메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue , 2015, Pages

Identification of mammalian-adapting mutations in the polymerase complex of an avian H5N1 influenza virus

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMIC ACID; HEMAGGLUTININ; MESSENGER RNA; VIRUS ENZYME; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRAL PROTEIN;

EID: 84935878342     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8491     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (94)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 27744516042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in hong kong in 2003
    • Butt, K. M. et al. Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 5760-5767 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.43 , pp. 5760-5767
    • Butt, K.M.1
  • 2
    • 84887520541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting H6N1 influenza virus in taiwan
    • Shi, W., Shi, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, D. & Gao, G. F. Origin and molecular characterization of the human-infecting H6N1 influenza virus in Taiwan. Protein Cell 4, 846-853 (2013).
    • (2013) Protein Cell , vol.4 , pp. 846-853
    • Shi, W.1    Shi, Y.2    Wu, Y.3    Liu, D.4    Gao, G.F.5
  • 3
    • 10744224732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Fouchier, R. A. et al. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 1356-1361 (2004).
    • (2004) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.101 , pp. 1356-1361
    • Fouchier, R.A.1
  • 4
    • 85028728352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis of the novel human-infecting influenza A(H10N8) virus and potential genetic diversity of the virus in poultry, china
    • Qi, W. et al. Genesis of the novel human-infecting influenza A(H10N8) virus and potential genetic diversity of the virus in poultry, China. Euro Surveill. 19 (2014).
    • (2014) Euro Surveill. , pp. 19
    • Qi, W.1
  • 5
    • 84862587212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N2) virus infection in immunocompromised adult, new york, USA, 2003
    • Ostrowsky, B. et al. Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N2) virus infection in immunocompromised adult, New York, USA, 2003. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 1128-1131 (2012).
    • (2012) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.18 , pp. 1128-1131
    • Ostrowsky, B.1
  • 6
    • 9744277383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, british columbia
    • Tweed, S. A. et al. Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 2196-2199 (2004).
    • (2004) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.10 , pp. 2196-2199
    • Tweed, S.A.1
  • 7
    • 84887622319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of influenza A/H5N1 viruses in mammals
    • Imai, M. et al. Transmission of influenza A/H5N1 viruses in mammals. Virus Res. 178, 15-20 (2013).
    • (2013) Virus Res. , vol.178 , pp. 15-20
    • Imai, M.1
  • 8
    • 0004250845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6th edn. (Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health)
    • Knipe, D. M. & Howley, P. M. Fields Virology 6th edn. (Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, 2013).
    • (2013) Fields Virology
    • Knipe, D.M.1    Howley, P.M.2
  • 10
    • 0033856695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals
    • Matrosovich, M. et al. Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals. J. Virol. 74, 8502-8512 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Virol. , vol.74 , pp. 8502-8512
    • Matrosovich, M.1
  • 11
    • 0020520729 scopus 로고
    • Receptor determinants of human and animal influenza virus isolates: Differences in receptor specificity of the H3 hemagglutinin based on species of origin
    • Rogers, G. N. & Paulson, J. C. Receptor determinants of human and animal influenza virus isolates: differences in receptor specificity of the H3 hemagglutinin based on species of origin. Virology 127, 361-373 (1983).
    • (1983) Virology , vol.127 , pp. 361-373
    • Rogers, G.N.1    Paulson, J.C.2
  • 12
    • 0020595851 scopus 로고
    • Single amino acid substitutions in influenza haemagglutinin change receptor binding specificity
    • Rogers, G. N. et al. Single amino acid substitutions in influenza haemagglutinin change receptor binding specificity. Nature 304, 76-78 (1983).
