927451 scopus 로고
    • An experimental approach to anxiety, escape and avoidance behavior
    • eds P. H. Hoch and J. Zubin (New York, NY: Grune and Stratton)
    • Schöenfeld, W. N. (1950). "An experimental approach to anxiety, escape and avoidance behavior," in Anxiety, eds P. H. Hoch and J. Zubin (New York, NY: Grune and Stratton), 70-99.
    • (1950) Anxiety , pp. 70-99
    • Schöenfeld, W.N.1
  • 133
    • 0014342693 scopus 로고
    • Chronic fear produced by unpredictable electric shock
    • Seligman, M. E. P. (1968). Chronic fear produced by unpredictable electric shock. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 66, 402-411.
    • (1968) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.66 , pp. 402-411
    • Seligman, M.E.P.1
  • 134
    • 0010682471 scopus 로고
    • Effect of intensity and duration of punishment on extinction of an avoidance response
    • Seligman, M. E. P., and Campbell, B. A. (1965). Effect of intensity and duration of punishment on extinction of an avoidance response. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 59, 295-297.
    • (1965) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.59 , pp. 295-297
    • Seligman, M.E.P.1    Campbell, B.A.2
  • 135
    • 0002818053 scopus 로고
    • A cognitive theory of avoidance learning
    • eds F. J. McGuigan and D. B. Lumsden, (Washington, DC: Winston & Sons Inc)
    • Seligman, M. E. P., and Johnston, J. C. (1973). "A cognitive theory of avoidance learning," in Contemporary Approaches to Conditioning and Learning, eds F. J. McGuigan and D. B. Lumsden, (Washington, DC: Winston & Sons Inc), 69-110.
    • (1973) Contemporary Approaches to Conditioning and Learning , pp. 69-110
    • Seligman, M.E.P.1    Johnston, J.C.2
  • 136
    • 0002178082 scopus 로고
    • Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events
    • ed F. R. Brush (New York, NY: Academic Press)
    • Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F., and Solomon, R. L. (1971). "Unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events," in Avesive Conditoning and Learning, ed F. R. Brush (New York, NY: Academic Press), 347-400.
    • (1971) Avesive Conditoning and Learning , pp. 347-400
    • Seligman, M.E.P.1    Maier, S.F.2    Solomon, R.L.3
  • 137
    • 84896912138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear conditioning of scr but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety
    • Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., and Kindt, M. (2014). Fear conditioning of scr but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:32. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00032
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 32
    • Sevenster, D.1    Beckers, T.2    Kindt, M.3
  • 138
    • 84908157492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition and extinction of human avoidance behavior: Attenuating effect of safety signals and associations with anxiety vulnerabilities
    • Sheynin, J., Beck, K. D., Servatius, R. J., and Myers, C. E. (2014). Acquisition and extinction of human avoidance behavior: attenuating effect of safety signals and associations with anxiety vulnerabilities. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:323. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00323
    • (2014) Front. Behav. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 323
    • Sheynin, J.1    Beck, K.D.2    Servatius, R.J.3    Myers, C.E.4
  • 139
  • 140
    • 0002331548 scopus 로고
    • Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal
    • Sidman, M. (1953a). Avoidance conditioning with brief shock and no exteroceptive warning signal. Science 118, 157-158.
    • (1953) Science , vol.118 , pp. 157-158
    • Sidman, M.1
  • 141
    • 0000845210 scopus 로고
    • Two temporal parameters of the maintenance of avoidance behavior by the white rat
    • Sidman, M. (1953b). Two temporal parameters of the maintenance of avoidance behavior by the white rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 46, 253-261.
    • (1953) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.46 , pp. 253-261
    • Sidman, M.1
  • 142
    • 0040826342 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of shock frequency as reinforcement for avoidance behavior
    • Sidman, M. (1962). Reduction of shock frequency as reinforcement for avoidance behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 5, 247-257.
    • (1962) J. Exp. Anal. Behav , vol.5 , pp. 247-257
    • Sidman, M.1
  • 143
    • 0002078460 scopus 로고
    • Two choices are not enough
    • Sidman, M. (1987). Two choices are not enough. Behav. Anal. 22, 11-18.
    • (1987) Behav. Anal , vol.22 , pp. 11-18
    • Sidman, M.1
  • 144
    • 0001650972 scopus 로고
    • Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs
    • Solomon, R. L., Kamin, L. J., and Wynne, L. C. (1953). Traumatic avoidance learning: the outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 48, 291-302.
