Conundrums of Integration: Desegregation in the Context of Racialized Hierarchy

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 22-36

  Lewis, Amanda E ^a   Diamond, John B ^b   Forman, Tyrone A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

education; integration; performance expectations; race; racism; segregation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84936761338     PISSN: 23326492     EISSN: 23326506     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2332649214558687     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. American Anthropological Association. 1998. Statement on “Race.” Retrieved January 8, 2013 (http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm).
2. Anderson Elizabeth. 2010. The Imperative of Integration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3. Aronson Joshua Steele Claude M. 2005. “Stereotypes and the Fragility of Academic Competence, Motivation, and Self-concept.” Pp. 436–56 in Handbook of Competence and Motivation, edited by Elliott A. Dweck C. New York: Guilford Press.
4. Aronson Joshua Fried Carrie B. Good Catherine. 2002. “Reducing the Effects of Stereotype Threat on African American College Students by Shaping Theories of Intelligence.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38(2):113–25.
5. Bell Derek. 2004. Silent Covenants: Brown v. Board of Education and the Unfulfilled Hopes for Racial Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Bell Joyce M. Hartmann Douglas. 2007. “Diversity in Everyday Discourse: The Cultural Ambiguities and Consequences of ‘Happy Talk.’” American Sociological Review 72(6):895–914.
7. Bobo Lawrence Kluegel James R. Smith Ryan A. 1997. “Laissez Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a ‘Kinder, Gentler’ Anti-black Ideology.” Pp. 15–42 in Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, edited by Tuch S. Martin J. Westport, CT: Praeger.
8. Cashin Sheryll. 2004. The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class Are Undermining the American Dream. New York: Public Affairs.
9. Codjoe Henry M. 2001. “Fighting a ‘Public Enemy’ of Black Academic Achievement—The Persistence of Racism and the Schooling Experiences of Black Students in Canada.” Race Ethnicity and Education 4(4):343–75.
10. Clotfelter Charles. 2004. After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. Condron Dennis J. 2007. “Stratification and Educational Sorting: Explaining Ascriptive Inequalities in Early Childhood Reading Group Placement.” Social Problems 54(2):139–60.
12. Condron Dennis J. 2008. “An Early Start: Skill Grouping and Unequal Reading Gains in the Elementary Years.” The Sociological Quarterly 49(1):363–94.
13. Correll Shelley J. Ridgeway Cecelia. 2003. “Expectation States Theory.” Pp. 29–51 in Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by Delamater J. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
14. Darity William A. Jolla Alicia. 2009. “Desegregated Schools with Segregated Education.” Pp. 99–117 in Integration Debate: Competing Futures for America’s Cities, edited by Hartman C. Squires G. Florence, KY: Routledge.
15. Darling-Hammond Linda. 2010. The Flat World and Education: How America’s Commitment to Equity Will Determine Our Future. New York: Teachers College Press.
16. Deitch Elizabeth A. Barsky Adam Butz Rebecca M. Chan Suzanne Brief Arthur P. Bradley Jill 2003. “Subtle Yet Significant: The Existence and Impact of Everyday Racial Discrimination in the Workplace.” Human Relations 56(11):1299–324.
17. Diamond John B. 2013. The Resource and Opportunity Gap: The Continued Significance of Race for African American Student Outcomes. Pp. 97–111 in Contesting the Myth of a Post-racial Era: The Continued Significance of Race in Education, edited by Andrews D. J. C. Tuitt F. New York: Peter Lang Publishers.
18. Diamond John B. Lewis Amanda E. Gordon Lamont. 2007. “Rethinking Oppositionality: Positive and Negative Peer Pressure among African American Students.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 20(6):655–79.
19. Diamond John B. Randolph Antonia Spillane James P. 2004. “Teachers’ Expectations and Sense of Responsibility for Student Learning: The Importance of Race, Class, and Organizational Habitus.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 35(1):75–98. Special Issue on Race, Power, and the Ethnography of Urban Schools.
20. Downey Douglas B. 2008. “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Confirming Oppositional Culture Theory.” Pp. 298–311 in Minority Status, Oppositional Culture, & Schooling, Edited by Ogbu John. New York, New York: Routledge.
21. DuBois W.E.B. 1935. Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. New York: Harcourt Brace.
22. Ferguson Ann A. 2000. Bad Boys: Public Schools in the Making of Black Masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
23. Ferguson Ronald F. 1998. “Teachers’ Perceptions and Expectations and the Black-white Test Score Gap.” Pp. 273–317 in The Black-white Test Score Gap, edited by Jencks C. Phillips M. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
24. Greenwald Anthony Banarji Mahzarin. 1995. “Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-esteem, and Stereotypes.” Psychological Review 102(1):4–27.
25. Harris Angel. 2011. Kids Don’t Want to Fail: Oppositional Culture and the Black-white Achievement Gap. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Hartman Chester Squires Gregory D. 2010. “Integration Exhaustion, Race Fatigue, and the American Dream. Pp. 1–8 in The Integration Debate: Competing Futures for American Cities, edited by Hartman C. Squires G. New York: Routledge.