    • (1983) Nature , vol.304 , pp. 76-78
    • Rogers, G.N.1
  • 13
    • 0035823083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis for high virulence of hong kong H5N1 influenza A viruses
    • Hatta, M., Gao, P., Halfmann, P. & Kawaoka, Y. Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science 293, 1840-1842 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 1840-1842
    • Hatta, M.1    Gao, P.2    Halfmann, P.3    Kawaoka, Y.4
  • 14
    • 0027468737 scopus 로고
    • A single amino acid in the PB2 gene of influenza A virus is a determinant of host range
    • Subbarao, E. K., London, W. & Murphy, B. R. A single amino acid in the PB2 gene of influenza A virus is a determinant of host range. J. Virol. 67, 1761-1764 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 1761-1764
    • Subbarao, E.K.1    London, W.2    Murphy, B.R.3
  • 15
    • 77958149212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological and structural characterization of a host-adapting amino acid in influenza virus
    • Yamada, S. et al. Biological and structural characterization of a host-adapting amino acid in influenza virus. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1001034 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog. , vol.6 , pp. e1001034
    • Yamada, S.1
  • 16
    • 75849136881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans
    • Mehle, A. & Doudna, J. A. Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 21312-21316 (2009).
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 21312-21316
    • Mehle, A.1    Doudna, J.A.2
  • 17
    • 24644484686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model
    • Li, Z. et al. Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model. J. Virol. 79, 12058-12064 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Virol. , vol.79 , pp. 12058-12064
    • Li, Z.1
  • 18
    • 29444438899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host
    • Gabriel, G. et al. The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 18590-18595 (2005).
    • (2005) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.102 , pp. 18590-18595
    • Gabriel, G.1
  • 19
    • 84923351054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel residues in avian influenza virus PB2 protein affect virulence in mammalian hosts
    • Fan, S. et al. Novel residues in avian influenza virus PB2 protein affect virulence in mammalian hosts. Nat. Commun. 5, 5021 (2014).
    • (2014) Nat. Commun. , vol.5 , pp. 5021
    • Fan, S.1
  • 20
    • 77950835010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PB2 residue 271 plays a key role in enhanced polymerase activity of influenza A viruses in mammalian host cells
    • Bussey, K. A., Bousse, T. L., Desmet, E. A., Kim, B. & Takimoto, T. PB2 residue 271 plays a key role in enhanced polymerase activity of influenza A viruses in mammalian host cells. J. Virol. 84, 4395-4406 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Virol. , vol.84 , pp. 4395-4406
    • Bussey, K.A.1    Bousse, T.L.2    Desmet, E.A.3    Kim, B.4    Takimoto, T.5
  • 21
    • 78650037441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PB2 residue 158 is a pathogenic determinant of pandemic H1N1 and H5 influenza a viruses in mice
    • Zhou, B. et al. PB2 residue 158 is a pathogenic determinant of pandemic H1N1 and H5 influenza a viruses in mice. J. Virol. 85, 357-365 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Virol. , vol.85 , pp. 357-365
    • Zhou, B.1
  • 22
    • 84907554206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PB2-E627K and PA-T97I substitutions enhance polymerase activity and confer a virulent phenotype to an H6N1 avian influenza virus in mice
    • Cheng, K. et al. PB2-E627K and PA-T97I substitutions enhance polymerase activity and confer a virulent phenotype to an H6N1 avian influenza virus in mice. Virology 468-470, 207-213 (2014).
    • (2014) Virology , vol.468-470 , pp. 207-213
    • Cheng, K.1
  • 23
    • 75449088860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemagglutinin-pseudotyped green fluorescent protein-expressing influenza viruses for the detection of influenza virus neutralizing antibodies
    • Martinez-Sobrido, L. et al. Hemagglutinin-pseudotyped green fluorescent protein-expressing influenza viruses for the detection of influenza virus neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 84, 2157-2163 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Virol. , vol.84 , pp. 2157-2163
    • Martinez-Sobrido, L.1
  • 24
    • 24644484686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model
    • Li, Z. et al. Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model. J. Virol. 79, 12058-12064 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Virol. , vol.79 , pp. 12058-12064
    • Li, Z.1
  • 25
    • 66149125568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutational analysis of conserved amino acids in the influenza A virus nucleoprotein
    • Li, Z. et al. Mutational analysis of conserved amino acids in the influenza A virus nucleoprotein. J. Virol. 83, 4153-4162 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Virol. , vol.83 , pp. 4153-4162
    • Li, Z.1
  • 26
    • 36049011840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice
    • Hatta, M. et al. Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice. PLoS Pathog. 3, 1374-1379 (2007).