    • (1953) J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol , vol.48 , pp. 291-302
    • Solomon, R.L.1    Kamin, L.J.2    Wynne, L.C.3
  • 145
    • 0002374310 scopus 로고
    • Traumatic avoidance learning: Acquisition in normal dogs
    • Solomon, R. L., and Wynne, L. C. (1953). Traumatic avoidance learning: acquisition in normal dogs. Psychol. Monogr. 67, 1-19.
    • (1953) Psychol. Monogr , vol.67 , pp. 1-19
    • Solomon, R.L.1    Wynne, L.C.2
  • 146
    • 0011558574 scopus 로고
    • Blocking of inhibitory conditioning within a serial conditioned stimulus-conditioned inhibitor compound: Maintenance of acquired behavior without an unconditioned stimulus
    • Soltysik, S. S., Wolfe, G. E., Nicholas, T., Wilson, W. J., and Garcia-Sanchez, J. (1983). Blocking of inhibitory conditioning within a serial conditioned stimulus-conditioned inhibitor compound: maintenance of acquired behavior without an unconditioned stimulus. Learn. Motiv. 14, 1-29.
    • (1983) Learn. Motiv , vol.14 , pp. 1-29
    • Soltysik, S.S.1    Wolfe, G.E.2    Nicholas, T.3    Wilson, W.J.4    Garcia-Sanchez, J.5
  • 147
    • 4644343769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior
    • Strack, F., and Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 8, 220-247. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
    • (2004) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev , vol.8 , pp. 220-247
    • Strack, F.1    Deutsch, R.2
  • 148
    • 84864316280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modifying automatic approach action tendencies in individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms
    • Taylor, C. T., and Amir, N. (2012). Modifying automatic approach action tendencies in individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms. Behav. Res. Ther. 50, 529-536. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.004
    • (2012) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.50 , pp. 529-536
    • Taylor, C.T.1    Amir, N.2
  • 149
    • 0013934942 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of shock intensity on one-way and shuttle avoidance conditioning
    • Theios, J., Lynch, A. D., and Lowe, W. F. Jr. (1966). Differential effects of shock intensity on one-way and shuttle avoidance conditioning. J. Exp. Psychol. 72, 294-299.
    • (1966) J. Exp. Psychol , vol.72 , pp. 294-299
    • Theios, J.1    Lynch, A.D.2    Lowe, W.F.3
  • 150
    • 84992182227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active approach does not add to the effects of in vivo exposure
    • van Uijen, S. L., van den Hout, M. A., and Engelhard, I. M. (2015). Active approach does not add to the effects of in vivo exposure. J. Exp. Psychopathol. 6, 112-125. doi: 10.5127/jep.042014
    • (2015) J. Exp. Psychopathol , vol.6 , pp. 112-125
    • van Uijen, S.L.1    van den Hout, M.A.2    Engelhard, I.M.3
  • 151
    • 0025122308 scopus 로고
    • Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on passive avoidance learning and retrieval in rats and mice
    • Venable, N., and Kelly, P. H. (1990). Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on passive avoidance learning and retrieval in rats and mice. Psychopharmacology 100, 215-221.
    • (1990) Psychopharmacology , vol.100 , pp. 215-221
    • Venable, N.1    Kelly, P.H.2
  • 153
    • 84896933256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criteria of validity in experimental psychopathology: Application to models of anxiety and depression
    • Vervliet, B., and Raes, F. (2013). Criteria of validity in experimental psychopathology: application to models of anxiety and depression. Psychol. Med. 43, 2241-2244. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712002267
    • (2013) Psychol. Med , vol.43 , pp. 2241-2244
    • Vervliet, B.1    Raes, F.2
  • 154
    • 0002330234 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition in Pavlovian conditioning: Application of a theory
    • eds R. A. Boakes and M. S. Halliday (London: Academic Press Inc.)
    • Wagner, A. R., and Rescorla, R. A. (1972). "Inhibition in Pavlovian conditioning: application of a theory," in Inhibition and Learning, eds R. A. Boakes and M. S. Halliday (London: Academic Press Inc.), 301-336.
    • (1972) Inhibition and Learning , pp. 301-336
    • Wagner, A.R.1    Rescorla, R.A.2
  • 155
    • 58149446399 scopus 로고
    • Psychology as the behaviorist views it
    • Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychol. Rev. 20, 158-177.