27. Holt Thomas C. 1995. Marking: Race, Race-making, and the Writing of History. American Historical Review 100(February):1–20.
28. King Martin Luther Jr. 1986. “The Ethical Demands for Integration.” Pp. 117–125 in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., edited by Washington J. M. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
29. Koenig Barbara Lee Sandra Soo-Jin Richardson Sarah S. 2008. Revisiting Race in the Genomic Age. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
30. Lewis Amanda E. 2003. Race in the Schoolyard: Negotiating the Color Line in Classrooms and Communities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
31. Lewis Amanda E. 2013. “The Nine Lives of ‘Oppositional Culture’: A Review of Angel Harris’ Kids Don’t Want to Fail and Karolyn Tyson’s Integration Interrupted.” Du Bois Review 10(1):279–289.
32. Lewis Amanda E. Chesler Mark Forman Tyrone. 2000. “The Impact of Color-blind Ideologies on Students of Color: Intergroup Relations at a Predominantly White University.” Journal of Negro Education 69(1/2):74–91.
33. Lewis Amanda E. Manno Michelle J. 2011. “The Best Education for Some: Race and Schooling in the United States Today.” Pp. 93–109 in State of White Supremacy, edited by Jung M-K. Vargas J. C. Bonilla-Silva E. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
34. Lewis L’Heureux. 2014. Inequality in the Promised Land. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
35. Massey Douglas S. Denton Nancy A. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
36. Mickelson Roslyn. 2001. “Subverting Swann: First and Second-generation Segregation in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools.” American Educational Research Journal 38(2):215–52.
37. Mickelson Roslyn. 2003. “When Are Racial Disparities in Education the Result of Racial Discrimination? A Social Science Perspective.” Teachers College Record 105(6):1052–86.
38. Mickelson Roslyn. 2008. “Twenty-first Century Social Science on School Racial Diversity and Educational Outcomes.” Ohio State Law Journal 69:1173.
39. Morris Edward. 2006. An Unexpected Minority. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
40. Oakes Jeannie. 2005. Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
41. O’Connor Carla Lewis Amanda E. Mueller J. 2007. “Researching African-American’s Educational Experiences: Theoretical and Practical Considerations.” Educational Researcher 36(9):541–52.
42. O’Connor Carla Mueller Jennifer Lewis R. L’Heureux Rosenberg Seneca. 2011. “‘Being’ Black and Strategizing for Excellence in a Racially Stratified Academic Hierarchy.” American Educational Research Journal 48(6):1232–57.
43. Orfield Gary Frankenberg Erica Garces Liliana M. 2008. “Statement of American Social Scientists of Research on School Desegregation to the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents v. Seattle School District and Meredith v. Jefferson County.” The Urban Review 40(1):96–136.
44. Orfield Gary Gordon Nora. 2001. Schools More Separate: Consequences of a Decade of Resegregation. Cambridge, MA: Civil Rights Project, Harvard University.
45. Pager Devah Shepherd Hana. 2008. “The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets. Annual Review of Sociology 34:181–209.
46. Patillo Mary. N.d. “The Problem of Integration.” Retrieved April 1, 2014 (http://furmancenter.org/research/iri/pattillo).
47. Posey-Maddox Linn. 2014. When Middle-class Parents Choose Urban Schools: Class, Race, and the Challenge of Equity in Public Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Ridgeway Cecelia. 2006. “Status Construction Theory.” Pp. 301–323 in Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, edited by Burke P. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
49. Ridgeway Cecelia. 2011. Framed by Gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Ridgeway Ceclia Boyle Elizabeth H. Kuipers Kathy J. Robinson Dawn T. 1998. “How Do Status Beliefs Develop? The Role of Resources and Interactional Experience.” American Sociological Review 63(3):331–50.
51. Ridgeway Cecilia L. Erickson Kristan Glasgow. 2000. “Creating and Spreading Status Beliefs.” American Journal of Sociology 106(3):579–615.
52. Roberts Dorothy. 2011. Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-first Century. New York: The New Press.
53. Sorenson Aage Hallinan Maureen. 1986. “Effects of Ability Grouping on Growth in Achievement.” American Educational Research Journal 23(4):519–42.
54. Staiger Annegret. 2004. “Whiteness as Giftedness: Racial Formation at an Urban High School.” Social Problems 51(2):161–81.
55. Steele Claude. 1997. “A Threat in the Air. How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance.” American Psychologist 52(6):613–29.
56. Steele Claude. 2010. Whistling Vivaldi: And Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us. New York: W. W. Norton.
57. Tyson Karolyn. 2011. Integration Interrupted: Tracking, Black Students, & Acting White After Brown. New York: Oxford University Press
58. U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. American Community Survey. Generated by John Diamond using American FactFinder.
59. Walton Gregory M. Cohen Geoffrey. 2003. “Stereotype Lift.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39(5):456–67.
60. Weinstein Rhona. 2002. Reaching Higher: The Power of Expectations in Schooling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
61. Wells Amy Stuart Holme Jennifer Jellison Revilla Anita Tijerina Atanda Awo Korantemaa. 2009. Both Sides Now: The Story of School Desegregation’s Graduates. Berkeley: University of California Press.