    • (2007) PLoS Pathog. , vol.3 , pp. 1374-1379
    • Hatta, M.1
  • 27
    • 40349113426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of polymerase subunit PB2 and NP with importin alpha1 is a determinant of host range of influenza A virus
    • Gabriel, G., Herwig, A. & Klenk, H. D. Interaction of polymerase subunit PB2 and NP with importin alpha1 is a determinant of host range of influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog. 4, e11 (2008).
    • (2008) PLoS Pathog. , vol.4 , pp. e11
    • Gabriel, G.1    Herwig, A.2    Klenk, H.D.3
  • 28
    • 33747074407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus in avian and human hosts in indonesia and vietnam
    • Smith, G. J. et al. Evolution and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus in avian and human hosts in Indonesia and Vietnam. Virology 350, 258-268 (2006).
    • (2006) Virology , vol.350 , pp. 258-268
    • Smith, G.J.1
  • 29
    • 14444284599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness
    • Subbarao, K. et al. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279, 393-396 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 393-396
    • Subbarao, K.1
  • 30
    • 77952852819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans in vitro
    • Li, Y. G. et al. Characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans in vitro. Virol. J. 7, 112 (2010).
    • (2010) Virol. J. , vol.7 , pp. 112
    • Li, Y.G.1
  • 31
    • 84904756956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of a natural reassortant H5N2 avian influenza virus in mice
    • Li, Q. et al. Adaptation of a natural reassortant H5N2 avian influenza virus in mice. Vet. Microbiol. 172, 568-574 (2014).
    • (2014) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.172 , pp. 568-574
    • Li, Q.1
  • 32
    • 79959725144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic and protein structural maps of adaptive evolution of human influenza A virus to increased virulence in the mouse
    • Ping, J. et al. Genomic and protein structural maps of adaptive evolution of human influenza A virus to increased virulence in the mouse. PLoS ONE 6, e21740 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6 , pp. e21740
    • Ping, J.1
  • 33
    • 84862618108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets
    • Herfst, S. et al. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 336, 1534-1541 (2012).
    • (2012) Science , vol.336 , pp. 1534-1541
    • Herfst, S.1
  • 34
    • 84907438709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza A virus acquires enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility after serial passages in swine
    • Wei, K. et al. Influenza A virus acquires enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility after serial passages in swine. J. Virol. 88, 11981-11994 (2014).
    • (2014) J. Virol. , vol.88 , pp. 11981-11994
    • Wei, K.1
  • 35
    • 84885976344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian adaptation in the PB2 gene of avian H5N1 influenza virus
    • Min, J. Y. et al. Mammalian adaptation in the PB2 gene of avian H5N1 influenza virus. J. Virol. 87, 10884-10888 (2013).
    • (2013) J. Virol. , vol.87 , pp. 10884-10888
    • Min, J.Y.1
  • 36
    • 36049011840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice
    • Hatta, M. et al. Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice. PLoS Pathog. 3, 1374-1379 (2007).
    • (2007) PLoS Pathog. , vol.3 , pp. 1374-1379
    • Hatta, M.1
  • 37
    • 69349096064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single mutation at the amino acid position 627 of PB2 that leads to increased virulence of an H5N1 avian influenza virus during adaptation in mice can be compensated by multiple mutations at other sites of PB2
    • Li, J. et al. Single mutation at the amino acid position 627 of PB2 that leads to increased virulence of an H5N1 avian influenza virus during adaptation in mice can be compensated by multiple mutations at other sites of PB2. Virus Res. 144, 123-129 (2009).