    • (1913) Psychol. Rev , vol.20 , pp. 158-177
    • Watson, J.B.1
  • 156
    • 0009594648 scopus 로고
    • The place of the conditioned-reflex in psychology
    • Watson, J. B. (1916). The place of the conditioned-reflex in psychology. Psychol. Rev. 23, 89-116.
    • (1916) Psychol. Rev , vol.23 , pp. 89-116
    • Watson, J.B.1
  • 157
    • 84893935524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between fear conditionability and aversive memories: Evidence from a novel conditioned-intrusion paradigm
    • Wegerer, M., Blechert, J., Kerschbaum, H., and Wilhelm, F. H. (2013). Relationship between fear conditionability and aversive memories: evidence from a novel conditioned-intrusion paradigm. PLoS ONE 8:e79025. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079025
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • Wegerer, M.1    Blechert, J.2    Kerschbaum, H.3    Wilhelm, F.H.4
  • 158
    • 0010680607 scopus 로고
    • Positive conditioned reinforcement of Sidman avoidance behavior in rats
    • Weisman, R., and Litner, J. (1969). Positive conditioned reinforcement of Sidman avoidance behavior in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 68, 597-603.
    • (1969) J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol , vol.68 , pp. 597-603
    • Weisman, R.1    Litner, J.2
  • 159
    • 0028965132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs
    • Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., and Gelder, M. (1996). Social phobia: the role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behav. Ther. 26, 153-161.
    • (1996) Behav. Ther , vol.26 , pp. 153-161
    • Wells, A.1    Clark, D.M.2    Salkovskis, P.3    Ludgate, J.4    Hackmann, A.5    Gelder, M.6
  • 160
    • 26844560935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention
    • Whittal, M. L., Thordarson, D. S., and McLean, P. D. (2005). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behav. Res. Ther. 43, 1559-1576. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.012
    • (2005) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.43 , pp. 1559-1576
    • Whittal, M.L.1    Thordarson, D.S.2    McLean, P.D.3
  • 161
    • 74249098075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers
    • Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Kordts, R., Houben, K., and Strack, F. (2010). Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers. Addiction105, 279-287. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02775.x
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 279-287
    • Wiers, R.W.1    Rinck, M.2    Kordts, R.3    Houben, K.4    Strack, F.5
  • 162
    • 34247092039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive avoidance of intrusive memories: Recall vantage perspective and associations with depression
    • Williams, A. D., and Moulds, M. L. (2007). Cognitive avoidance of intrusive memories: recall vantage perspective and associations with depression. Behav. Res. Ther. 45, 1141-1153. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.005
    • (2007) Behav. Res. Ther , vol.45 , pp. 1141-1153
    • Williams, A.D.1    Moulds, M.L.2
  • 163
    • 84924325295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The approach-avoidance task as an online intervention in cigarette smoking: A pilot study
    • Wittekind, C. E., Feist, A., Schneider, B. C., Moritz, S., and Fritzsche, A. (2015). The approach-avoidance task as an online intervention in cigarette smoking: a pilot study.J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 46, 115-120. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.08.006
    • (2015) J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 115-120
    • Wittekind, C.E.1    Feist, A.2    Schneider, B.C.3    Moritz, S.4    Fritzsche, A.5
  • 164
    • 36048997847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface
    • Wood, W., and Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.Psychol. Rev. 114, 843-863. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843
    • (2007) Psychol. Rev , vol.114 , pp. 843-863
    • Wood, W.1    Neal, D.T.2
  • 166
    • 33745760564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation
    • Yin, H. H., and Knowlton, B. J. (2006). The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation.Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 464-476. doi: 10.1038/nrn1919
    • (2006) Nat. Rev. Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 464-476
    • Yin, H.H.1    Knowlton, B.J.2
  • 167
    • 0035713221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serotonergic regulation of inhibitory avoidance and one-way escape in the rat elevated T-maze
    • Zangrossi, H. Jr., Viana, M. B., Zanoveli, J., Bueno, C., Nogueira, R. L., and Graeff, F. G. (2001). Serotonergic regulation of inhibitory avoidance and one-way escape in the rat elevated T-maze. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 637-645. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00047-1
    • (2001) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev , vol.25 , pp. 637-645
    • Zangrossi, H.1    Viana, M.B.2    Zanoveli, J.3    Bueno, C.4    Nogueira, R.L.5    Graeff, F.G.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.