    • (2009) Virus Res. , vol.144 , pp. 123-129
    • Li, J.1
  • 38
    • 84885976344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian adaptation in the PB2 gene of avian H5N1 influenza virus
    • Min, J. Y. et al. Mammalian adaptation in the PB2 gene of avian H5N1 influenza virus. J. Virol. 87, 10884-10888 (2013).
    • (2013) J. Virol. , vol.87 , pp. 10884-10888
    • Min, J.Y.1
  • 39
    • 34447292761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of the pathogenicity of the dutch highly pathogenic human influenza A H7N7 viruses
    • Munster, V. J. et al. The molecular basis of the pathogenicity of the Dutch highly pathogenic human influenza A H7N7 viruses. J. Infect. Dis. 196, 258-265 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.196 , pp. 258-265
    • Munster, V.J.1
  • 40
    • 84883462538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid emergence of a virulent PB2 E627K variant during adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 virus to mice
    • de Jong, R. M. et al. Rapid emergence of a virulent PB2 E627K variant during adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 virus to mice. Virol. J. 10, 276 (2013).
    • (2013) Virol. J. , vol.10 , pp. 276
    • De Jong, R.M.1
  • 41
    • 33751438303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent H5N1 avian influenza A virus increases rapidly in virulence to mice after a single passage in mice
    • Mase, M. et al. Recent H5N1 avian influenza A virus increases rapidly in virulence to mice after a single passage in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 87, 3655-3659 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.87 , pp. 3655-3659
    • Mase, M.1
  • 42
    • 65449163086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase PB2 RNA-binding domain containing the pathogenicity-determinant lysine 627 residue
    • Kuzuhara, T. et al. Structural basis of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase PB2 RNA-binding domain containing the pathogenicity-determinant lysine 627 residue. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 6855-6860 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.284 , pp. 6855-6860
    • Kuzuhara, T.1
  • 43
    • 50849137828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host determinant residue lysine 627 lies on the surface of a discrete, folded domain of influenza virus polymerase PB2 subunit
    • Tarendeau, F. et al. Host determinant residue lysine 627 lies on the surface of a discrete, folded domain of influenza virus polymerase PB2 subunit. PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000136 (2008).
    • (2008) PLoS Pathog. , vol.4 , pp. e1000136
    • Tarendeau, F.1
  • 44
    • 84907706186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza A viruses with different amino acid residues at PB2-627 display distinct replication properties in vitro and in vivo: Revealing the sequence plasticity of PB2-627 position
    • Chin, A. W. et al. Influenza A viruses with different amino acid residues at PB2-627 display distinct replication properties in vitro and in vivo: revealing the sequence plasticity of PB2-627 position. Virology 468-470C, 545-555 (2014).
    • (2014) Virology , vol.468-470 C , pp. 545-555
    • Chin, A.W.1
  • 45
    • 53949103980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated in israel during 2000-2006
    • Golender, N. et al. Genetic characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated in Israel during 2000-2006. Virus genes 37, 289-297 (2008).
    • (2008) Virus Genes , vol.37 , pp. 289-297
    • Golender, N.1
  • 46
    • 84905269053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global and local persistence of influenza A(H5N1) virus
    • Li, X. et al. Global and Local Persistence of Influenza A(H5N1) Virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20, 1287-1295 (2014).
    • (2014) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.20 , pp. 1287-1295
    • Li, X.1
  • 47
    • 33751511131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza A H5N1 hemagglutinin cleavable signal sequence substitutions
    • Weltman, J. K., Skowron, G. & Loriot, G. B. Influenza A H5N1 hemagglutinin cleavable signal sequence substitutions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 352, 177-180 (2007).
    • (2007) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.352 , pp. 177-180
    • Weltman, J.K.1    Skowron, G.2    Loriot, G.B.3
  • 48
    • 78751622104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential use of importin-alpha isoforms governs cell tropism and host adaptation of influenza virus
    • Gabriel, G. et al. Differential use of importin-alpha isoforms governs cell tropism and host adaptation of influenza virus. Nat. Commun. 2, 156 (2011).
    • (2011) Nat. Commun. , vol.2 , pp. 156
    • Gabriel, G.1
  • 49
    • 84863720972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic characterization of subtype H1 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in zhejiang province, china, in 2011
    • Wu, H. B. et al. Genetic characterization of subtype H1 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2011. Virus Genes 44, 441-449 (2012).
    • (2012) Virus Genes , vol.44 , pp. 441-449
    • Wu, H.B.1
  • 50
    • 34648827866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent host markers in pandemic and H5N1 influenza viruses
    • Finkelstein, D. B. et al. Persistent host markers in pandemic and H5N1 influenza viruses. J. Virol. 81, 10292-10299 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Virol. , vol.81 , pp. 10292-10299
    • Finkelstein, D.B.1
  • 51
    • 0036191605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular changes associated with the transmission of avian influenza a H5N1 and H9N2 viruses to humans
    • Shaw, M. et al. Molecular changes associated with the transmission of avian influenza a H5N1 and H9N2 viruses to humans. J. Med. Virol. 66, 107-114 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Med. Virol. , vol.66 , pp. 107-114
    • Shaw, M.1
  • 52
    • 77949348063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete-proteome mapping of human influenza A adaptive mutations: Implications for human transmissibility of zoonotic strains
    • Miotto, O. et al. Complete-proteome mapping of human influenza A adaptive mutations: implications for human transmissibility of zoonotic strains. PloS ONE 5, e9025 (2010).
    • (2010) PloS ONE , vol.5 , pp. e9025
    • Miotto, O.1
  • 53
    • 70450170087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The polymerase acidic protein gene of influenza a virus contributes to pathogenicity in a mouse model
    • Song, M. S. et al. The polymerase acidic protein gene of influenza a virus contributes to pathogenicity in a mouse model. J. Virol. 83, 12325-12335 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Virol. , vol.83 , pp. 12325-12335
    • Song, M.S.1
  • 54
    • 58749108441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two amino acid residues in the matrix protein M1 contribute to the virulence difference of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice
    • Fan, S. et al. Two amino acid residues in the matrix protein M1 contribute to the virulence difference of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mice. Virology 384, 28-32 (2009).
    • (2009) Virology , vol.384 , pp. 28-32
    • Fan, S.1
  • 55
    • 13044287344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs
    • Neumann, G. et al. Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9345-9350 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 9345-9350
    • Neumann, G.1
  • 58
    • 0035710746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) method
    • Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25, 402-408 (2001).
    • (2001) Methods , vol.25 , pp. 402-408
    • Livak, K.J.1    Schmittgen, T.D.2
  • 60
    • 0034201441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMBOSS: The European molecular biology open software suite
    • Rice, P., Longden, I. & Bleasby, A. EMBOSS: the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Trends Genet. 16, 276-277 (2000).
    • (2000) Trends Genet. , vol.16 , pp. 276-277
    • Rice, P.1    Longden, I.2    Bleasby, A.3
  • 61
    • 75949108066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galaxy: A web-based genome analysis tool for experimentalists
    • Chapter 19, Unit 19.10
    • Blankenberg, D. et al. Galaxy: a web-based genome analysis tool for experimentalists. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 19, Unit 19.10. 1-21 (2010).
    • (2010) Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. , pp. 1-21
    • Blankenberg, D.1
  • 62
    • 84875634162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrative genomics viewer (IGV): High-performance genomics data visualization and exploration
    • Thorvaldsdottir, H., Robinson, J. T. & Mesirov, J. P. Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): high-performance genomics data visualization and exploration. Brief. Bioinform. 14, 178-192 (2013).
    • (2013) Brief. Bioinform. , vol.14 , pp. 178-192
    • Thorvaldsdottir, H.1    Robinson, J.T.2    Mesirov, J.P.3
  • 63
    • 33745158157 scopus 로고
    • A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints
    • Reed, L. & Muench, H. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am. J. Hyg. 27, 493-497 (1939).
    • (1939) Am. J. Hyg. , vol.27 , pp. 493-497
    • Reed, L.1    Muench, H.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.